<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2007000900021</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Temporal and spatial trends studied by lichen analysis: atmospheric deposition of trace elements in México]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aspiazu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cervantes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villaseñor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México D.F.]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Gestión Ambiental del Aire Secretaría del Medio Ambiente ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México City ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>87</fpage>
<lpage>96</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2007000900021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2007000900021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2007000900021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Ball moss on Tillandsia recurvata (Bromeliaceae), collected in an area previously identified as unpolluted, was transplanted to thirteen biomonitoring sites in the downtown and metropolitan areas of México City (which cover a surface of 9,560 km²) during the periods August 2002 - January 2003 and July 2003 - 0ctubre 2003. A total of 52 lichens (weighing 300 g) were transplanted to each place. Two were analysed as zero or reference, El Chico National Park, a location 100 Km upwind from the city and the remaining 26 were hung in nylon net bags in order to be able to collect two transplanted tree month, out of every season over a one-year period. The concentrations were measured by the quantitative PIXE method based on an external beam facility. The atmospheric deposition for trace elements was inferred by its concentration in lichen samples collected in 2002 from 13 sites in México and compared with data from a similar survey in 2003. The concentration of Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn and other elements was determined for each sample. Maps for each element were drawn after a geostatistical estimate of the metal concentration in the sample was made. Maps were drawn for all elements with the estimated values. Geographical distribution patterns were obtained for the different metals, reflecting the contribution of natural and antropogenic emission sources. The deposition patterns of V, As, Se, Cd and Pb are substantially influenced by long-range transport from other parts of México City. For Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, the deposition patterns are largely determined by contribution from point sources within México and in the metropolitan area. The lichen data for Br and, in part, Se reflect an airborne supply from the environment. Contributions to trace element concentrations in lichen sources other than atmospheric deposition are identified and discussed. The Spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of metal concentration are discussed.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Líquenes del tipo Tillandsia recurvata (Bromeliaceae) se colectaron en un área no contaminada y posteriormente fueron transplantados en 13 estaciones para biomonitoreo en la ciudad de México cubriéndose una superficie de 9,560 km² durante los períodos de agosto de 2002 a enero de 2003 y de julio de 2003 a octubre del mismo año. Fue un total de 52 líquenes (300 g) transplantados en cada sitio. Algunos líquenes fueron tomados como referencia, éstos provenientes del parque nacional "El Chico" localizado 100 km al norte de la ciudad de México, y protegidos con bolsas de "nylon" fueron transplantados anualmente. Las concentraciones de elementos de interés se determinaron por la técnica PIXE. La deposición de elementos traza fue determinada por sus concentraciones en los liquenes colectados en 13 sitios de la ciudad de México durante 2002 y éstas fueron comparadas con otro estudio similar realizado en 2003. Los elementos analizados entre otros en cada muestra fueron Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb y Zn. Con base a las concentraciones en las muestras se elaboraron mapeos para todos los elementos detectados y así se determinó su distribución geográfica de deposición de cada uno reflejando ésta tanto la contribución natural como la debida a la actividad antropogénica. Los patrones de deposición para V, As, Se, Cd y Pb son básicamente determinados por los mecanismos de transporte de largo alcance. Para Cr, Fe, Co, Ni y Cu, la deposición la establece fuentes de emisión específicas dentro de la ciudad de México así como en el área metropolitana circundante. Los datos para Br y parcialmente para Se, reflejan una contribución aerotransportada en el entorno. Se identificaron fuentes adicionales a la atmosférica para las concentraciones de los elementos traza. Finalmente se discute la tendencia de deposición tanto espacial como temporal de los elementos metálicos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bio-monitoring]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lichens]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[atmospheric contamination]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PIXE analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Biomonitereo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[líquenes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[contaminación atmosférica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis PIXE]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Temporal and spatial trends studied by lichen analysis: atmospheric deposition of trace elements in M&eacute;xico</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>J. Aspiazu&ordf; <sup>,</sup>*, L. Cervantes&ordf;, J. Ram&iacute;rez&ordf;, J. L&oacute;pez&ordf;, R. Ramos<sup>b</sup>, R. Mu&ntilde;oz<sup>b</sup>, and P. Villase&ntilde;or&ordf;</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>&ordf; Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, M&eacute;xico City. Apartado   Postal   18-1027   M&eacute;xico,   D.F.,    11801,   * e-mail: <a href="mailto:jaaf@nuclear.inin.mx.">jaaf@nuclear.inin.mx.</a></i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>b </sup>Secretar&iacute;a del Medio Ambiente, Gesti&oacute;n Ambiental del Aire, M&eacute;xico City.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 2 de marzo de 2006    <br>   Aceptado el 18 de agosto de 2006</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Ball moss on <i>Tillandsia recurvata </i>(Bromeliaceae), collected in an area previously identified as unpolluted, was transplanted to thirteen biomonitoring sites in the downtown and metropolitan areas of M&eacute;xico City (which cover a surface of 9,560 km<sup>2</sup>) during the periods August 2002 - January 2003 and July 2003 - 0ctubre 2003. A total of 52 lichens (weighing 300 g) were transplanted to each place. Two were analysed as zero or reference, El Chico National Park, a location 100 Km upwind from the city and the remaining 26 were hung in nylon net bags in order to be able to collect two transplanted tree month, out of every season over a one-year period. The concentrations were measured by the quantitative PIXE method based on an external beam facility. The atmospheric deposition for trace elements was inferred by its concentration in lichen samples collected in 2002 from 13 sites in M&eacute;xico and compared with data from a similar survey in 2003. The concentration of Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn and other elements was determined for each sample. Maps for each element were drawn after a geostatistical estimate of the metal concentration in the sample was made. Maps were drawn for all elements with the estimated values. Geographical distribution patterns were obtained for the different metals, reflecting the contribution of natural and antropogenic emission sources. The deposition patterns of V, As, Se, Cd and Pb are substantially influenced by long-range transport from other parts of M&eacute;xico City. For Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, the deposition patterns are largely determined by contribution from point sources within M&eacute;xico and in the metropolitan area. The lichen data for Br and, in part, Se reflect an airborne supply from the environment. Contributions to trace element concentrations in lichen sources other than atmospheric deposition are identified and discussed. The Spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of metal concentration are discussed.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords: </b>Bio-monitoring; lichens; atmospheric contamination; PIXE analysis.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">L&iacute;quenes del tipo <i>Tillandsia recurvata </i>(Bromeliaceae) se colectaron en un &aacute;rea no contaminada y posteriormente fueron transplantados en 13 estaciones para biomonitoreo en la ciudad de M&eacute;xico cubri&eacute;ndose una superficie de 9,560 km<sup>2</sup> durante los per&iacute;odos de agosto de 2002 a enero de 2003 y de julio de 2003 a octubre del mismo a&ntilde;o. Fue un total de 52 l&iacute;quenes (300 g) transplantados en cada sitio. Algunos l&iacute;quenes fueron tomados como referencia, &eacute;stos provenientes del parque nacional "El Chico" localizado 100 km al norte de la ciudad de M&eacute;xico, y protegidos con bolsas de "nylon" fueron transplantados anualmente. Las concentraciones de elementos de inter&eacute;s se determinaron por la t&eacute;cnica PIXE. La deposici&oacute;n de elementos traza fue determinada por sus concentraciones en los liquenes colectados en 13 sitios de la ciudad de M&eacute;xico durante 2002 y &eacute;stas fueron comparadas con otro estudio similar realizado en 2003. Los elementos analizados entre otros en cada muestra fueron Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb y Zn. Con base a las concentraciones en las muestras se elaboraron mapeos para todos los elementos detectados y as&iacute; se determin&oacute; su distribuci&oacute;n geogr&aacute;fica de deposici&oacute;n de cada uno reflejando &eacute;sta tanto la contribuci&oacute;n natural como la debida a la actividad antropog&eacute;nica. Los patrones de deposici&oacute;n para V, As, Se, Cd y Pb son b&aacute;sicamente determinados por los mecanismos de transporte de largo alcance. Para Cr, Fe, Co, Ni y Cu, la deposici&oacute;n la establece fuentes de emisi&oacute;n espec&iacute;ficas dentro de la ciudad de M&eacute;xico as&iacute; como en el &aacute;rea metropolitana circundante. Los datos para Br y parcialmente para Se, reflejan una contribuci&oacute;n aerotransportada en el entorno. Se identificaron fuentes adicionales a la atmosf&eacute;rica para las concentraciones de los elementos traza. Finalmente se discute la tendencia de deposici&oacute;n tanto espacial como temporal de los elementos met&aacute;licos.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores: </b>Biomonitereo; l&iacute;quenes; contaminaci&oacute;n atmosf&eacute;rica; an&aacute;lisis PIXE.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 92.60.Sz; 32.30.Rj; 78.70.En</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v53s3/v53s3a21.pdf">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a> </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgments</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">We wish to thank as much to National Institute for Nuclear Research of M&eacute;xico (ININ) as to "Universidad del Valle de M&eacute;xico" their support so that Dr. Aspiazu could attend, to present this work, to II International Symposium on Radiation Physics, February 27th - March 2nd 2006 Chihuahua, Chihuahua. M&eacute;xico, organized by the "Radiation Physics Division" (RPD) of the Mexican Physical Society.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. B.A. Couti&ntilde;o Mojica, <i>Bol</i>. <i>Soc. Mex. Micol. </i><b>17</b> (1982) 166.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8339202&pid=S0035-001X200700090002100001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. C. Fuchs and Y.J.  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