SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.33 issue3Cardiovascular medicine and gender equityRight atrial heart myxoma, two different presentations of the same entity and histopathological findings author indexsubject indexsearch form
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing  

Services on Demand

Journal

Article

Indicators

Related links

  • Have no similar articlesSimilars in SciELO

Share


Cardiovascular and metabolic science

On-line version ISSN 2954-3835Print version ISSN 2683-2828

Cardiovasc. metab. sci vol.33 n.3 Ciudad de México Jul./Sep. 2022  Epub May 29, 2023

https://doi.org/10.35366/107622 

Original Research

Code infarction initiative of Bajio region, during the pandemic by COVID-19 in a reconversion hospital

Iniciativa código infarto en la región Bajío, durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en un hospital de reconversión

Cristian Adrián Villar-Valencia1 

Martha Alicia Hernández-González2  * 

Gabriela Borrayo-Sánchez3 

Juan German Celis-Quintal4 

Sergio Eduardo Solorio-Meza5 

Oscar Samuel Medina-Torres1 

Maraí Xochitl Gutiérrez-Galván1 

Braulio Rodríguez-Martínez6 

Luis Humberto Prado-Rodríguez7 

Ana Laura Vázquez-Morones8 

Juan Pablo Alatoma-Medina9 

Jorge Hernández-Estala10 

Aristóteles Patiño-Amaya11 

Hugo Ivan Magdaleno-Serrano12 

Carmen Rodríguez-Déniz13 

Hugo Arellano-Sotelo13 

Guillermo Nava-Hernández13 

Ricardo Ramírez-Vázquez14 

Marco Antonio Chimal-Flores15 

Emiliano Alegría-Peredia16 

Gerardo Rubén Ramos-González17 

Rigoberto Pérez-Benítez17 

Erik Bermúdez-Acévez13 

Hypatia Valencia-Martínez18 

Hugo Segovia-Solís19 

Manuel López-Varela9 

Doryan Monroy-Córdoba20 

Adriana Marmolejo-López7 

Alfredo Báez-Montes13 

Fabián Hernández-Cerqueda13 

Luis Ricardo Nolasco-Muñoz21 

Luis Manuel Vargas-Ramírez21 

Juan German Celis-Quintal21 

Enrique Alfredo Bernal-Ruíz21 

Anabella Delgado-Sánchez21 

José Manuel Sánchez-López21 

Germán Ramón Bautista-López21 

Pablo Francisco Acevedo-Gómez1 

Jorge Francisco Acuña-Valerio1 

Oracio González-Ortíz1 

Adolfo Asahel Hernández-Padilla1 

Marco Alejandro Solórzano-Vázquez21 

Noel Franco-Herrera21 

Luis Jonathan González21 

José Miguel Reyes-Álvarez21 

Iván Rosendo Salinas-Cavazos21 

Ashby Daniel Tiscareño-Villanueva21 

Ramiro Vidrio-Villaseñor21 

Gabriel Fernández-Yáñez21 

Ma. Guadalupe Meza21 

Freeman Issac Nucamendi-Solórzano21 

José de Jesús Sandoval-Uribe21 

Luis David Sotelo-García21 

Luis Carlos Zamoaya-Paz21 

Donovan Fernando Espriu21 

Román García-Rodríguez21 

Daniel Eugenio López-Ibarra21 

Andrea Janeth López-Valencia21 

Cristian Adrián Villar-Valencia21 

Javier Navarro-Pérez-Macedo21 

1 Cardiologist. Medical Unit of High Specialty No. 1 of the Specialty Hospital of the National Medical Center of Bajío, UMAE HE No. 1, CMN Bajio, IMSS. León, Guanajuato, México.

2 Division of Health Research, Medical Unit of High Specialty No. 1 of the Specialty Hospital of the National Medical Center of Bajío, UMAE HE No. 1, CMN Bajio, IMSS. León, Guanajuato, México.

3 National Leader of the Code of Infarction Initiative. Head of the Health Innovation Coordination IMSS. National Association of Cardiologists of Mexico ANCAM. Ciudad de México, México.

4 Director. Medical Unit of High Specialty No. 1 of the Specialty Hospital of the National Medical Center of Bajío, UMAE HE No. 1, CMN Bajio, IMSS. León, Guanajuato, México.

5 Cardiologist. Health Sciences Division. Technological University of Mexico UNITEC campus Leon, México.

6 Internal Medicine. HGZ/UMF No. 2. IMSS. Monterrey, NL, México.

7 HGZ MF No. 3, Salamanca, IMSS, México.

8 HGZ MF No. 2, Irapuato, IMSS, México.

9 HGR No. 58, León, IMSS, México.

10 HGZ MF No. 21, León, IMSS, México.

11 HGSZ No. 13, Acámbaro, IMSS, México.

12 HGSZ No. 15, Moroleón, IMSS, México.

13 JPM. OOAD Guanajuato, IMSS, México.

14 HGSZ No. 10, Guanajuato, IMSS, México.

15 UMF No. 47, León, IMSS, México.

16 UMF No. 51, León, IMSS, México.

17 UMF No. 53, León, IMSS, México.

18 HGSZ No. 7, San Francisco, IMSS, México.

19 HGSZ No. 54, Silao, IMSS, México.

20 HGSZ No. 20, San Luis de la Paz, IMSS, México.

21 UMAE HE No. 1, CMN Bajio, León, IMSS, México.


Abstract:

Introduction:

Acute myocardial infarction has a high prevalence and possibility of death if timely care is not given. It is possible that treatment could be delayed during a health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the function of the infarction code in the High Specialty Medical Unit of our institution. The medical indicators of acute coronary ischemic syndrome with ST-segment elevation were compared at two times: before the COVID-19 pandemic and during it.

Material and methods:

An ambispective, analytical, comparative cohort study was conducted, comparing the periods of February-September 2019 and February-September 2020, in the High Specialty Medical Unit, Centro Médico del Bajío number 1, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico. All patients older than 18 years with clinical, electrocardiographic, and enzymatic data of acute coronary ischemic syndrome, accepted in the medical network as infarction code registered in the National Registry of Acute Coronary Ischemic Syndromes (RENASCA) electronic case report form were included in the study.

Results:

The independent samples t-test was used to determine the impact of the infarction code initiative based on the reperfusion therapies performed, the door-to-needle, the door-to-balloon time, and the ischemia time. There was a significant difference in the reperfusion strategy, with greater thrombolysis during the COVID-19 pandemic (57.4% versus 72.6%, odds ratio [OR] 1.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-0.82, p < 0.001), as well as reperfusion criteria (21.03% versus 35.37%, OR 2.05, 95% CI 0.53-0.80, p < 0.0001). Mortality was not different between the time periods.

Conclusions:

The COVID-19 pandemic has not impacted operation of the infarction code in the High Specialty Medical Unit Centro Médico del Bajío number 1 because the medical indicators of acute coronary ischemic syndrome with ST-segment elevation did not change.

Keywords: acute myocardial infarction; COVID-19; code infarction initiative

Resumen:

Introducción:

El infarto agudo de miocardio es una entidad de alta prevalencia y posibilidad de muerte en caso de que no se cuente con una atención oportuna, incluso durante la pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2.

Objetivo:

Demostrar el impacto de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en el funcionamiento del código infarto, en nuestra Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, al comparar los indicadores médicos del síndrome isquémico coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST, antes y después de ésta, durante el mismo lapso de tiempo.

Material y métodos:

Se realizó un estudio ambispectivo de cohortes comparativas, analítico, que incluye los periodos de febrero a septiembre del 2019 y febrero a septiembre de 2020, en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad del Centro Médico del Bajío No. 1, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social en León, Guanajuato, México. Se incluyeron en el estudio todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años con datos clínicos, electrocardiográficos y enzimáticos de síndrome isquémico coronario agudo, aceptados en la red médica como «Código Infarto» registrados en la plataforma electrónica RENASCA (Registro Nacional de Síndromes Isquémicos Coronarios Agudos).

Resultados:

Se realizó una comparación con prueba t para muestras independientes, para determinar el impacto del funcionamiento de la iniciativa «Código Infarto» con base en las terapias de reperfusión realizadas, los tiempos puerta-aguja, puerta-balón y tiempo de isquemia. Encontrándose diferencia en la estrategia de reperfusión, siendo mayor la trombólisis durante la pandemia por COVID-19 (57.4% frente a 72.6% OR 1.97 IC 95% 0.49-0.82, p < 0.001), así como criterios de reperfusión (21.03% frente a 35.37% OR 2.05 IC 95% 0.527-806, p < 0.0001). No se evidencio diferencia en mortalidad entre ambos grupos.

Conclusiones:

La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 no impacta en el funcionamiento del «Código Infarto» en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad del Centro Médico del Bajío No. 1 ya que no se modifican los indicadores médicos del síndrome isquémico coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST durante el mismo lapso de tiempo.

Palabras clave: infarto agudo al miocardio; COVID-19; iniciativa código infarto

Introduction

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases (CVs) continue to be the leading cause of non-transmissible diseases. CVs are the cause of 30% of the deaths reported in the world. Moreover, 68% of these deaths are due to ischemic heart disease of atherothrombotic etiology. Therefore, the main objective in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is reperfusion of the responsible artery. Primary percutaneous angioplasty has shown superior benefit compared with thrombolysis.1 However, experimentally, the extent of rescued myocardial tissue has an inverse relationship with the time of evolution; hence, time is critical to preserve cardiac function.2

The CAPTIM study demonstrated that vessel patency improves the quicker the intervention occurs. The authors reported a lower incidence of cardiogenic shock and death within 30 days after the ischemic event when percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is performed within 2 hours of symptom onset.3 Developed countries have instituted initiatives focused on building governmental systems for comprehensive care in an acute myocardial infarction scenario because up to 30% of patients with the acute coronary ischemic syndrome do not receive a reperfusion strategy.4

By the end of 2019, local health care institutions in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China, had reported several clusters of an atypical, highly contagious pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Given the rapid spread and severity, on January 30, 2020, the WHO declared that the COVID-19 outbreak an international public health emergency.5-7 The COVID-19 pandemic has placed international health systems in a serious overload situation, and with this, there has been inattention to other diseases, including those of cardiovascular origin. Given the urgent need for reperfusion treatment during acute coronary syndromes, be it pharmacological or invasive, in patients with and without COVID-19, various care protocols have been established and adapted to the capacities of hospitals around the world.8-12

The hospital where this research was carried out was converted to care for COVID-19 patients because it is a tertiary care setting. To guarantee the care of infarction code patients in the Bajío region, in addition to the hemodynamics room for patients with infarction code without respiratory symptoms, a hemodynamics room was set up for the exclusive care of patients with respiratory symptoms and suspected COVID-19 (Figure 1). This room included trained personnel equipped with personal protective equipment as well as a special path to transfer these patients from the emergency department to the hemodynamics room.

PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention. STEMI = ST-elevation myocardial infarction. LBBB = left bundle branch block. COVID = coronavirus disease. ICU = Intensive Care Unit.

Figure 1: Infarction code flow chart. 

One year after the hospital had reopened all care services due to the significant decrease in the number COVID-19 cases, we wanted to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on infarction code functionality by comparing medical indicators of acute coronary syndrome with ST-segment elevation before and during the pandemic. We quantified the number of patients with ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome and the reperfusion strategies employed (fibrinolysis, primary angioplasty, and pharmacoinvasive angioplasty) during these periods.

Material and methods

An ambispective, analytical, comparative cohort study was performed, including the period from February to September 2019 (before the COVID-19 pandemic) and February to September 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic), for the High Specialty Medical Unit, Centro Médico del Bajío No. 1, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico. Once approved by the local ethics and research committee with registration number R-2020-1001-086, all patients over 18 years old; of both genders; with clinical, electrocardiographic, and enzymatic data of acute coronary syndrome; accepted in the medical network as infarction code; and registered in the electronic case report form (eCRF) called Registro Nacional de Síndromes Isquémicos Coronarios Agudos (RENASCA) were included in the study. Patients with acute ischemic coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation and patients who had not received tertiary medical care for any reason were not included. In addition, patients with incomplete records in RENASCA were eliminated.

The primary variables in this study were the number of patients with acute coronary syndrome, the reperfusion strategy, the needle-to-gate time, the balloon-to-gate time, and mortality. Other variables such as age, gender, body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, and the cardiac wall affected by infarction were also analyzed.

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine whether the continuous variables were normally distributed. Continuous variables are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR), as appropriate. Categorical values are presented as absolute values or percentages. The χ2 test and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare categorical variables, and Student’s t-test for independent samples was used to compare quantitative variables between groups. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. SPSS Version 23 software was used.

Results

A total of 212 patients were treated during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, while 366 individuals were treated at the same time in previous year, representing a 42.1% reduction in the need for STEMI care. The characteristics of the patients were similar at both time points: a predominance of the male gender in 2019 (76.8%, 281) and 2020 (78.8%, 167), and a mean ± SD age of 62.34 ± 12.67 years in 2019 and 62.45 ± 11.73 years in 2020. The most predominant cardiovascular risk factors for 2019 and 2020 were systemic arterial hypertension at 65.57% and 62.7%, respectively; smoking at 55.2% and 51.9%, respectively; and diabetes mellitus at 46.2% and 49.1%, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two time periods regarding demographic variables, the presence of chronic degenerative diseases, and cardiovascular history (Table 1).

Table 1: Population characteristics. 

2019 2020 p
Population 366 212
Age (years)* 62.34 ± 12.67 62.45 ± 11.73 0.072
Male 281 167 0.607
Female 85 45
Body mass index (kg/m2)* 27.37 ± 4.07 27.48 ± 3.88 0.892
Smoking 202 110 0.489
Diabetes mellitus 169 104 0.545
High blood pressure 240 133 0.528
Dyslipidemia 92 49 0.616
Previous heart attack 58 25 0.218

* Mean ± standard deviation.

Note: none of the p-values are significant.

Concerning the acute coronary event, there were more patients with right ventricular extension in 2020 than in 2019 (24 vs 13, p = 0.01). More patients received the benefit of thrombolysis in 2020 (210 vs 154, p = 0.01), although there were no differences with respect to the presence of clinical symptoms or infarct location (Table 2).

Table 2: Location of the infarction. 

2019 2020 p
Anterior wall 136 83 0.657
Inferior wall 149 105 0.045
Lateral wall 53 35 0.549
Right ventricle 13 24 0.005

The data were analyzed with the χ2 test; p < 0.05 is significant.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the time from symptom onset to hospital admission for medical care was longer (10.92 ± 16.57 h vs 6.95 ± 13.81 h, p = 0.02) as well as the door-to-electrocardiogram time (19.42 ± 30.75 h vs 15.25 ± 9.75 h, p = 0.01). However, there were no differences in relation to the other care indicators such as the door-to-needle, the door-to-balloon, and ischemia times (Table 3).

Table 3: Reperfusion time. 

2019 2020 p
Door-to-needle time (minutes) 17.55 25.95 0.131
Door-to-balloon time (minutes) 18.45 30.19 0.086
Ischemia time (minutes) 1377.96 1320.99 0.914

The data were analyzed with the independent samples t-test. None of the p-values are significant.

For 2019 and 2020, the most commonly affected segment of the heart wall during these events was the inferior wall at 40.7% and 49.5%, respectively; followed by the anterior wall at 37.2% and 39.2%, respectively; the lateral wall at 14.5% and 16.5%, respectively; and finally, the involvement of the right ventricle at 3.6% and 11.3%, respectively (Table 2).

The decision to perform thrombolysis as the initial reperfusion therapy was made in 210 patients (57.4%) patients in 2019 and 154 patients (72.6%) patients in 2020 (p = 0.001), achieving reperfusion criteria in 77 patients (21.0%) in 2019 and 75 patients (35.4%) in 2020 (p = 0.001). There were no significant differences between the time periods when the approach was invasive.

There were no significant differences regarding the time when reperfusion treatment was established. The average door-to-needle time was 17.55 minutes in 2019 and 25.95 minutes in 2020 (p = 0.131). The average gate-to-balloon time was 18.45 minutes in 2019 and 30.19 minutes in 2020 (p = 0.086). The ischemia time was also not different: 1377.96 minutes in 2019 and 1320.99 minutes in 2020 (p = 0.914) (Table 3).

Discussion

Acute myocardial infarction continues to be one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Hence, its timely and accurate diagnosis with the application of appropriate therapeutic management is vital.13

The benefits of the infarction code protocol have already been demonstrated in Spain, and this approach has been adapted to institutional medicine in Mexico, with a focus on emergency services. It complements the IMSS regulations, organizes the emergency and continuous admission services, and assigns specific activities to the personnel involved in patient care to guarantee the diagnosis and treatment of a patient who requires urgent care in an acute myocardial infarction scenario. With this protocol, patients receive reperfusion treatment with primary angioplasty in the first 90 minutes, or fibrinolytic therapy in the first 30 minutes after admission to the IMSS emergency services. Based on the most recent results for this national initiative, involving more than 21,827 cases, 71.4% of patients with the coronary ischemic syndrome were offered timely impact therapy, compared with 34.9% before the code had been instituted (p ≤ 0.0001), with a decrease in mortality from 21.1% to 9.4% (p ≤ 0.0001). The heart attack code initiative began formally in the High Specialty Medical Unit, Centro Médico del Bajío No. 1, IMSS, in December 2016. By 2018, mortality had decreased from 9.1 to 4%.14-17

By the end of 2019, local health care institutions in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China, had reported several clusters of an atypical, highly contagious pneumonia caused by a virus; it was suspected to be an airborne disease.18 The novel virus was first identified in January 2020, when Chinese scientists isolated it from patient samples. Its origin was suspected to be a local market for wild animals and seafood. On February 11, 2020, the virus was officially named SARS-CoV-2.5 In a matter of weeks, SARS-CoV-2 had reached pandemic proportions, affecting more than 100 countries.6,7 In Mexico, the first case was reported on February 27, 2020. Regarding the clinical manifestations of the disease, although they are predominantly respiratory, up to 19.7% of hospitalized patients develop some serious cardiovascular complication during their hospitalization.9 These complications include arrhythmias, myocarditis, pericarditis, heart failure, myocardial ischemia, and type 1 and type 2 acute myocardial infarction, or the exacerbation of an underlying cardiac disease, leading to higher mortality in hospitalized patients.19

In Western countries, in the presence of ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome, a rapid diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 should be performed and fibrinolytic therapy should be indicated as the first choice provided there are no contraindications,10 even in unstable patients. Only when there have been two negative COVID-19 tests should the necessary actions be taken.11 However, this approach is controversial because primary PCI is considered the standard of care for patients with STEMI in Europe, Canada, and the United States.20 On the other hand, access to rapid testing for COVID-19 is limited and in some countries such as Mexico it is not a procedure considered within the first line of screening to confirm or exclude SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The approach to a patient with COVID-19 and acute coronary ischemic syndrome with ST-segment elevation must be individualized, based on resources, exposure of health personnel, and the benefit of primary PCI. Therefore, during the COVID-19 pandemic, fibrinolysis in stable patients has been considered the best treatment option in most countries.8 In patients with STEMI and suspected COVID-19, which is defined as fever; respiratory symptoms; headache; cough; and some minor symptoms such as general discomfort, myalgias, arthralgias, and anosmia, primary or facilitated PCI is reserved for patients with clinical deterioration despite maximized treatment.21,22 In these patients, in addition to completing the protocol for the procedure, it is necessary to exclude the presence of SARS-CoV-2 by nasopharyngeal swab nucleic acid test and chest tomography, among other screening tests.

Contrary to conventional pharmacoinvasive approach, stable patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection who have undergone successful pharmacological thrombolysis should not be moved and scheduled for non-urgent cardiac catheterization. These patients should undergo appropriate follow-up and subsequent risk stratification and be relocated when they have defective fibrinolysis, especially if they are hemodynamically unstable.12 Given the changes implemented because of the overload of the hospital system, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the infarction code program as a viable initiative despite the limitations generated during this global event.

To provide timely care to patients with acute coronary syndrome with and without COVID-19, a care protocol was established to ensure the safety of health personnel and patients, with special care routes and a hemodynamics room exclusively for patients with severe respiratory symptoms.

The initial findings of our study agree with those reported in the international literature, with a reduction in patients treated for STEMI. Our 42.1% reduction is higher compared to reports of 22.7% in Spain and 38% in the United States.23,24

The duration of the ischemia is a major determinant of the size of the affected area in patients with STEMI, and timely recognition and early management are critical to reduce morbidity and mortality.25-27 Despite the logistic challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, there was no significant difference in the delay in initiating reperfusion therapy. This demonstrates an excellent adaptation of the infarction code to the current crisis. The nonsignificant increase in the door-to-balloon time was likely due to protective measures required to carry out interventional procedures.

Some possible behavioral explanations for these findings could be the avoidance of seeking medical treatment due to social distancing measures, as well as concern about the risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 in hospitals. The pandemic has received massive coverage in the media, with particular emphasis on the forms of infection and the most common places where SARS-CoV-2 is most easily spread.28,29 Fear is a well-known determinant of avoiding health care, and avoiding contact with the hospital environment is linked to a pandemic.30

The scientific community has developed recommendations for reperfusion strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic, with advice that may appear complex to apply, depending on the socio-economic status of each country. The Interventional Council of the American College of Cardiology and the Society for Angiography and Cardiovascular Interventions state that fibrinolysis should be considered for relatively stable patients with STEMI and active COVID-19 to prevent exposure of personnel. In Mexico, medical centers with catheterization rooms should favor primary PCI over justified fibrinolysis due to the high success rate, the lower risk of complications, and the shorter hospital stay. Fibrinolysis is the therapy of choice in centers that do not have a catheterization room available and/or in patients with pneumonia or severe COVID-19. It has been proposed to defer the conventional drug-invasive strategy to avoid transferring stable patients with confirmed COVID-19 who have had successful drug thrombolysis results.12

Previous publications have shown an increase in in-hospital mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic that is not explained by adjusting the data for COVID-19, age, gender, Killip class, and time from the onset of symptoms to the onset of reperfusion therapy.31 In the current context, patients avoid or delay going to the emergency room, a factor that could explain the increase in mortality in the out-of-hospital setting. This phenomenon has been described in Italy.31-35 Finally, in the long term, suboptimal revascularization and larger affected heart wall territories would increase the rate of complications related to worse ventricular remodeling, such as heart failure and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias.

Limitations. This is an observational study, and our results reflect patients who arrived at the hospital alive. We do not have information of patients who died before or after hospitalization.

Conclusions

Although patients took longer to request medical care after they started having chest pain during the pandemic, medical indicators of care such as the door-to-needle and balloon-to-gate times were similar in both time periods, with similar mortality. These data reflect the proper functioning of the infarction code initiative during the COVID-19 pandemic in our hospital.

References

1. World health statistics 2019: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. [ Links ]

2. Reimer KA, Lowe JE, Rasmussen MM et al. The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death. Myocardial infarct size vs duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation. 1977; 56 (5): 786-794. [ Links ]

3. Steg PG, Bonnefoy E, Chabaud S et al. Impact of time to treatment on mortality after prehospital fibrinolysis or primary angioplasty. Data from the CAPTIM randomized clinical trial. Circulation. 2003; 108 (23): 2851-2856. [ Links ]

4. Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP). How the NHS cares for patients with heart attack. Annual public report April 2013 to March 2014. London: National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research; 2014 [Accessed electronically on May 11, 2022]. Available in: https://www.nicor.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/minap-public-report-2014.pdfLinks ]

5. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395 (10223): 497-506. [ Links ]

6. Sohrabia C, Alsafib Z, O’Neill N et al. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg. 2020; 76: 71-76. [ Links ]

7. Wang H, Wang Z, Dong Y et al. Phase-adjusted estimation of the number of Coronavirus Disease 2019 cases in Wuhan, China. Cell Discov. 2020; 6: 10. [ Links ]

8. Tam CF, Cheung KS, Lam S et al. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on st-segment-elevation myocardial infarction care in Hong Kong, China. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2020; 13 (4): e006631. [ Links ]

9. Inciardi RM, Lupi L, Zaccone G et al. Cardiac involvement in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020; 5 (7): 819-824. [ Links ]

10. Li F, Xiao G, Zhi J et al. Recommendations from the Peking Union Medical College Hospital for the management of acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 outbreak. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41: 1791-1794. [ Links ]

11. Zeng J, Huang J, Pan L. How to balance acute myocardial infarction and COVID-19: the protocols from Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (6): 1111-1113. [ Links ]

12. Piña Y, García A, Ortiz P et al. Atención de los síndromes coronarios agudos durante la pandemia sanitaria por brote de SARS-CoV-2. Arch Cardiol Mex. 2020; 90 (Suppl 1): 33-35. [ Links ]

13. Sanchis-Gomar F, Perez-Quilis C, Leischik R et al. Epidemiology of coronary heart disease and acute coronary syndrome. Ann Transl Med. 2016; 4: 256-256. [ Links ]

14. Cordero A, Lopez-Palop R, Carrillo P et al. Changes in acute coronary syndrome treatment and prognosis after implementation of the infarction code in hospital with a cardiac catheterization unit. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2016; 69 (8): 754-759. [ Links ]

15. Borrayo G, Pérez G, Martínez G et al. Protocolo para atención de infarto agudo de miocardio en urgencias: Código infarto. Rev Med Inst Mex Seg Soc. 2017; 55 (2): 233-246. [ Links ]

16. Borrayo G, Sánchez M, Peralta E et al. STEMI and NSTEMI: Real-world Study in Mexico (RENASCA). Arch Med Res. 2018; 49 (8): 609-619. [ Links ]

17. Hernández M, Navarrete K, Amador N et al. Impacto de la asistencia en red para infarto agudo del miocardio en la región del bajío, México. Nova Sci. 2020; 12 (24): 1-8. [ Links ]

18. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG et al. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet. 2020; 395 (10223): 470-473. [ Links ]

19. Zheng Y, Ma Y, Zhang J et al. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular System. Nat Revi Cardiol. 2020; 17: 259-260. [ Links ]

20. O’Gara P, Kushner F, Ascheim D et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 127: 362-425. [ Links ]

21. Dauerman H, Sobel B. Synergistic treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with pharmacoinvasive recanalization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42: 646-561. [ Links ]

22. Larson D, Duval S, Sharkey S et al. Safety and efficacy of a pharmacoinvasive reperfusion strategy in rural ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients with expected delays due to long-distance transfers. Eur Heart J. 2012; 33: 1232-1240. [ Links ]

23. Rodríguez Leor O, Cid Alvarez B, Ojeda S et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on interventional cardiology activity in Spain. REC Interv Cardiol. 2020; 2: 82-89. [ Links ]

24. Garcia S, Albaghdadi MS, Mejran PM et al. Reduction in ST-segment elevation cardiac catheterization laboratory activations in the United States during COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 75: 2871-2872. [ Links ]

25. De Luca G, Suryapranata H, Ottervanger JP, Antman EM. Time delay to treatment and mortality in primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: Every minute of delay counts. Circulation. 2004; 109: 1223-1225. [ Links ]

26. Brodie BR, Webb J, Cox DA et al. Impact of time to treatment on myocardial reperfusion and infarct size with primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction (from the EMERALD Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2007; 99: 1680-1686. [ Links ]

27. Rossello X, Lobo Gonzalez M, Ibanez B. Pathophysiology and therapy of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion syndrome. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2019; 8: 443-456. [ Links ]

28. Romaguera R, Cruz González I, Ojeda S et al. Consensus document of the Interventional Cardiology and Heart Rhythm Associations of the Spanish Society of Cardiology on the management of invasive cardiac procedure rooms during the COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak. REC Interv Cardiol. 2020; 2: 106-111. [ Links ]

29. Kannan VD, Veazie PJ. Predictors of avoiding medical care and reasons for avoidance behavior. Med Care. 2014; 52: 336-345. [ Links ]

30. Lau JTF, Griffiths S, Choi KC, Tsui HY. Avoidance behaviors and negative psychological responses in the general population in the initial stage of the H1N1 pandemic in Hong Kong. BMC Infect Dis. 2010; 10: 139. [ Links ]

31. Rodríguez-Leor O, Cid-Álvarez B, Pérez de Prado A et al. Impacto de la COVID-19 en el tratamiento del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST. La experiencia española. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2020; 73 (12): 994-1002. [ Links ]

32. Baldi E, Sechi GM, Mare C et al. Out of hospital cardiac arrest during the Covid-19 outbreak in Italy. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383: 496-498. [ Links ]

33. Moroni F, Gramegna M, Ajello S et al. Collateral damage: medical care avoidance behavior among patients with myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic. JACC Case Rep. 2020; 2: 1620-1624. [ Links ]

34. Fardman A, Zaahger D, Orvin K et al. Acute myocardial infarction in the Covid-19 era: Incidence, clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes- a multicenter registry. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (6): e0253524. [ Links ]

35. Sung HK, Paik JH, Lee YJ, Kang S. Impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on emergency care utilization in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a nationwide population-based study. J Korean Med Sci. 2021; 36: e111. [ Links ]

1Funding/support: no financial support was received for this study.

2Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: November 29, 2021; Accepted: July 12, 2022

*Corresponding author: Martha Alicia Hernández-González. E-mail: martha.hernandezg@imss.gob.mx

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License