<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-6423</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Journal of applied research and technology]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[J. appl. res. technol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-6423</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-64232003000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Images acquisition of multiphase dispersions in fermentation processes]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taboada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larralde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vega-Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galindo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corkidi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mëxico Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro de Biotecnología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Reynosa Tamaulipas]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Biotecnología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cuernavaca Morelos]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>78</fpage>
<lpage>84</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-64232003000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-64232003000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-64232003000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Multiphase mixing is a common operation in fermentation process. However, one of the main problems for online automatic monitoring of dispersions occurring in microbial cultures in a mechanically stirred bioreactor, is the difficulty in acquiring images (in motion) clear enough to characterize its elements (mainly air, water, oil and biomass) and their interactions during cultivation. Once the images to be analyzed have been acquired, other problems arise related to the complexity and diversity of object artifacts captured in the visual field. The heterogeneous transparency of some objects, low contrast and similarity between different classes of objects are, among others, major problems for the automation of image analysis procedures. The purpose of this work is to present a system that allows the on-line acquisition of images inside a mechanically stirred tank the images are digitally obtained by connecting a TV camera to a stereomicroscope. The scanning of the camera is synchronized to the flashing of a stroboscope, which acts as the light source and is equipped with a submergible probe. These illumination conditions allow obtaining high quality images that can be further analyzed to quantify size distributions of air bubbles and oil drops in multiphase dispersion, and to observe the dynamics of phase interactions (solid, liquid and gaseous) in a model culture.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[El mezclado de multifases es una operación común en el proceso de fermentación. Sin embargo, uno de los principales problemas que presenta la automatización del monitoreo en línea de las dispersiones que ocurren dentro de un cultivo microbiano en un fermentador bajo condiciones de agitación mecánica, esla dificultad en la adquisición de imágenes (en movimiento) lo suficientemente claras que permitan caracterizar sus elementos (principalmente aire, agua, aceite y biomasa) y su interacción durante su cultivo. Una vez que las imágenes a ser analizadas han sido adquiridas, otro problema que se presenta está relacionado con la complejidad y diversidad de objetos/artefactos capturados en el campo visual. La transparencia heterogénea de algunos objetos, el bajo contraste y la similitud entre las diferentes clases de objetos son, entre otros, problemas mayores para la automatización de los procedimientos de análisis de imágenes. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un sistema que permite la adquisición de imágenes en línea de lo que ocurre dentro de un tanque agitado mecánicamente. Las imágenes son digitalmente obtenidasmediante una cámara de TV conectada a un estereomicroscopio. El barrido de la cámara es sincronizado con la luz de un estroboscopio, el cual actúa como fuente de luz y está equipado con una sonda sumergible. Estas condiciones de luz permiten obtener imágenes de alta calidad que pueden posteriormente ser analizadas para cuantificar el tamaño de las distribuciones de burbujas de aire y gotas de aceite en una dispersión multifásica y observar las dinámicas de las interacciones de las fases (sólida, liquida y gaseosa) en un cultivo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Four-phase system]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bubble sizes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[drop sizes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[image acquisition]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Images acquisition of multiphase dispersions in fermentation processes</b></font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>B. Taboada<sup>1</sup>, P. Larralde<sup>2</sup>, T. Brito<sup>3</sup>, L. Vega&#45;Alvarado<sup>1</sup>, R. D&iacute;az, E. Galindo<sup>3</sup> &amp; G. Corkidi<sup>1</sup></b></font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>1</sup> <i>Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnol&oacute;gico, UNAM., Apdo. Postal 70&#45;186, M&eacute;xico 04510, D.F.</i></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>2</sup> <i>Centro de Biotecnolog&iacute;a del IPN, Reynosa, Tamaulipas.</i></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>3</sup> <i>Instituto de Biotecnolog&iacute;a de la UNAM, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP.62250, M&eacute;xco. </i>E&#45;mail: <a href="mailto:corkidi@sgima.ceingebi.unam.mx">corkidi@sgima.ceingebi.unam.mx</a></font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Received: May 9<sup>th</sup> 2001.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> Accepted: March 8<sup>th</sup>2002.</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Multiphase mixing is a common operation in fermentation process. However, one of the main problems for online automatic monitoring of dispersions occurring in microbial cultures in a mechanically stirred bioreactor, is the difficulty in acquiring images (in motion) clear enough to characterize its elements (mainly air, water, oil and biomass) and their interactions during cultivation. Once the images to be analyzed have been acquired, other problems arise related to the complexity and diversity of object artifacts captured in the visual field. The heterogeneous transparency of some objects, low contrast and similarity between different classes of objects are, among others, major problems for the automation of image analysis procedures. The purpose of this work is to present a system that allows the on&#45;line acquisition of images inside a mechanically stirred tank the images are digitally obtained by connecting a TV camera to a stereomicroscope. The scanning of the camera is synchronized to the flashing of a stroboscope, which acts as the light source and is equipped with a submergible probe. These illumination conditions allow obtaining high quality images that can be further analyzed to quantify size distributions of air bubbles and oil drops in multiphase dispersion, and to observe the dynamics of phase interactions (solid, liquid and gaseous) in a model culture.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> Four&#45;phase system, bubble sizes, drop sizes, image acquisition.</font></p>      	    <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El mezclado de multifases es una operaci&oacute;n com&uacute;n en el proceso de fermentaci&oacute;n. Sin embargo, uno de los principales problemas que presenta la automatizaci&oacute;n del monitoreo en l&iacute;nea de las dispersiones que ocurren dentro de un cultivo microbiano en un fermentador bajo condiciones de agitaci&oacute;n mec&aacute;nica, esla dificultad en la adquisici&oacute;n de im&aacute;genes (en movimiento) lo suficientemente claras que permitan caracterizar sus elementos (principalmente aire, agua, aceite y biomasa) y su interacci&oacute;n durante su cultivo. Una vez que las im&aacute;genes a ser analizadas han sido adquiridas, otro problema que se presenta est&aacute; relacionado con la complejidad y diversidad de objetos/artefactos capturados en el campo visual. La transparencia heterog&eacute;nea de algunos objetos, el bajo contraste y la similitud entre las diferentes clases de objetos son, entre otros, problemas mayores para la automatizaci&oacute;n de los procedimientos de an&aacute;lisis de im&aacute;genes. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un sistema que permite la adquisici&oacute;n de im&aacute;genes en l&iacute;nea de lo que ocurre dentro de un tanque agitado mec&aacute;nicamente. Las im&aacute;genes son digitalmente obtenidasmediante una c&aacute;mara de TV conectada a un estereomicroscopio. El barrido de la c&aacute;mara es sincronizado con la luz de un estroboscopio, el cual act&uacute;a como fuente de luz y est&aacute; equipado con una sonda sumergible. Estas condiciones de luz permiten obtener im&aacute;genes de alta calidad que pueden posteriormente ser analizadas para cuantificar el tama&ntilde;o de las distribuciones de burbujas de aire y gotas de aceite en una dispersi&oacute;n multif&aacute;sica y observar las din&aacute;micas de las interacciones de las fases (s&oacute;lida, liquida y gaseosa) en un cultivo.</font></p>  	    <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/jart/v1n1/v1n1a7.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;1&#93;&nbsp;Cordova A.M.S., Sanchez A., Serrano C.L., Galindo E., 2001 Oil and Fungal Biomass Dispersion in Stirred Tank Containing a Simulated Fermentation Broth, J.Chem.Technal. Biotechnal, 76, 1101&#45;1106.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4813575&pid=S1665-6423200300010000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;2&#93; Chen H.T., Middleman S., 1967 "Drop Size Distributions in Stirred Liquid&#45;liquid Systems", ALCHE J, 13, (5), 989&#45;998.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4813577&pid=S1665-6423200300010000700002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;3&#93; Spohr A., Dam M.C., Carlsen M., Nielsen J., Villadsen J., 1998 On&#45;line Study of Fungal Morphology During Submerged Growth in a Small Flow&#45;through Cell. Biotechnol, Bioeng. 58, (5), 541&#45;553.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4813579&pid=S1665-6423200300010000700003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;4&#93; Suhr H., Wehnert G., Schneider K., Bittner C., Scholz T., Geissler P., Jahne B., Scheper T., 1995 In Situ Microscopy for On&#45;line Characterization of Cell&#45;Populations in Bioreactors, Including Cel&#45;Concentration Measurements by Depth from Focus" Biotechnol. Bioeng. 47, (1), 106&#45;116.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4813581&pid=S1665-6423200300010000700004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;5&#93; Dalmau E, S&aacute;nchez A., Montesinos J.L., Valero F., Lafuente F.J., Casas C., 1998 Study of Drop Size Distributions Frequencies in a Microbial Growth System with an Aqueous&#45;Organic Culture Medium: Lipase Production from Candida Rugosa, J. Biotechnol, 59,183&#45;192.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4813583&pid=S1665-6423200300010000700005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;6&#93; Galindo E., Pacek A.W., Nienow A.W., 2000 Study of Drop and Bubble Sizes in a Simulated Mycelia Fermentation Broth of up to Four Phases, Biotechnal. Bioing., 69, 213&#45;121.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4813585&pid=S1665-6423200300010000700006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;7&#93; Russ J.C, The Image Processing Handbook, 1992, CRC Press.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4813587&pid=S1665-6423200300010000700007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;8&#93; Kenneth R.S., Fundamentals of Video Imaging, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Microscopy Premier.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4813589&pid=S1665-6423200300010000700008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;9&#93; Hecht E, 1989 Optics, 2nd. Ed., Addison&#45;Wesley, New York, N.Y.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4813591&pid=S1665-6423200300010000700009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;10&#93; Manual of Hitachi KP&#45;D50 Color NTSC Digital Video Camera.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4813593&pid=S1665-6423200300010000700010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&#91;11&#93;&nbsp;Manual of Stroboscope MVS&#45;2600, EG &amp; G Optoelectronics.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4813595&pid=S1665-6423200300010000700011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>      ]]></body><back>
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