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Revista mexicana de ciencias forestales
Print version ISSN 2007-1132
Rev. mex. de cienc. forestales vol.12 n.spe1 México Nov. 2021 Epub Feb 21, 2022
https://doi.org/10.29298/rmcf.v12iespecial-1.1083
Review article
Sustainable forest management of non-wood resources in the semi-desert of northern Mexico
1Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Campo Experimental Saltillo. México.
The semi-arid ecosystems of northern Mexico cover 70.79 million ha. These are characterized by their high vulnerability to desertification and by the presence of extremely marginalized rural populations, who exploit the non-wood forest resources (NWFR) of various species for the purpose of obtaining raw materials. The objective was to describe the research carried out in 35 years since the creation of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) (National Institute for Research on Forest, Agriculture and Livestock) (INIFAP) regarding the management, use and conservation of the NWFR of northern Mexico for the purpose of providing information to decision makers in public policies aimed at promoting sustainable rural development. In order to describe the research carried out, a search was carried out in the digital scientific sources and physical libraries of INIFAP; the information was then integrated, and the progress made in the several research programs of this Institute was described by species. Some of the topics that have been developed in relation to the NWFR are harvesting practices, sampling systems, forest biometrics, modeling of productive potential, land use planning, selection of vegetative material, seed management, production and quality of the plant in the nursery and greenhouse, establishment and management of plantations, and ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources of native species. These results make it possible to conserve these forest resources and increase their production and productivity, as well as to promote the sustainability of non-timber resources.
Key words: Allometry; exploitation; bioenergy; biotechnology; semi-arid ecosystems; plantations
Los ecosistemas semiáridos del norte de México abarcan 70.79 millones de hectáreas; se caracterizan por su alta vulnerabilidad a la desertificación y la presencia de población rural en extrema marginación, quienes aprovechan los recursos forestales no maderables (RFNM) de diversas especies para obtener materia prima. El objetivo de la presente revisión fue describir las investigaciones realizadas en los 35 años de existencia del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) referentes al manejo, aprovechamiento y conservación de los RFNM del norte de México para proporcionar información a los tomadores de decisiones en políticas públicas encauzadas a promover el desarrollo rural sustentable. Para la descripción de las investigaciones desarrolladas, se realizó una búsqueda en fuentes científicas digitales y bibliotecas físicas del INIFAP, enseguida se integró la información y se describió por especie el avance realizado en los diferentes programas de investigación del Instituto. Entre los temas que se han desarrollado están las prácticas de aprovechamiento, sistemas de muestreo, biometría forestal, modelación del potencial productivo, ordenamiento territorial, selección de material vegetativo, manejo de semilla, producción y calidad de planta en vivero e invernadero, establecimiento y manejo de plantaciones, así como conservación ex situ de recursos fitogenéticos de especies nativas. Estos resultados permiten conservar, aumentar la producción y productividad de los RFNM; además de promover la sustentabilidad de los recursos no maderables.
Palabras clave: Alometría; aprovechamiento; bioenergía; biotecnología; ecosistemas semiáridos; plantaciones
Introduction
Non-wood forest resources (NWFR) in Mexico's semi-arid ecosystems account for 9.4 % of national production, and the northeastern part of the country is the most important area within this sector (Semarnat, 2020). This region is home to a rural population of more than 5 million inhabitants, made up of ejidatarios, communal farmers and small landowners, most of whom are affected by extreme poverty and high migration rates, and whose livelihoods are based on the NWFR, thus influencing their food security, health, wellbeing and economic income (Inegi, 2020).
In Mexico, the accumulated production of NWFR in the last 30 years is 844 620 t; the state of Coahuila stands out as the entity with the highest accumulated production (280 680 t), followed by Tamaulipas (191 270 t) and Zacatecas (155 850 t) (Semarnat, 2020). In these states, as well as in Chihuahua, Nuevo León and San Luis Potosí, the main species harvested are Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc. (candelilla), Agave lechuguilla Torr. (lechuguilla), Yucca carnerosana Trel. (giant Spanish dagger), Lippia graveolens HBK. (orégano), and Nolina cespitifera Trel. (cortadillo) (Martínez, 2013). Other taxa with lower production are Jatropha dioica Sessé ex Cerv. (leatherstem), Agave spp. (maguey), Dasylirion spp. (sotol), ornamental cacti, aromatic plants (Litsea parvifolia (Hemsl.) Mez), and Prosopis spp. (mesquite) (Martínez, 2013).
Given the importance of the NWFR in northern Mexico, sustainable management of their populations is necessary. This requires integrated planning, in which the components of production and conservation according to the biophysical and socioeconomic conditions of each region must be considered for the prescription of management practices and options that will ensure the conservation of the NTFR, and at the same time, the benefit of the social sector (FAO, 2010). In order to contribute to this purpose, this documentary research aimed to describe the research conducted in the 35 years of existence of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) (National Institute for Research on Forest, Agriculture and Livestock) (INIFAP), on the use, management and conservation of the NTFR of northern Mexico.
Criteria for information search and analysis
A thematic review of the 1985-2020 period was carried out in various scientific repositories and scientific journals available online, for example: SciELO (http://www.scielo.org/es), Redalyc (http://www.redalyc.org), Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales (https://cienciasforestales.inifap.gob.mx), and the Digital Library of INIFAP (https://vun.inifap.gob.mx/BibliotecaWeb/_Content). All scientific publications related to non-timber forest species of economic importance in the north of the country developed by INIFAP scientists as first authors were considered; they were ordered by taxon within the research programs of the Institute: Sustainable Forest Management and Environmental Services, Plantations and Agroforestry Systems, Non-timber Forest Genetic Resources, Biotechnology and Bioenergy.
Study area
The study area was limited to the semi-arid regions of northern Mexico where the NTFR are used, which include the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Durango, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tamaulipas and Zacatecas.
Sustainable Forest Management and Environmental Services
This research program considered the following topics: sustainable use of natural resources, forest inventories, biometry of non-wood forest species in semi-arid ecosystems of northern Mexico and modeling of productive potential, as well as the mapping of forest variables.
Sustainable exploitation of natural resources
The different types of scrubland in the arid and semi-arid zones in the north of the country are used for the exploitation of NWFR; this ecological region covers 70.79 million hectares (Challenger and Soberón, 2008).
Non-wood species are harvested in a variety of ways, due to the different plant structures that can be used. For several years, this has been done in a traditional manner and without technical support. For this reason, INIFAP conducts research work focused on the sustainable exploitation and management of these commercially important forest resources (Table 1).
Table 1 Non-wood species that can be harvested in northern Mexico.
| Product | Species | Common name | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fiber | Agave lechuguilla Torr. | Lechuguilla | Berlanga et al. (1992) |
| Yucca carnerosana Trel. | Giant Spanish dagger | Villavicencio (1993) | |
| Nolina cespitifera Trel. | Cortadillo |
Sáenz and Castillo
(1992)
Castillo and Sáenz (1993) Castillo et al. (2015) |
|
| Wax | Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc. | Candelilla |
De la Garza y Berlanga
(1993)
De la Garza et al. (1992) |
| Alcoholic beverage (sotol) | Dasylirion spp. | Sotol |
Melgoza et
al. (2003)
Vega et al. (2006) Cano et al. (2005, 2011) Sierra at al. (2008) |
| Aguamiel | Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck. | Maguey juice | Castillo and Cano (2006) |
| Alcoholic beverage (mescal) | Agave durangensis | Ashen maguey | Rosales-Serna et al. (2020) |
| Leaves | Lippia graveolens HBK | Oregano | Sáenz and Villavicencio (1993) |
| Charcoal | Prosopis spp. | Mesquite |
Villanueva et
al. (2004)
Ríos et al. (2011) Valenzuela-Núñez et al. (2011) Ríos-Saucedo et al. (2012) Valenzuela-Núñez et al. (2013) |
The different products extracted from each species (Table 1) are the raw material derived from the harvesting of the forest resource, without a transformation process. Regarding research on the regeneration period of the various plant structures that are harvested, INIFAP has conducted studies on the harvesting season and technical shift; i.e. the time from extraction to the recovery of the plant's vegetative structure (Table 2).
Table 2 Harvesting season and technical shift for non-wood species in northern Mexico.
| Species | Exploitable structure | Cutting season | Cutting shift (months) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agave lechuguilla Torr. | Buds1 (height ≥25 cm) | Fall-Winter | 14 to 25 |
Berlanga et
al. (1992)
Castillo et al. (2008) Narcia et al. (2012) |
| Yucca carnerosana (Trel.) McKelvey | Buds1 (height ≥ 30 cm) | Summer-Fall | 12-18 | Villavicencio and Franco, (1992) |
| Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc. | Stems (height ≥ 30 cm and coverage diameter ≥ 25 cm) | Fall-Winter | 36 to 60 |
De la Garza et
al. (1992)
De la Garza and Berlanga (1993) |
| Nolina cespitifera Trel. | Leaves (≥ 40 a 50 cm) | Fall-Winter | 12 to 21* | Sáenz and Castillo (1992) |
| Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck. | Leaves | Summer | 84 to 96 | Castillo and Cano (2006) |
| Lippia graveolens HBK. | Leaves | Summer-Fall** | 4 to 12 | Villavicencio et al. (2010b) |
1Leaves of the apical growth zone; *Not affecting the apical growth zone; **Up to two cuttings per year, depending on rainfall.
From its colonial growth form, a harvesting system was established for E. antisyphilitica in which the extraction of 50 % of the colony was established to ensure the regeneration of the resource, through rotation of the harvesting areas (De la Garza et al., 1992). In the case of A. salmiana, a system of rotation of harvesting areas in plantations was determined, in addition to the transplanting of young shoots for replanting (Castillo and Cano, 2006). Non-wood species respond to genotype-environment interaction, which generates differentiated ecotypes restricted to a specific habitat, with different growth and production characteristics, a situation that must be considered in their use.
The results of the studies included in Tables 1 and 2 have served as the basis for the development of Mexican official standards on technical specifications for the sustainable use of non-timber forest resources in arid and semi-arid zones. In addition, they are used in the preparation of Technical Justification Studies (TJS) for the harvesting of non-wood taxa.
Knowledge of the development and behavior of exploitable semi-desert taxa, as well as good management practices, contribute to the sustainable management of natural populations.
Forest inventories
The objective of forest inventories is to provide information on the quantification of forest resources, based on field sampling. In this regard, INIFAP has applied sampling techniques for the evaluation of the NWFR in the north of the country (Table 3).
Table 3 Sampling techniques for assessing NWFR and scope of application.
| Species | Sampling type | State where applied | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agave lechuguilla Torr. | 1 |
Coahuila,
Nuevo León,
Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas |
Berlanga et al. (1992) |
| Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc. | 1 |
De la Garza et
al. (1992)
De la Garza y Berlanga (1993) Hernández et al. (2017) |
|
| Dasylirion spp. | 3, 4 |
Cano et
al. (2005)
Cano et al. (2011) |
|
| Yucca carnerosana (Trel.) McKelvey | 2 | Coahuila | Villavicencio and Franco (1992) |
| Nolina cespitifera Trel. | 2 |
Sáenz y Castillo
(1992)
Sáenz y Villavicencio (1993) |
|
| Lippia graveolens HBK. | 1,2 |
Coahuila, Nuevo León,
Chihuahua, Durango, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas |
Villavicencio et
al. (2010b)
Villavicencio et al. (2018) |
1Simple random, 100 m2 sites; 2Systematic, 100 m2 sites, sampling intensity of 0.5 %; 3Simple random, 1 000 m2 sites; 4Systematic, 1 000 m2 sites, sampling intensity of 3 %.
Systematic sampling is useful in stands with a uniform distribution of species such as Y. carnerosana and N. cespitifera. Random sampling can be applied to assess populations of A. lechuguilla, E. antisyphilitica, L. graveolens, and Dasylirion spp. in areas where the distribution of individuals is heterogeneous. These sampling techniques are reliable to assess the taxa mentioned above. As for L. graveolens, a structural analysis of its population in the area of distribution of the resource was carried out, which showed the need to establish reforestation actions in deteriorated areas (Table 1). This type of research conducted at INIFAP contributes to the sustainability of NTFR, as it evaluates the productivity of the ecosystem where these resources are developed, ensuring their sustainable use.
The use of appropriate sampling systems for each species and development condition allows a more precise quantification of the resource and optimizes costs and time in the preparation and execution of forest inventories.
Biometry of non-wood species in semiarid ecosystems of northern Mexico
Biometry is a tool for the estimation of vegetation variables, used to quantify the total stock in a stand. In this regard, INIFAP has conducted research that has resulted in the adjustment of 24 mathematical models and the generation of four production tables to estimate variables of non-timber species in semiarid ecosystems in northern and northeastern Mexico (Table 4). Tables that are useful for developing sustainable management plans, as well as in decision making for the use of the NWFR /of these regions.
Table 4 Research on models for estimating forest variables of non-timber species in northern and northeastern Mexico.
| Species | Variable | Area where applied | Structure | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agave lechuguilla Torr. | Bud biomass | Coahuila | Production table | Berlanga et al. (1992) |
| Fiber dry weight (FDW) | San Luis Potosí |
|
Velasco et al. (2009) | |
| Yucca carnerosana (Trel.) McKelvey | Bud biomass | Coahuila | Production table | Villavicencio and Franco (1992) |
| Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc. | Total Green weight (TGW) | Coahuila | Production table | De la Garza and Berlanga (1993) |
|
|
Hernández-Ramos et al. (2019) | |||
|
| ||||
|
| ||||
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. | Shoot dry weight (SDW) | Coahuila |
|
Meza (1997) |
| Branch dry weight (BDW) |
|
|||
| Total dry weight (TDW) |
|
|||
Prosopis s pp.
|
Exploitable volume | Durango and Coahuila |
|
Villanueva et al. (2004) |
| Stem volume | Chihuahua |
|
Sosa et al. (2011) | |
| Total comercial volume |
|
|||
| Aerial carbon per stem (Cs) |
|
|||
| Full tree aerial carbon (FTC) |
|
|||
| Dasylirion cedrosanum Trel. | Heart weight (HW) | Coahuila |
|
Cano et al. (2005) |
| Nolina cespitifera Trel. | Dry leaf weight (DLW) | South of Coahuila |
|
Castillo and Sáenz (2005) |
| Lippia graveolens HBK | Dry leaf weight (DLW) | Coahuila | Production table | Villavicencio et al. (2010b) |
| Leaf area index (LAI) | Durango |
|
Villa-Castorena et al. (2011) | |
| Total plant biomass (TPB) |
|
|||
| Dry leaf weight (DLW) | Coahuila |
|
Villavicencio et al. (2018) | |
| Litsea parvifolia (Hemsl.) Mez | Dry leaf weight (DLW) | Coahuila |
|
Villavicencio-Gutiérrez et al. (2020c) |
AD = Average diameter (cm); HD = Heart diameter; ABD = Average base diameter (cm); ACD = Average coverage diameter (cm); BBD = Bud base diameter (cm); TH = Total height (cm); BA = Basimetric area of the tree; BD = Steam base diameter; TBH = Total bud height (cm); MH = Mean height (cm); V = Volume (m3); AWS = Applied water sheet (cm); Exp = Exponential; Nl = Natural logarithm.
Modeling of productive potential and mapping of forestry variables
In forest management, it is of utmost importance to make accurate estimates of the amount of raw material available for harvesting in a forest stand. To this end, INIFAP conducts studies focused on sustainable forest management and the generation of technical tools for the selection of sites where the establishment of both commercial forest plantations (CFP) and restoration forest plantations (RFP) is feasible in northern Mexico. These actions involve determining potential areas for the implementation of CFP and areas with productive potential for non-timber forest species (Table 5), as well as mapping stand variables for the estimation of total stock in a forest inventory.
Table 5 Research on potential areas for CFP establishment and productive potential by species.
| Species | Potential | Area where applied | Potential surface area (ha) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nolina cespitifera Trel. | CFP | Coahuila | High: 14 128 Medium: 66 826 | Martínez and Castillo (2007) |
| Productive | 19 states of central and northern Mexico | 14 138 623 | Martínez et al. (2014) | |
| Dasylirion cedrosanum Trel. | CFP | Coahuila | High: 2 629 969 Medium: 4 718 910 | Cano and Martínez (2007) |
| Productive | Coahuila | 2 202 098 | Martínez et al. (2010) | |
| San Luis Potosí | 820 702 | Beltrán et al. (2011) | ||
| Nuevo León | 341 386 | Martínez et al. (2011b) | ||
| Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas | 6 509 324 | Martínez (2013) | ||
| 16 states of central and northern Mexico | 16 673 562 | Martínez et al. (2014) | ||
| Agave lechuguilla Torr. | CFP | Coahuila | High: 83,200 Medium: 1 194 877 | Martínez et al. (2011a) |
| Coahuila | 5 159 273 | Castillo-Quiroz et al. (2014a) | ||
| Tamaulipas | 106 272 | Castillo-Quiroz et al. (2014b) | ||
| Productive | Coahuila | 5 446 971 | Martínez et al. (2010) | |
| San Luis Potosí | 357 596 | Beltrán et al. (2011) | ||
| Nuevo León | 240 382 | Martínez et al. (2011b) | ||
| Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas | 8 912 445 | Martínez (2013) | ||
| 16 states of central and northern Mexico | 17 608 351 | Martínez et al. (2014) | ||
| Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc. | Productive | Coahuila | 1 828 300 | Martínez et al. (2010) |
| San Luis Potosí | 60 970 | Beltrán et al. (2011) | ||
| Nuevo León | 102 598 | Martínez et al. (2011b) | ||
| Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas | 8 526 336 | Martínez (2013) | ||
| 20 states of central and northern Mexico | High: 7 955 139 Medium: 14 512 803 Low: 8 045 010 | Zamora-Martínez et al. (2013) | ||
| 11 states of central and northern Mexico | 10 520 849 | Martínez et al. (2014) | ||
| Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck. | CFP | Zacatecas | High: 1 223 887 Medium: 743 973 | Medina et al. (2003) |
| Productive | Coahuila | 5 206 366 | Martínez et al. (2010) | |
| San Luis Potosí | 2 561 217 | Beltrán et al. (2011) | ||
| Nuevo León | 847 337 | Martínez et al. (2011b) | ||
| Agave tequilana Weber | CFP | Zacatecas | High: 222 434 Medium: 442 622 | Medina et al. (2003) |
| Agave salmiana subp. crassispina | Productive | Zacatecas | 61 520 | Martínez (2013) |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt | Productive | Coahuila | 7 411 315 | Martínez et al. (2010) |
| San Luis Potosí | 1 604 717 | Beltrán et al. (2011) | ||
| Nuevo León | 1 612 598 | Martínez et al. (2011b) | ||
| 16 states of central and northern Mexico | 36 201 781 | Martínez et al. (2014) | ||
| Parthenium argentatum A. Gray | Productive | Coahuila | 5 446 971 | Martínez et al. (2010) |
| San Luis Potosí | 2 120 049 | Beltrán et al. (2011) | ||
| Nuevo León | 477 517 | Martínez et al. (2011b) | ||
| 17 states of central and northern Mexico | 105 621 414 | Martínez et al. (2014) | ||
| Dalea bicolor Humb. | Productive | Coahuila | 1 685 163 | Martínez et al. (2010) |
| San Luis Potosí | 1 561 026 | Beltrán et al. (2011) | ||
| Nuevo León | 798 400 | Martínez et al. (2011b) | ||
| 25 states of Mexico | 24 984 153 | Martínez et al. (2014) | ||
| Opuntia rastrera F.A.C. Weber | Productive | Coahuila | 5 953 843 | Martínez et al. (2010) |
| San Luis Potosí | 2 467 056 | Beltrán et al. (2011) | ||
| Nuevo León | 2 320 610 | Martínez et al. (2011b) | ||
| 19 states of central and northern Mexico | 14 470 825 | Martínez et al. (2014) | ||
| Lippia graveolens HBK. | Productive | Coahuila | 907 757 | Martínez et al. (2010) |
| San Luis Potosí | 361 435 | Beltrán et al. (2011) | ||
| Nuevo León | 172 994 | Martínez et al. (2011b) | ||
| Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas | 6 788 321 | Martínez (2013) |
The authors determined the productive potential or areas for CFP (Table 5) according to the characteristics of the optimal physical environment for the development of each species, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques to unify these agro-climatic requirements.
In regard to land use planning, a territorial management of productive activities for the social and economic development of its population based on the premises of conservation, restoration and sustainability of non-timber forest resources, has been proposed for Coahuila (Martínez et al., 2010), Nuevo León (Martínez et al., 2011b), and San Luis Potosí (Beltrán et al., 2011).
Plantations and Agroforestry Systems
The demand for raw materials from NWFR has increased in recent years; it has been preferentially met by natural populations, whose production is subject to environmental conditions. The effect of overexploitation makes it difficult to collect the resources, requiring an investment of more time and effort without greater remuneration (Castillo et al., 2015). INIFAP seeks to mitigate the degradation of these NWFR by conducting research on the establishment of non-timber forest plantations for restoration or commercial purposes, in order to restore degraded ecosystems, increase density and raw materials, and improve product quality (Table 6).
Table 6 Non-timber forest germplasm for the establishment of plantations in northern Mexico.
| Species | Topic | Author |
|---|---|---|
| Yucca carnerosana (Trel.) McKelvey | Propagation material | Villavicencio (1993) |
| Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck. | Selection of species Selection and handling of vegetative material | Castillo and Cano (2006) |
| Agave durangensis Gentry | Chemical fertilization of plantations | Rosales-Serna et al. (2020) |
| Dasylirion spp. | ||
| Nolina cespitifera Trel. | Chemical and biological pretreatments for germination | Castillo-Quiroz et al. (2018) |
| Plant quality | Sáenz et al. (2019) | |
| Nursery plant production and fertilization | ||
| Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc. | Selection of ecotypes Conditioning, time and method of collection of planting material | De la Garza et al. (1992) |
| Prosopis spp. | Germplasm collection and processing Pre-germinative treatments Plant quality Nursery plant production Plant conditioning | Ramírez and Villanueva (1998) |
| Lippia graveolens HBK. | Physical and physiological seed quality | Villa-Castorena (2011) Cazares et al. (2010) |
| Nursery and greenhouse plant production scheme | ||
| Nutrition, irrigation and planting density | ||
| Essential oils |
The technology generated in CFP demonstrates that monoculture and domestication are feasible for non-timber species, and management can reduce the technical shift of harvesting. In the case of A. lechuguilla under natural conditions, the shift varied from 24 to 25 months (Narcia et al., 2012); while, in CFP it is reduced to 10 months, with yields of 220 and 560 kg ha-1 (Castillo et al., 2008). Likewise, in L. graveolens, the 10-12 month shift under natural conditions decreases to 4 months under CFP with yields of 3 t ha-1 three years after its establishment (Villavicencio et al., 2010b). The implementation and management of commercial forest plantations with species from arid and semi-arid zones is a viable strategy for the rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems and for covering the deficit of raw materials obtained from natural populations (Table 7).
Table 7 Research on the establishment and management of non-wood plantations in northern Mexico.
| Species | Topic | Density (plants ha-1) | Author |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agave lechuguilla Torr. | Reconversion of productive areas | 20 000 | Berlanga et al. (1992) |
| Establishment and management of CFP | 20 000 | Castillo et al. (2008) | |
| Castillo et al. (2013) | |||
| Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc. | 20 000 | De la Garza et al. (1992) | |
| Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck | Reconversion of agricultural areas Establishment and management of CFP | 840 | Castillo and Cano (2006) |
| Nolina cespitifera Trel. | 2 500 | Castillo and Sáenz (2005) | |
| Prosopis spp. | 1 100 and 2 500 | Ramírez and Villanueva (1998) |
Non-Wood Genetic Resources
The term plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) refers to any material of plant origin, whether plants, seeds or vegetative parts, containing functional units of heredity with actual or potential value for food and agriculture (Gutiérrez et al., 2015). The rugged land and the great variety of climatic conditions that exist in the arid and semi-arid zones of northern Mexico generate a range of environments with different types of vegetation, where the Cactaceae family has the greatest diversity of genera and species, many of them endemic and at risk status according to NOM-059-ECOL-2010 (Semarnat, 2010) and Appendixes I and II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES, 2019).
At INIFAP, the ex situ conservation of important phytogenetic resources is carried out in vivo in the Cacti Germplasm Bank (CGB), with taxa of the genera and accessions of the Cacteae tribe: Ariocarpus, Astrophytum, Aztekium, Coryphantha, Echinocactus, Epithelantha, Ferocactus, Geohintonia, Leuchtenbergia, Mammillaria, Mammilloydia, Pelecyphora, Stenocactus, Thelocactus, and Turbinicarpus; as well as of the Pachycereeae tribe: Cephalocereus, Echinocereus, and Pachycereus. Such Bank follows the guidelines of the PGRFA of the Sistema Nacional de Inspección y Certificación de Semillas, SNICS (National Seed Inspection and Certification System) (SNICS, 2018) and the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV, 2011) to constitute the database of the native germplasm of the Chihuahuan Desert, according to the Germocalli information system (Upadhyaya et al., 2008).
In this regard, distribution studies have been carried out, evaluating eight physiographic subprovinces of the Eastern Sierra Madre; mapping species richness, as well as providing taxonomic descriptions for the Turbinicarpus (Villavicencio et al., 2006; Arredondo and Sotomayor, 2009; Villavicencio et al., 2010a; Arias et al., 2018), Mammillaria, and Pelecyphora genera (Sotomayor et al., 2006) and the morphological characterization of native materials (Villavicencio et al., 2013a; Villavicencio et al., 2013b), thereby generating a systematic description of qualitative and quantitative attributes of entries or accessions of the same species or crop, in order to differentiate them and to identify specific genes or attributes.
Furthermore, regeneration and multiplication technology has been developed with results in the propagation by seed of several taxa, and quality declared seeds have been subjected to physical and physiological tests; likewise, the propagation of several non-timber taxa has been studied to assess substrates, nutrition and fertigation (Arredondo and Camacho, 1995; Arredondo, 2002; Flores et al., 2005; Vega et al., 2006; Villavicencio et al., 2019a), as well as greenhouse production of ornamental plants in containers (Villavicencio et al., 2020a).
The procedures carried out at the CGB contribute to the sustainable management of native phytogenetic resources because the ex situ gene pool is conserved in its facilities, allowing actions to promote its use, enhancement, and pre-improvement, and constituting the raw material for the conservation of germplasm in the short and long term. The CGB has addressed the four strategic areas of the Second Global Plan of Action for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on PGRFA, and information has been generated for eight of the 18 priority lines and 10 indicators.
Research has focused on the northeastern region of Mexico; however, it is necessary to continue with selective collection, increasing the percentage of accessions with security duplicates, as well as with the regeneration and increase of ex situ samples. The information generated is essential for the sustainability of these phytogenetic resources that, due to their cultural, economic or ecosystem-related value, require recovery, protection, responsible use, and a fair and equitable distribution of the benefits obtained from their sustainable use.
Biotechnology
For the ex situ conservation of phytogenetic resources of the Cactaceae family, INIFAP has an in vitro tissue bank to preserve germplasm of species in risk status and of ornamental interest, in the making of which biotechnological tools have been utilized. These include in vitro germination, shoot induction from axillary buds in multiplication, selection of the type and concentration of phytohormones in the induction of shoots and management of in vitro plants in acclimatization (Villavicencio et al., 1999).
Micropropagation protocols have been successfully established for Astrophytum myriostigma Lem. (Villavicencio et al., 2009), Turbinicarpus knuthianus (Boed.) John & Riha (Villavicencio et al., 2011; Villavicencio et al., 2012a), Epithelantha micromeris (Engelm.) F.A.C. Weber ex Britton. & Rose (Villavicencio et al., 2012b; Villavicencio et al., 2012c), Echinocereus poselgeri Lem. (Villavicencio et al., 2020b), Turbinicarpus viereckii subsp. major Glass & R.A. Foster and Mammillaria plumosa F.A.C. The technology thus generated has been transferred to producers of the Comité Mexicano Sistema-Producto Flores y Ornamentales, CMSPFO (Mexican System-Product Committee for Flowers and Ornamentals, CMSPFO).
For the sotol industry, a micropropagation protocol was generated for D. cedrosanum, a species used for the production of the alcoholic beverage of the same name with denomination of origin (Villavicencio et al., 2007); this technology was transferred to the Tequila Sauza S. A. de C. V. company, given its experience in the industrial propagation of agave plants.
Bioenergy
Currently, the production of second generation (2G) biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass of wild plants from semi-arid areas has aroused the interest of the energy sector (Carmona et al., 2017); however, it is a field in recent development. Among the species native to semi-arid zones with potential and for which the largest number of studies on ethanol production have been carried out, the following stand out: A. lechuguilla, whose biomass does not compete with food production, compared to first generation (1G) biofuels, which are obtained from feedstocks of agricultural crops such as corn and sugarcane (Serna et al., 2011).
A. lechuguilla has great potential due to its wide distribution area across the country (17.5 million hectares) (Martínez et al., 2014) and to the existence of an Official Mexican Standard for its use (Semarnat, 2003). Furthermore, it is a plant with a high enzymatic digestibility, which makes it important for the forestry sector. In this regard, INIFAP researchers have collaborated with an interdisciplinary group from the Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, UAC (Autonomous University of Coahuila) in several studies, the results of which are summarized in Table 8.
Table 8 Research on bioenergy for ethanol production from Agave lechuguilla Torr. biomass in Coahuila, Mexico.
| Topic | Authors |
|---|---|
| Determination of potential areas for A. lechuguilla plantations for ethanol production. | Castillo et al. (2014b) |
| Potential of A. lechuguilla as an energy crop. | Morales et al. (2014) |
| Chemical, structural and functional properties of A. lechuguilla. | Carmona et al. (2017) |
| Fungal pretreatment of the A. lechuguilla biomass. | Reyna-Martínez et al. (2019) |
At present, A. lechuguilla is the most studied species, mainly for the production of ethanol; however, research on this raw material is needed to obtain liquid (butanol) and gaseous (hydrogen) biofuels and other alternative sources such as biogas. On the other hand, in arid zones there are other native species which, like A. lechuguilla, are a potential source for the production of biofuels.
Conclusions
The largest number of contributions developed by INIFAP researchers in the last 35 years on non-timber species of the semi-desert in Mexico focus on management and productive potential, biometry, establishment and management of plantations, and plant genetic resources of species at risk status, and, to a lesser but no less important extent, on forest inventories and harvesting practices, as well as on research on biofuels. Most of this work has been carried out in Coahuila, in consonance with its importance as the largest generator of non-timber products.
It is relevant to point out that all the products generated at INIFAP have had a great impact on the sustainability of the natural resources of the semi-desert region and have contributed in an outstanding way to improve the productive activities of the rural communities that depend on the use of these forest species.
The contributions documented in this review can be used to carry out programs to support communities in marginalized areas to help improve their economic situation, as well as to restore disturbed ecological areas, which will help to provide greater protection to the natural ecosystems of arid and semi-arid areas of Mexico.
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Received: February 22, 2021; Accepted: July 09, 2021
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