<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-6423</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Journal of applied research and technology]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[J. appl. res. technol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-6423</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-64232013000600007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[An Ultrasonic Levitator]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boullosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dorantes-Escamilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Tecnológico Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico Laboratorio de Acústica y Vibraciones]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México D.F.]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<fpage>857</fpage>
<lpage>865</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-64232013000600007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-64232013000600007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-64232013000600007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[We report the development of an ultrasonic levitation system. Liquid drops or solid samples of diameter less than one half wavelength of the excitation frequency are levitated without contact just below the pressure nodes. The piezo transducer is excited by an ultrasonic signal of around 29 kHz through a voltage amplifier. The choice of the number of half-waves of the acoustic field in the space between the reflector and radiator is made by means of a micrometer. A lamp, an amplifier and a frequency generator are integrated to the levitator. The diameters of the droplets of liquid that can levitate are of the order of tenths of mm to 3 or 4 mm, depending on the liquid properties (density, surface tension, etc.). Solid objects can also be levitated. The maximum voltage of the system is 20 Vrms.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se presenta el desarrollo de un sistema de levitación acústica ultrasónica. Gotas líquidas o muestras sólidas de diámetro inferior a media longitud de onda a la frecuencia de excitación levitan sin contacto justo por debajo de los nodos de presión. El transductor piezoeléctrico es excitado por una señal ultrasónica de aproximadamente 29 kHz a través de un amplificador de voltaje. La elección del número de semilongitudes de onda del campo acústico en el espacio entre el reflector y el radiador se hace por medio de un micrómetro. Una lámpara, un amplificador y un generador de frecuencia están integrados al levitador. Los diámetros de las gotitas de líquido que se pueden levitar son del orden de décimas de mm a 3 ó 4 mm, dependiendo de las propiedades del líquido (densidad, tensión superficial, etc.). Se pueden levitar también objetos sólidos. El voltaje máximo del sistema es de 20 Vrms.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[radiation pressure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[acoustic levitation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[levitator]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>An Ultrasonic Levitator</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>R. R. Boullosa*, A. P&eacute;rez&#45;L&oacute;pez, R. Dorantes&#45;Escamilla</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Laboratorio de Ac&uacute;stica y Vibraciones Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnol&oacute;gico Universidad Nacional Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico M&eacute;xico, D.F., M&eacute;xico.</i> *<a href="mailto:ricardo.ruizb@gmail.com">ricardo.ruizb@gmail.com</a>.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">We report the development of an ultrasonic levitation system. Liquid drops or solid samples of diameter less than one half wavelength of the excitation frequency are levitated without contact just below the pressure nodes. The piezo transducer is excited by an ultrasonic signal of around 29 kHz through a voltage amplifier. The choice of the number of half&#45;waves of the acoustic field in the space between the reflector and radiator is made by means of a micrometer. A lamp, an amplifier and a frequency generator are integrated to the levitator. The diameters of the droplets of liquid that can levitate are of the order of tenths of mm to 3 or 4 mm, depending on the liquid properties (density, surface tension, etc.). Solid objects can also be levitated. The maximum voltage of the system is 20 V<sub>rms</sub>.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> radiation pressure, acoustic levitation, levitator.</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se presenta el desarrollo de un sistema de levitaci&oacute;n ac&uacute;stica ultras&oacute;nica. Gotas l&iacute;quidas o muestras s&oacute;lidas de di&aacute;metro inferior a media longitud de onda a la frecuencia de excitaci&oacute;n levitan sin contacto justo por debajo de los nodos de presi&oacute;n. El transductor piezoel&eacute;ctrico es excitado por una se&ntilde;al ultras&oacute;nica de aproximadamente 29 kHz a trav&eacute;s de un amplificador de voltaje. La elecci&oacute;n del n&uacute;mero de semilongitudes de onda del campo ac&uacute;stico en el espacio entre el reflector y el radiador se hace por medio de un micr&oacute;metro.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Una l&aacute;mpara, un amplificador y un generador de frecuencia est&aacute;n integrados al levitador. Los di&aacute;metros de las gotitas de l&iacute;quido que se pueden levitar son del orden de d&eacute;cimas de mm a 3 &oacute; 4 mm, dependiendo de las propiedades del l&iacute;quido (densidad, tensi&oacute;n superficial, etc.). Se pueden levitar tambi&eacute;n objetos s&oacute;lidos. El voltaje m&aacute;ximo del sistema es de 20 V<sub>rms</sub>.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/jart/v11n6/v11n6a7.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b><i>References</i></b></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;1&#93; Rayleigh, L.: On the pressure of vibrations. Philos. Mag 3, 338 (1902).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4841909&pid=S1665-6423201300060000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;2&#93; Chu, B. T., Apfel, R. E.: Acoustic radiation pressure produced by a beam of sound. Acoust. J. Soc Am 72, 1673&#45;1687 (1982).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4841911&pid=S1665-6423201300060000700002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;3&#93; King, L.: On the acoustic radiation pressure on spheres. Proc. R. Soc Lond. Being A 147, 212&#45;240 (1930).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4841913&pid=S1665-6423201300060000700003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;4&#93; B&uuml;cks, K., M&uuml;ller, H.: &Uuml;ber einige Beobachtungen an und Piezoquarzen schwingenden Ihrem Shallfeld. Z. Phys 84, 75&#45;86 (1933).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4841915&pid=S1665-6423201300060000700004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;5&#93; G'orkov, L.P.: On the forces acting on a small particle in an acoustical field in an ideal fluid. Sov. Phys Doklady 6, 773 (1962).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4841917&pid=S1665-6423201300060000700005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;6&#93; Xie, WJ., Wei, B.: Parametric study of single axis acoustic levitation, Appl. Phys Lett. 79, 881 (2001).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4841919&pid=S1665-6423201300060000700006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;7&#93; Otsuka, T., et al.: Ultrasonic levitation by stepped Circular vibrating plate. The 10th Symposium on Ultrasonic Electronics, p. 170 (1989).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4841921&pid=S1665-6423201300060000700007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;8&#93; Trinh, E.H.: compact acoustic levitation device for studies in fluid dynamics and materials science in the laboratory and microgravity, Rev. Sci Instr. 56, 2059&#45;2065 (1985).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4841923&pid=S1665-6423201300060000700008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;9&#93; Athikorn Bangviwat, Hari K. Pnnekanti, Robert D. Finch: Optimizing the performance of piezoelectric drivers That use stepped horns. J. Acoust. Am Soc, Vol 90, no. 3, 1991.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4841925&pid=S1665-6423201300060000700009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;10&#93; Piezoelectric ceramic sensors (piezotite), catalog No. P19E&#45;6, muRata Manufacturing Co., LTD.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4841927&pid=S1665-6423201300060000700010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;11&#93; Ricardo R. Boullosa, A. P&eacute;rez L&oacute;pez: A Simple System for Measuring Vibrations at Low Amplitudes. Applied Acoustics, Vol 52, No. 2, pp. 155&#45;163, 1997.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4841929&pid=S1665-6423201300060000700011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
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