<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-6423</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Journal of applied research and technology]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[J. appl. res. technol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-6423</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-64232005000300006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Three-axis air-bearing based platform for small satellite attitude determination and control simulation]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bisiacchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vicente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Contreras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mesinas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Geografía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro Tecnológico Aragón ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Mexicano del Transporte  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Querétaro ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Ingeniería ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>222</fpage>
<lpage>237</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-64232005000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-64232005000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-64232005000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A frictionless environment simulation platform, utilized for accomplishing three-axis attitude control tests in small satellites, is introduced. It is employed to develop, improve, and carry out objective tests of sensors, actuators, and algorithms in the experimental framework. Different sensors (i.e. sun, earth, magnetometer, and an inertial measurement unit) are utilized to assess three-axis deviations. A set of three inertial wheels is used as primary actuators for attitude control, together with three mutually perpendicular magnetic coils intended for desaturation purposes, and as a backup control system. Accurate balancing, through the platform's center of mass relocation into the geometrical center of the spherical air-bearing, significatively reduces gravitational torques, generating a virtually torque-free environment. A very practical balancing procedure was developed for equilibrating the table in the local horizontal plane, with a reduced final residual torque. A wireless monitoring system was developed for on-line and post-processing analysis; attitude data are displayed and stored, allowing properly evaluate the sensors, actuators, and algorithms. A specifically designed onboard computer and a set of microcontrollers are used to carry out attitude determination and control tasks in a distributed control scheme. The main components and subsystems of the simulation platform are described in detail.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se presenta una plataforma de simulación de un medio sin fricción, utilizada para llevar a cabo pruebas de control de orientación en satélites pequeños. Ésta se emplea para efectuar de una manera objetiva, el desarrollo, mejoramiento y pruebas de funcionamiento de: sensores, actuadores y algoritmos; desde un punto de vista experimental. Se utilizan diferentes sensores (i.e. sol, tierra, magnetómetro y unidad de medición inercial) para determinar su desviación en tres ejes. Tres ruedas inerciales constituyen el grupo de actuadores primarios para control de orientación, trabajando en conjunto con tres bobinas magnéticas, mutuamente perpendiculares, que sirven para desaturar las ruedas y también como sistema de control de respaldo. La ejecución de un balanceo exacto, a través de la re-localización del centro de masa de la plataforma sobre el centro geométrico del balero de aire esférico, reduce significativamente los pares gravitacionales, generando un medio virtualmente libre de pares externos. Se desarrolló un procedimiento muy práctico de balanceo, para equilibrar la mesa en el plano horizontal local, logrando obtener un par residual final pequeño. Un sistema de monitoreo inalámbrico fue desarrollado con el propósito de llevar a cabo un análisis en línea y en post-proceso; los datos de orientación son desplegados y almacenados, permitiendo una correcta evaluación de sensores, actuadores y algoritmos. Una computadora a bordo de diseño específico y un conjunto de microcontroladores, llevan a cabo tareas de detección, orientación y control, en un esquema de control distribuido. Se describen con detalle los principales componentes y subsistemas de la plataforma de simulación.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Frictionless Environment Simulator]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Automatic Static Balancing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sliding Masses]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Spacecraft Simulator]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Spherical Air-Bearing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Wireless Monitoring System]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Three&#45;axis air&#45;bearing based platform for small satellite attitude determination and control simulation</b></font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><b><font face="verdana" size="2">J. Prado<sup>1</sup>., G. Bisiacchi<sup>2</sup>., L. Reyes<sup>3</sup>., E. Vicente<sup>4</sup>., F. Contreras<sup>1</sup>., M. Mesinas<sup>1</sup>., and A. Ju&aacute;rez<sup>1</sup></font></b></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>1</sup> <i>Instituto de Geograf&iacute;a, UNAM. Circ. Ext. Cd. Universitaria, Coyoac&aacute;n 04510. M&eacute;xico D.F. M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> <sup>2 </sup><i>Centro Tecnol&oacute;gico Arag&oacute;n, UNAM. Av. Rancho seco S/N col. Impulsora, Cd. Nezahualc&oacute;yotl 57130, Edo. Mex. M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>3 </sup><i>Instituto Mexicano del Transporte, Km.12+000 Carr. Quer&eacute;taro&#45;Galindo Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo, Qro. C.P.76700</i>.</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> <sup>4 </sup><i>Instituto de Ingenier&iacute;a, UNAM, Cd. Universitaria Coyoac&aacute;n, 04510, M&eacute;xico D.F. M&eacute;xico.</i> <a href="mailto:jprado@igg.unam.mx">jprado@igg.unam.mx</a>, <a href="mailto:pdruan@yahoo.com.mx">pdruan@yahoo.com.mx</a>, <a href="mailto:luis.reyes@imt.mx">luis.reyes@imt.mx</a>, <a href="mailto:evv@servidor.unam.mx">evv@servidor.unam.mx</a></font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Received: April 28<sup>th</sup>, 2005.     <br> Accepted:August 23<sup>th</sup>, 2005.</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">    <br>     </font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">    <b>Abstract</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A frictionless environment simulation platform, utilized for accomplishing three&#45;axis attitude control tests in small satellites, is introduced. It is employed to develop, improve, and carry out objective tests of sensors, actuators, and algorithms in the experimental framework. Different sensors (i.e. sun, earth, magnetometer, and an inertial measurement unit) are utilized to assess three&#45;axis deviations. A set of three inertial wheels is used as primary actuators for attitude control, together with three mutually perpendicular magnetic coils intended for desaturation purposes, and as a backup control system. Accurate balancing, through the platform's center of mass relocation into the geometrical center of the spherical air&#45;bearing, significatively reduces gravitational torques, generating a virtually torque&#45;free environment. A very practical balancing procedure was developed for equilibrating the table in the local horizontal plane, with a reduced final residual torque. A wireless monitoring system was developed for on&#45;line and post&#45;processing analysis; attitude data are displayed and stored, allowing properly evaluate the sensors, actuators, and algorithms. A specifically designed onboard computer and a set of microcontrollers are used to carry out attitude determination and control tasks in a distributed control scheme.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The main components and subsystems of the simulation platform are described in detail.</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> Frictionless Environment Simulator, Automatic Static Balancing, Sliding Masses, Spacecraft Simulator, Spherical Air&#45;Bearing, Wireless Monitoring System.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se presenta una plataforma de simulaci&oacute;n de un medio sin fricci&oacute;n, utilizada para llevar a cabo pruebas de control de orientaci&oacute;n en sat&eacute;lites peque&ntilde;os. &Eacute;sta se emplea para efectuar de una manera objetiva, el desarrollo, mejoramiento y pruebas de funcionamiento de: sensores, actuadores y algoritmos; desde un punto de vista experimental. Se utilizan diferentes sensores (i.e. sol, tierra, magnet&oacute;metro y unidad de medici&oacute;n inercial) para determinar su desviaci&oacute;n en tres ejes. Tres ruedas inerciales constituyen el grupo de actuadores primarios para control de orientaci&oacute;n, trabajando en conjunto con tres bobinas magn&eacute;ticas, mutuamente perpendiculares, que sirven para desaturar las ruedas y tambi&eacute;n como sistema de control de respaldo. La ejecuci&oacute;n de un balanceo exacto, a trav&eacute;s de la re&#45;localizaci&oacute;n del centro de masa de la plataforma sobre el centro geom&eacute;trico del balero de aire esf&eacute;rico, reduce significativamente los pares gravitacionales, generando un medio virtualmente libre de pares externos. Se desarroll&oacute; un procedimiento muy pr&aacute;ctico de balanceo, para equilibrar la mesa en el plano horizontal local, logrando obtener un par residual final peque&ntilde;o. Un sistema de monitoreo inal&aacute;mbrico fue desarrollado con el prop&oacute;sito de llevar a cabo un an&aacute;lisis en l&iacute;nea y en post&#45;proceso; los datos de orientaci&oacute;n son desplegados y almacenados, permitiendo una correcta evaluaci&oacute;n de sensores, actuadores y algoritmos. Una computadora a bordo de dise&ntilde;o espec&iacute;fico y un conjunto de microcontroladores, llevan a cabo tareas de detecci&oacute;n, orientaci&oacute;n y control, en un esquema de control distribuido.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se describen con detalle los principales componentes y subsistemas de la plataforma de simulaci&oacute;n.</font>	</p> 	    <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/jart/v3n3/v3n3a6.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>  	    <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Favor de cambiar la ubicaci&oacute;n de nombres</font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;1&#93; Stanton. J., Navy, Air Force to Develop Twin&#45;Mirror Laser&#45;Retargeting Satellite Technology. 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