<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-1101</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de astronomía y astrofísica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. astron. astrofis]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-1101</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Astronomía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-11012006000200010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Softened potentials and the multipolar expansion]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wachlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carpintero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de La Plata Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Plata Buenos Aires]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de La Plata Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Plata Buenos Aires]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>251</fpage>
<lpage>259</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-11012006000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-11012006000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-11012006000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Cuando se calcula el desarrollo multipolar del potencial gravitatorio, los distintos multipolos quedan bien definidos, correspondiendo cada uno a una suma finita de términos de la serie. Sin embargo, al usar el potencial gravitatorio en simulaciones numéricas, suele desarrollarse en serie una versión suavizada del mismo. Ocurre que, en estos casos, el desarrollo multipolar estándar que suele utilizarse ya no aísla los multipolos, sino que cada uno de ellos queda distribuido en infinitos términos. En este artículo se muestra cómo recuperar los multipolos completos en estos casos. Afortunadamente, la diferencia entre usar multipolos incompletos y completos es despreciable en los casos de interés, por ejemplo, en su uso en códigos árbol.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[When the gravitational potential is developed in a multipolar series, each multipole is well defined and corresponds to a finite sum of terms in the series. In order to use the gravitational potential in numerical simulations, however, a multipolar expansion is usually applied to a softened Newtonian potential. It turns out that the commonly used multipolar expansion in this case no longer isolates each multipole as in the former case; instead, each multipole is spilled over an infinity of terms. In this paper we show how to recover the complete multipoles. Fortunately, the overall effect of using incomplete multipoles instead of complete ones turns out to be negligible in the cases of interest, for example, in its use in tree codes.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[GALAXY]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[METHODS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[METHODS]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	 	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Softened potentials and the multipolar expansion</b></font></p>      <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>F. C. Wachlin<sup>1</sup> and D. D. Carpintero<sup>2</sup></b></font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>1</sup> <i>Facultad de Ciencias Astron&oacute;micas y Geof&iacute;sicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, and</i> <i>Instituto de Astrof&iacute;sica de La Plata, CONICET, Paseo del Bosque S/N, 1900 La Plata, Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina</i> (<a href="mailto:fcw@fcaglp.unlp.edu.ar">fcw@fcaglp.unlp.edu.ar</a>). </font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>2 </sup><i>Facultad de Ciencias Astron&oacute;micas y Geof&iacute;sicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, and</i> <i>Instituto de Astrof&iacute;sica de La Plata, CONICET, Paseo del Bosque S/N, 1900 La Plata, Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina</i></font> <font face="verdana" size="2">(<a href="mailto:ddc@fcaglp.unlp.edu.ar">ddc@fcaglp.unlp.edu.ar</a>).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Received 2005 November 3    <br> 	Aaccepted 2006 May 18</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Cuando se calcula el desarrollo multipolar del potencial gravitatorio, los distintos multipolos quedan bien definidos, correspondiendo cada uno a una suma finita de t&eacute;rminos de la serie. Sin embargo, al usar el potencial gravitatorio en simulaciones num&eacute;ricas, suele desarrollarse en serie una versi&oacute;n <i>suavizada</i> del mismo. Ocurre que, en estos casos, el desarrollo multipolar est&aacute;ndar que suele utilizarse ya no a&iacute;sla los multipolos, sino que cada uno de ellos queda distribuido en infinitos t&eacute;rminos. En este art&iacute;culo se muestra c&oacute;mo recuperar los multipolos completos en estos casos. Afortunadamente, la diferencia entre usar multipolos incompletos y completos es despreciable en los casos de inter&eacute;s, por ejemplo, en su uso en c&oacute;digos &aacute;rbol.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">When the gravitational potential is developed in a multipolar series, each multipole is well defined and corresponds to a finite sum of terms in the series. In order to use the gravitational potential in numerical simulations, however, a multipolar expansion is usually applied to a <i>softened</i> Newtonian potential. It turns out that the commonly used multipolar expansion in this case no longer isolates each multipole as in the former case; instead, each multipole is spilled over an infinity of terms. In this paper we show how to recover the complete multipoles. Fortunately, the overall effect of using incomplete multipoles instead of complete ones turns out to be negligible in the cases of interest, for example, in its use in tree codes.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Key Words:</b> GALAXY: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS &#45; METHODS: <i>N</i>&#45;BODY SIMULATIONS  &#45; METHODS: NUMERICAL.</font></p> 	    <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p> 	    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="verdana"><a href="/pdf/rmaa/v42n2/v42n2a10.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
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