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Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
Print version ISSN 1405-3322
Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex vol.58 n.1 Ciudad de México Jan. 2006
https://doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2006v58n1a2
Artículos
Depósitos epitermales en México: actualización de su conocimiento y reclasificación empírica
Epithermal deposits in Mexico- update of current knowledge, and an empirical reclassification
1Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Carretera 57 km. 15.5, 76023 Santiago de Querétaro, Qro., México.
2Exploraciones del Altiplano S.A. de C.V., Sinaloa 106 - oficina 302, Colonia Roma Norte, 06760 México, D.F. México.
La tipología de yacimientos minerales ha sido tradicionalmente la más importante para México en términos económicos, con renombrados depósitos de clase mundial como los de los distritos de Pachuca - Real del Monte, Guanajuato, Fresnillo, Taxco, Tayoltita, y Zacatecas. También es uno de los temas más interesantes para la investigación científica y para la exploración de depósitos minerales, especialmente tras la determinación de sus nexos genéticos con otras tipologías como los depósitos metalíferos en pórfidos y en skarns. Además, los recientes ajustes en la denominación y definición de los tipos y subtipos de depósitos epitermales (Einaudi et al., 2003; Sillitoe y Hedenquist, 2003), y la consiguiente definición de inclusividades y exclusividades entre ellos, va a ser tema de discusión durante un tiempo, pues cualquier modelo de nuevo cuño necesita ser completado con evidencias adicionales. Como esquema general, Sillitoe y Hedenquist (2003) enfatizaron la estrecha asociación entre depósitos en pórfidos y depósitos epitermales de sulfuración alta e intermedia y, además, señalaron que en ciertas áreas (como la Great Basin de Nevada) los depósitos de sulfuración intermedia y baja son mutualmente excluyentes en espacio y tiempo. En el caso de los depósitos epitermales de México, los tipos de depósitos epitermales de sulfuración intermedia y baja no son mutualmente exclusivos, antes bien, coexisten en las mismas regiones, se formaron durante los mismos rangos de tiempo, e inclusive se presentan juntos en un mismo depósito. Estos depósitos son enteramente de edad terciaria, entre el Luteciano y el Aquitaniano-Burdigaliano (o Eoceno medio a Mioceno temprano, con la sola excepción advertida de un depósito del Paleoceno), y su distribución espacial y temporal mimetiza la propia evolución del vulcanismo de arco continental de la Sierra Madre Occidental y la Sierra Madre del Sur. La inmensa mayoría de los depósitos epitermales de México pertenecen a los tipos de sulfuración intermedia (SI) o baja (BS), y sólo se han descrito algunos depósitos de alta sulfuración (AS) en la parte noroccidental del país (e. g. El Sauzal, Mulatos, Santo Niño, La Caridad Antigua, todos ellos en Sonora y Chihuahua). Dado que muchos depósitos epitermales en México exhiben características compuestas de estilos de mineralización tanto de SI como de BS (y ocasionalmente también de AS), éstos no pueden caracterizarse simplemente como depósitos de SI (depósitos polimetálicos asociados con las salmueras más salinas) o depósitos de BS (fundamentalmente depósitos de Ag y Au asociados con salmueras de más baja salinidad). Así, en el presente trabajo proponemos el uso de una clasificación empírica para depósitos de SI+BS (esto es, depósitos epitermales alcalinos/neutros) según tres tipos de mineralización, que denominamos A, B, y C. El tipo A (o tipo de SI) comprende los depósitos formados a mayores profundidades a partir de salmueras altamente salinas, casi en ausencia de evidencias de ebullición, y contiene exclusivamente mineralizaciones de SI, consistentemente de carácter polimetálico. El tipo B (o tipo de BS-SI) comprende los depósitos que exhiben predominantemente características de BS pero que contienen raíces polimetálicas de SI (Zn-Pb), y es el tipo de depósito epitermal más abundante en México. El tipo C (o tipo de BS) comprende los depósitos que sólo exhiben mineralizaciones de BS, se formaron generalmente a partir de ebullición en la parte superior de los depósitos a partir de salmueras de relativa baja salinidad, y son los que presentan contenidos más altos en metales preciosos y más bajos en metales básicos.
En este trabajo se efectúa una revisión completa del conocimiento acerca de los depósitos epitermales y las técnicas de estudio de empleo común (y no tan común) en los mismos, en primer lugar a nivel general y, en segundo lugar, restringiéndonos al ámbito de los depósitos mexicanos. Así, se contemplan aspectos como la mineralogía de menas y gangas, la estructura de los depósitos, los datos y el tipo de datos geotermométricos obtenidos en ellos, las composiciones en isótopos estables de los fluidos mineralizantes y otros componentes, la química de los fluidos y sus orígenes, y los mecanismos más plausibles para la movilización de salmueras profundas y para la formación de los depósitos en el ambiente epitermal. En la revisión sobre los depósitos epitermales mexicanos se trata de mostrar qué se conoce en la actualidad de los mismos, tanto como se trata de mostrar los numerosos huecos que permanecen sobre el tema. En México existen literalmente cientos de depósitos epitermales de cualquier tipo, pero se cuenta con estudios multidisciplinarios detallados sólo en un puñado de ellos, y todos estos depositos pueden potencialmente proveer de información valiosa sobre las provincias metalogenéticas que los contienen, así como también acerca del origen y evolución de estos depósitos como tipología. Así, no propiamente en el sentido de una revisión, el presente trabajo debe tomarse como una forma de estimular los muchos estudios aún por realizarse en los depósitos epitermales de México, y lo que se conoce de estos depósitos actualmente es sólo un ejemplo de lo que puede hacerse.
Palabras clave: Depósitos epitermales; México; vulcanismo de arco continental; Terciario; sulfuración intermedia; baja sulfuración; alta sulfuración; polimetálico; metales básicos; metales preciosos; Plata; Oro
Epithermal ore deposits have traditionally been the most economically important in Mexico, with renowned world-class deposits as those in the Pachuca - Real del Monte, Guanajuato, Fresnillo, Taxco, Tayoltita, and Zacatecas districts. It is also one of the most interesting topics for both scientific research and exploration on ore deposits, especially in the light of the genetic links with other deposit types such as metalliferous porphyries and skarns. Additionally, recent rearrangements of denominations and definitions for the types and subtypes of epithermal deposits (Einaudi et al., 2003; Sillitoe and Hedenquist, 2003), with consequent inclusivities and exclusivities between them, are going to be a matter of discussion for a while, as any newly set model needs to be completed with further evidence. Sillitoe and Hedenquist (2003) indicated a close association between porphyry and high and intermediate sulfidation deposits whereas, in certain areas (as the Great Basin in Nevada), intermediate and low sulfidation deposits have been found to be mutually exclusive in time and space. In the case of epithermal deposits in Mexico, the intermediate and low sulfidation types do not appear to be mutually exclusive and, to the contrary, they coexist in the same regions, formed during the same time spans, and even occur together within a single deposit. These deposits are all Tertiary in age, ranging from Middle Eocene to Early Miocene, with the possible sole exception of a Paleocene deposit, and their space and time distribution follows the evolution of the continental arc volcanism of the Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre del Sur. The vast majority of epithermal deposits in Mexico belong to the intermediate (IS) or low sulfidation (LS) types, and only a few high sulfidation (HS) deposits have been described in the NW part of the country (i.e. El Sauzal, Mulatos, Santo Niño, La Caridad Antigua, all of them in Sonora and Chihuahua). As most epithermal deposits in Mexico exhibit composite characteristics of both IS and LS mineralization styles (as well as scarce characteristics of HS), they can not be simply characterized as IS (polymetallic deposits associated with the most saline brines) or LS deposits (mainly Ag and Au deposits associated with lower salinity brines). Thus, in this paper we propose to use an empirical classification for IS+LS deposits (that is, alkaline/neutral epithermal deposits) into four types of mineralization, namely A, B, and C. Type A (or IS type) comprises those deposits that generally formed at greater depths from highly saline but unsaturated brines, with or without evidence for boiling, and contain exclusively from top to bottom IS styles of mineralization with a consistent polymetallic character. Type B (or LS-IS type) comprises those deposits that exhibit dominant LS characteristics but have polymetallic IS roots (Zn-Pb-Cu), and is the most widespread type of epithermal mineralization in Mexico. Types A and B generally exhibit evidence for boiling. Type C (or LS type) comprises those deposits that exhibit only LS styles of mineralization, formed generally by shallow boiling of low salinity brines, and have the relatively highest precious metal and lowest base metal contents.
In this paper, although not necessarily as part of the above classification, we also review other known or attributable aspects of Mexican epithermal deposits, including ore and gangue mineralogy and their evolution in time and space, structure, geothermometry, stable isotopic composition of mineralizing fluids and other components of the deposits, chemistry and sources for mineralizing fluids, and the plausible mechanisms for the mobilization of deep fluid reservoirs and for mineral deposition at the epithermal environment. In this review the intent is to show what is known today of epithermal deposits in Mexico, and to point out the gaps that remain in their knowledge. Detailed multidisciplinary studies are available only for a handful of literally hundreds of epithermal deposits in the country, whose study may potentially provide valuable information about the origin and evolution of these deposits as well as about the metallogenic provinces that contain them.
Key words: Epithermal deposits; Mexico; continental arc volcanism; Tertiary; intermediate sulfidation; low sulfidation; high sulfidation; polymetallic; base metals; precious metals; Silver; Gold
Agradecimientos
El presente trabajo tiene una larga historia, que se inició con la tesis doctoral del primer autor a principios del año 1995, como un intento de ordenar las ideas de alguien que ignoraba por aquel entonces casi todo acerca de los depósitos epitermales. Aquel intento derivó en la elaboración de una revisión sobre el conocimiento de los depósitos epitermales, en que se intentaba integrar todo tipo de información acerca de los mismos. Ese propósito es notorio en el texto en su forma actual, por varias razones que incluyen la profusión de citas bibliográficas. Teniendo en cuenta que la redacción del mismo se ha producido, aunque intermitentemente, durante casi diez años, se entiende que no se ha simplemente “vertido” una gran cantidad de citas bibliográficas de forma gratuita, sino que éstas han ido acrecionándose al manuscrito a través de ese tiempo en función de su utilidad para ilustrar los más diversos conceptos. Este trabajo, antes de ser publicado en su forma actual, de hecho ha sido el gérmen de otros trabajos ya publicados (Camprubí et al., 2003a,b). Una gran parte de este trabajo proviene de la versión final de la tesis doctoral mediante el desarrollo de la cual éste se originó (Camprubí, 1999), que es la única versión publicada hasta el momento, corregida y (sobre)aumentada para esta ocasión. Dicha tesis fue financiada por el Fondo para la Investigación de la Unión Europea a través de proyecto CI1*-CT94-0075 (HSMU 12). Los directores de dicha tesis fueron Àngels Canals y Esteve Cardellach, a quienes A. Camprubí agradece su apoyo. Una de las versiones previas de este trabajo fue eventualmente utilizada para el concurso de oposición para la plaza de Investigador Titular “A” en la UNAM del primer autor en 2003, en lo que supuso una actualización de sus contenidos y que, en su estructura, es el antecedente inmediato del texto actual. Parte de este trabajo ha sido también posible a través de financiamiento adicional mediante los proyectos de investigación J32506-T de CONACyT, IN115999 e IN122604 de PAPIIT-DGAPA, y de asignaciones presupuestales anuales del Instituto de Geología y del Centro de Geociencias de la UNAM, básicamente en lo que respecta a la obtención de nueva información que se ha ido generando desde el año 2000 y que se incorpora aquí. Por sus comentarios críticamente constructivos o motivacionales, sus sugerencias, su ayuda en diversas versiones del texto o partes del mismo y, en definitiva, por su contribución a mejorar y enriquecer el presente trabajo, gracias muy especialmente a Víctor A. Valencia, Carles Canet (quienes también realizaron la revisión formal del mismo), Johannes Horner, Martín Valencia-Moreno, Rosa María Prol-Ledesma, Noel C. White, Fernando Tornos, Joaquín Proenza, Joan-Carles Melgarejo, Lucas Ochoa-Landín, y Xiomara Cazañas. Algunas de las fotos incluidas en este trabajo fueron tomadas por Noel C. White, Jordi Tritlla, y Eduardo González-Partida, quienes las cedieron amablemente para tal fin. Por último, nos unimos a las felicitaciones a la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana por su primer siglo de existencia.
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Recibido: 12 de Diciembre de 2004; Revisado: 17 de Abril de 2005; Aprobado: 01 de Mayo de 2005
Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons
