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Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
Print version ISSN 1405-3322
Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex vol.57 n.3 Ciudad de México Dec. 2005
https://doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2005v57n3a6
Artículos
Geología e historia eruptiva de algunos de los grandes volcanes activos de México
Geology and eruptive history of some active volcanoes of México
1Departamento de Vulcanología, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Del. Coyoacán, 04510, México D. F.
La mayor parte de los grandes volcanes de nuestro país se encuentran ubicados en la parte frontal de la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana y en otras zonas volcánicas aisladas. En este trabajo se consideraron algunos de los grandes volcanes, éstos son el volcán de Colima, Nevado de Toluca, Popocatépetl, Pico de Orizaba (Citlaltépetl) y Tacaná. También se incluyó al volcán Chichón debido a su erupción catastrófica de 1982. El edificio actual de estos volcanes, o parte de éste, se ha formado en tiempos relativamente recientes; en menos de 2 500 años el volcán de Colima, 16 500 el Pico de Orizaba, 23 000 el Popocatépetl, ~26 000 el Tacaná, y >50 000 el Nevado de Toluca. Los volcanes Colima, Popocatépetl, Pico de Orizaba y Tacaná se encuentran construidos al interior de antiguos cráteres originados por el colapso de edificios ancestrales. Los primeros tres representan los volcanes meridionales activos de cadenas volcánicas orientadas aproximadamente N-S. A pesar de que todos estos edificios volcánicos han sufrido el colapso del edificio volcánico, únicamente en el Pico de Orizaba se han realizado estudios de alteración hidrotermal y estabilidad de pendientes, indispensables para pronosticar las zonas potencialmente peligrosas en el futuro.
Los magmas que han construido estos volcanes tienen una composición que va de andesítica (volcán de Colima), an-desítica-dacítica (Nevado de Toluca, Popocatépetl, Pico de Orizaba, Tacaná) a traquiandesítica (Chichón). Estos magmas son el resultado de varios procesos magmáticos que van desde la fusión del manto, contaminación cortical, mezcla de magmas y cristalización fraccionada. Se conoce muy poco sobre los procesos que ocurren entre el sitio fuente del magma y la corteza inferior, mientras que se han logrado algunos avances sobre los procesos más superficiales. Existen evidencias claras de que los magmas que han alimentado a estos volcanes se estacionaron en cámaras magmáticas someras antes de alcanzar la superficie, a profundidades que varían de 3 a 4 km en el volcán de Colima, ~6 km en el Nevado de Toluca y 6-12 km en el volcán Chichón.
Durante los últimos 15 años se han logrado avances importantes en el conocimiento estratigráfico y la historia eruptiva de estos volcanes; desafortunadamente, en ninguno de éstos se ha iniciado un análisis integral de toda la información geológica, geofísica, sísmica, vulcanológica, geoquímica y petrológica, para generar modelos conceptuales de su funcionamiento. Todavía necesitamos determinar con mayor precisión la posición y tamaño de la cámara magmática, los procesos de evolución del magma y sus tiempos de ascenso a la superficie, completar los estudios estratigráficos, evaluar los peligros y elaborar mapas de peligros, para finalmente establecer redes de monitoreo para su vigilancia. Actualmente, solamente los volcanes Colima y Popocatépetl cuentan con una red de monitoreo confiable, mientras que los volcanes Pico de Orizaba, Tacaná y Chichón cuentan con redes incompletas compuestas por algunas estaciones sísmicas. Sólo los volcanes Popocatépetl, Colima y Pico de Orizaba cuentan con mapas de peligros, los cuales, representan una de las herramientas fundamentales para las autoridades de Protección Civil, para elaborar programas de información a la población y de emergencia en caso de una erupción futura.
Palabras clave: Geología; cronología eruptiva; volcanes activos; México
Most of the largest volcanoes in México are located at the frontal part of the Transmexican Volcanic Belt and in other isolated areas. In thispaper were consideredsome of these volcanoes asfollows: Colima, Nevado de Toluca, Popocatépetl, Pico de Orizaba (Citlaltépetl) and Tacaná. El Chichón volcano was also considered within this group because of its 1982 catastrophic eruption. The volcanic edifice of these volcanoes or part of it, has been constructed during late Pleistocene or even during the Holocene: Colima during the last 2 500 years, Pico de Orizaba 16 500 yr, Popocatépetl 23 000 yr, Tacaná ~26 000 yr, and Nevado de Toluca >50 000 yr. The modern cones of Colima, Popocatépetl, Pico de Orizaba and Tacaná are built inside or besides the remains of older caldera structures left by the collapse of ancestral cones. Colima, Popocatépetl, and Pico de Orizaba represent the youngest volcano of nearly N-S volcanic chains. Despite the repetitive history of cone collapse of these volcanoes, only Pico de Orizaba has been subjected to some studies of hydrothermal alteration and slope stability crucial to understand future potential events of this nature.
The magmas that have fed these volcanoes have a general chemical composition that varies from andesitic (Colima and Tacaná), andesitic-dacitic (Nevado de Toluca, Popocatépetl, and Pico de Orizaba) to trachyandesitic (Chichón). These magmas are the result ofseveral magmatic processes that include partial melting of the mantle, crustal assimilation, magma mixing andfractional crystallization. So far, we know very little about the deep processes that occurred between the upper mantle source and the lower crust. However, new data have been acquired on shallower processes between the upper crust and the surface. There exist clear evidences, that most of these magmas have stagnated at shallow magma reservoirs prior to erupt; these depths vary from 3-4 km at Colima volcano, ~6 km at Nevado de Toluca, and 6-12 km at Chichón volcano.
Over the past 15 years, there has been a surge of studies dealing with the volcanic stratigraphy and eruptive history of these volcanoes. Up today no efforts have been achieved to integrate all the geological, geophysical, chemical, and petrological information to produce conceptual models of these volcanoes. Therefore, we still have to precise the size and location of the magma chambers, magma ascent paths and time intervals prior to an eruption, to construct haz-ard maps to finally establish permanent long-running monitoring systems. Today, only Colima and Popocatépetl have permanent monitoring networks, while Pico de Orizaba, Tacaná, and Chichón have a few seismic stations. Of these, Popocatépetl, Colima, and Pico de Orizaba have volcanic hazard maps that constitute the basic information needed by the Civil Defense authorities, to elaborate information programs to the population as well as evacuation plans in case of a future eruption.
Key words: Geology; eruptive chronology; active volcanoes; Mexico
Agradecimientos
Este trabajo es el resultado de varios proyectos financiados por CONACYT (47226) y DGAPA. Muchas de las observaciones y notas de este estudio han sido realizadas con varios compañeros y amigos: J. M. Espíndola en los volcanes Chichón y Tacaná, C. Siebe en el Popocatépetl, R. Saucedo, J. C. Gavilanes y A. Cortés en Colima, G. Carrasco en el Pico de Orizaba y A. García, L. Capra, J. L. Arce, R. Saucedo, J. C. Mora, T. Scolamacchia, K. Scott, S. Hughes y D. Sarocchi en todos estos volcanes. Las imágenes de satélite son una cortesía de Michael Abrams del Jet Propulsión Laboratory, NASA. Los comentarios y sugerencias proporcionados por G. Carrasco y M. Ort, mejoraron la organización y lectura de este trabajo. Agradezco el apoyo grafico ofrecido para elaborar los mapas geológicos por C. Limón, en la búsqueda de la información bibliográfica por C. Ordaz y a Sara Solís por la corrección de la lista de referencias. Finalmente quiero agradecer el apoyo técnico brindado por A. M. Rocha y el logístico brindado por E. Segre y A. Fernández en el volcán Popocatépetl, y S. Hernández en los volcanes Chichón y Tacaná. Finalmente quiero agradecer a Reynaldo Mota, Jorge Neyra, R. Díaz y a G. Carrasco por el material que en su momento me fue proporcionado para ilustrar este trabajo.
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Recibido: 13 de Septiembre de 2005; Revisado: 09 de Marzo de 2006; Aprobado: 21 de Marzo de 2006
Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons
