SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.30 issue6Vías de neuroinmunomodulación. Primera parte author indexsubject indexsearch form
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing  

Services on Demand

Journal

Article

Indicators

Related links

Share


Salud mental

Print version ISSN 0185-3325

Salud Ment vol.30 n.6 México Nov./Dec. 2007

 

Original articles

Conferencia Magistral. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressants

Farmacogenética de los antidepresivos

Alessandro Serretti* 

* Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Viale Carlo Pepoli 5, 40123 Bologna, Italy. Tel +39 051 6584237, Fax +39 051 521030 e.mail: alessandro.serretti@unibo.it


Texto completo disponible sólo en PDF.

References

1. ALDA M: Pharmacogenetics of lithium response in bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 24:154-158, 1999. [ Links ]

2. ANISMAN H, KOKKINIDIS L, MERALI Z: Further evidence for the depressive effects of cytokines: anhedonia and neurochemical changes. Brain Behav Immun, 16:544-56, 2002. [ Links ]

3. ANISMAN H , RAVINDRAN AV, GRIFFITHS J, MERALI Z : Endocrine and cytokine correlates of major depression and dysthymia with typical or atypical features. Mol Psychiatry, 4:182-8, 1999. [ Links ]

4. ANSARI-LARI M, MUZNY D, LU J, LU F et al.: A gene-rich cluster between the CD4 and triosephosphate isomerase genes at human chromosome 12p13. Genome Res, 6:314-326, 1996. [ Links ]

5. ARIAS B, CATALAN R, GASTO C, GUTIERREZ B, FANANAS L: 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene predicts non-remission in major depression patients treated with citalopram in a 12-weeks follow up study. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 23:563-7, 2003. [ Links ]

6. ARIAS B , CATALAN R , GASTO C , GUTIERREZ B , FANANAS L : Evidence for a combined genetic effect of the 5-HT1A receptor and serotonin transporter genes in the clinical outcome of major depressive patients treated with citalopram. J Psychopharmacol, 19:166-172, 2005. [ Links ]

7. ARIAS B , SERRETT A, LORENZI C, GASTO C et al.: Analysis of COMT gene (Val 158 Met polymorphism) in the clinical response to SSRIs in depressive patients of European origin. J Affect Disord, 90:251-256, 2006. [ Links ]

8. ARINAMI T, LI L, MITSUSHIO H, ITOKAWA M et al.: An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme gene is associated with both brain substance P contents and affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry, 40:1122-7, 1996. [ Links ]

9. ARRANZ ESTEVEZ FJ: The modulatory role of neurokinins in affective behaviors. Actas Esp Psiquiatr, 33:55-65, 2005. [ Links ]

10. BAGHAI T, SCHULE C, ZWANZGER P, MINOV C et al.: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis dysregulation in patients with major depression is influenced by the insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene. Neurosci Lett, 328:299-303, 2002. [ Links ]

11. BAGHAI T , SCHULE C , ZWANZGER P , ZILL P et al.: Influence of a functional polymorphism within the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene on partial sleep deprivation in patients with major depression. Neurosci Lett, 339:223-226, 2003. [ Links ]

12. BAGHAI T C, SCHULE C , ZILL P , DEIML T et al.: The angiotensin I converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism influences therapeutic outcome in major depressed women, but not in men. Neurosci Lett, 363:38-42, 2004. [ Links ]

13. BAGHAI T C, SCHULE C , ZWANZGER P , MINOV C et al.: Possible influence of the insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene on therapeutic outcome in affective disorders. Mol Psychiatry , 6:258-9, 2001. [ Links ]

14. BAILEY D, BONDAR A, FURNESS L: Pharmacogenomics-it's not just pharmacogenetics. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 9:596-601, 1998. [ Links ]

15. BARTLETT CW, GHARANI N, MILLONIG JH, BRZUSTOWICZ LM: Three autism candidate genes: a synthesis of human genetic analysis with other disciplines. Int J Dev Neurosci, 23:221-34, 2005. [ Links ]

16. BELLIVIER F, CHASTE P, MALAFOSSE A: Association between the TPH gene A218C polymorphism and suicidal behavior: a meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 124:87-91, 2004. [ Links ]

17. BELLIVIER F , LEROUX M, HENRY C, RAYAH F et al.: Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism influences age at onset in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Neuroscience Letters, 334:17-20, 2002. [ Links ]

18. BENEDETTI F, SERRETTI A, COLOMBO C, BARBINI B et al.: Influence of CLOCK gene polymorphism on circadian mood fluctuation and illness recurrence in bipolar depression. Am J Med Genet, 123B:23-6, 2003. [ Links ]

19. BERTILSSON L, DAHL M, DALEN P, AL-SHURBAJI A: Molecular genetics of CYP2D6: clinical relevance with focus on psychotropic drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 53:111-122, 2002. [ Links ]

20. BINDER E, SALYAKINA D, LICHTNER P, WOCHNIK G et al.: Polymorphisms in FKBP5 are associated with increased recurrence of depressive episodes and rapid response to antidepressant treatment. Nat Genet, 36:1319-1325, 2004. [ Links ]

21. BOBB AJ, CASTELLANOS FX, ADDINGTON AM, RAPOPORT JL: Molecular genetic studies of ADHD: 1991 to 2004. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet , 132:109-25, 2005. [ Links ]

22. BOESS F, MONSMA FJ, CAROLO C, MEYER V et al.: Functional and radioligand binding characterization of rat 5-HT6 receptors stably expressed in HEK293 cells. Neuropharmacology, 36:713-720, 1997. [ Links ]

23. BONDY B, BAGHAI T , ZILL P , SCHULE C et al.: Genetic variants in the angiotensin I-converting-enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II receptor (AT1) gene and clinical outcome in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , 29:1094-99, 2005. [ Links ]

24. BONDY M: Pathophysiology of depression and mechanisms of treatment. Dialogues Clinical Neuroscience, 4:21-29, 2002. [ Links ]

25. BOOIJ L, VAN DER DOES A, RIEDEL W: Monoamine depletion in psychiatric and healthy populations: review. Mol Psychiatry , 8:951-973, 2003. [ Links ]

26. BROSEN K, HANSEN J, NIELSEN K: Inhibition by paroxetine of desipramine metabolism in extensive but not in poor metabolizers of sparteine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 44:344-355, 1993. [ Links ]

27. BROSEN K , NARANJO C: Review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction studies with citalopram. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 11:275-283, 2001. [ Links ]

28. BROWN PO, BOTSTEIN D: Exploring the new world of the genome with DNA microarrays. Nat Genet , 21:33-7, 1999. [ Links ]

29. CAMPBELL D, SUNDARAMURTHY D, MARKHAM A, PIERI L: Fine mapping of the human 5-HTR2a gene to chromosome 13q14 and identification of two highly polymorphic linked markers suitable for association studies in psychiatric disorders. Genet Test, 1:297-299, 1997. [ Links ]

30. CASPI A, SUGDEN K, MOFFITT TE, TAYLOR A et al.: Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301:386-9, 2003. [ Links ]

31. CASTRO ME, DIAZ A, DEL OLMO E, PAZOS A: Chronic fluoxetine induces opposite changes in G protein coupling at pre and postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors in rat brain. Neuropharmacology , 44:93-101, 2003. [ Links ]

32. CHEN B, WANG J, SUN X, YOUNG L: Regulation of GAP-43 expression by chronic desipramine treatment in rat cultured hippocampal cells. Biol Psychiatry , 53:530-537, 2003. [ Links ]

33. CHOI M, KANG R, HAM B, JEONG H, LEE M: Serotonin receptor 2A gene polymorphism (-1438A/G) and short-term treatment response to citalopram. Neuropsychobiology, 52:155-162, 2005. [ Links ]

34. COURTET P, BAUD P, ABBAR M, BOULENGER JP et al.: Association between violent suicidal behavior and the low activity allele of the serotonin transporter gene. Mol Psychiatry , 6:338-41, 2001. [ Links ]

35. CRAIG SP, BOULARAND S, DARMON MC, MALLET J, CRAIG IW: Localization of human tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) to chromosome 11p15.3-p14 by in situ hybridization. Cytogenetics Cell Genetics, 56:157-9, 1991. [ Links ]

36. CRAMER JA, ROSENHECK R: Compliance with medication regimens for mental and physical disorders. Psychiatr Serv, 49:196-201, 1998. [ Links ]

37. CRISSMAN AM, MAKHAY MM, O'DONNELL JM: Discriminative stimulus effects of centrally administered isoproterenol in rats: mediation by beta-1 adrenergic receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 154:70-5, 2001. [ Links ]

38. CUSIN C, SERRETTI A , LATTUADA E, LILLI R et al.: Influence of 5-HTTLPR and TPH Variants on Illness Time Course in Mood Disorders. J Psychiatric Research, 35:217-223, 2001. [ Links ]

39. CUSIN C , SERRETTI A , ZANARDI R, LATTUADA E et al.: Influence of monoamine oxydase A and serotonin receptor 2A polymorphisms in SSRIs antidepressant activity. International J Neuropsychopharmacology, 5:27-35, 2002. [ Links ]

40. CZEH B, PUDOVKINA O, VAN DER HART M, SIMON M et al.: Examining SLV-323, a novel NK1 receptor antagonist, in a chronic psychosocial stress model for depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 180:548-557, 2005. [ Links ]

41. DALEN P , DAHL M , RUIZ M et al.: 10-Hydroxylation of nortriptyline in white persons with 0, 1, 2, 3, and 13 functional CYP2D6 genes. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 63:444-452, 1998. [ Links ]

42. DANTZER R, BLUTHE R, GHEUSI G, CREMONA S et al.: Molecular basis of sickness behavior. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 856: 132-138, 1998. [ Links ]

43. DRIGUES N, POLTYREV T, BEJAR C, WEINSTOCK M, YOUDIM M: cDNA gene expression profile of rat hippocampus after chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs. J Neural Transm, 110:1413-1436, 2003. [ Links ]

44. DUNN A, SWIERGIEL A, DE BEAUREPAIRE R: Cytokines as mediators of depression: what can we learn from animal studies? Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 29:891-909, 2005. [ Links ]

45. ESPOSITO K, GOODNICK P: Predictors of response in depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 26:353-365. 2003. [ Links ]

46. FAVA GA, FABBRI S, SONINO N: Residual symptoms in depression: an emerging therapeutic target. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , 26:1019-1027, 2002. [ Links ]

47. FEINN R, NELLISSERY M, KRANZLER HR: Meta-analysis of the association of a functional serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism with alcohol dependence. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet , 133:79-84, 2005. [ Links ]

48. GARRIOCK H, ALLEN J, DELGADO P, NAHAZ Z et al.: Lack of association of TPH2 exon XI polymorphisms with major depression and treatment resistance. Mol Psychiatry , 10:976-977, 2005. [ Links ]

49. GENTSCH C, CUTLER M, VASSOUT A, VEENSTRA S, BRUGGER F: Anxiolytic effect of NKP608, a NK1-receptor antagonist, in the social investigation test in gerbils. Behav Brain Res, 133:363-368, 2002. [ Links ]

50. GOODNICK PJ: Predictors of Treatment Response in Mood Disorders. Clinical Practice. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, 1996. [ Links ]

51. GUIARD B, LANFUMEY L, GARDIER A: Microdialysis approach to study serotonin outflow in mice following selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and substance P (neurokinin 1) receptor antagonist administration: a review. Curr Drug Targets, 7:187-201, 2006. [ Links ]

52. GUTIERREZ B , PINTOR L, GASTO C , ROSA A et al.: Variability in the serotonin transporter gene and increased risk for major depression with melancholia. Hum Gen, 103:319-322, 1998. [ Links ]

53. HAM B , LEE M , LEE H, KANG R et al.: No association between the tryptophan hydroxylase gene polymorphism and major depressive disorders and antidepressant response in a Korean population. Psychiatr Genet, 15:229-301, 2005. [ Links ]

54. HEALY D, WATERHOUSE J: The circadian system and the therapeutics of the affective disorders. Pharmacol Ther, 65:241-263, 2005. [ Links ]

55. HEILS A, TEUFEL A, PETRI S, STÖBER G et al.: Allelic variation of human serotonin trasporter gene expression. J Neurochem, 66:2621-2624, 1996. [ Links ]

56. HEMRICK-LUECKE SK, SNODDY HD, FULLER RW: Evaluation of nefazodone as a serotonin uptake inhibitor and a serotonin antagonist in vivo. Iife Sci, 55:479-83, 1994. [ Links ]

57. HOLMES A, MURPHY DL, CRAWLEY JN: Abnormal behavioral phenotypes of serotonin transporter knockout mice: parallels with human anxiety and depression. Biol Psychiatry , 54:953-9, 2003a. [ Links ]

58. HOLMES A , YANG RJ, LESCH KP, CRAWLEY JN , MURPHY DL : Mice lacking the serotonin transporter exhibit 5-HT(1A) receptor-mediated abnormalities in tests for anxiety-like behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28:2077-88, 2003b. [ Links ]

59. HONG C, CHEN T, YU Y, TSAI S: Response to fluoxetine and serotonin 1A receptor (C-1019G) polymorphism in Taiwan Chinese major depressive disorder. Pharmacogenomics J, 6:27-33, 2006. [ Links ]

60. ITO K, YOSHIDA K, SATO K, TAKAHASHI H et al.: A variable number of tandem repeats in the serotonin transporter gene does not affect the antidepressant response to fluvoxamine. Psychiatry Res, 111:235-9, 2002. [ Links ]

61. JONSSON EG, GOLDMAN D, SPURLOCK G, GUSTAVSSON JP et al.: Tryptophan hydroxylase and catechol-O-methyl-transferase gene polymorphisms: relationships to monoamine metabolite concentrations in CSF of healthy volunteers. European Archives Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 247:297-302, 1997. [ Links ]

62. JOYCE PR, MULDER RT, LUTY SE, MCKENZIE JM et al.: Age-dependent antidepressant pharmacogenomics: polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter and G protein beta3 subunit as predictors of response to fluoxetine and nortriptyline. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 6:339-46, 2003. [ Links ]

63. KAO C: Functional genomic technologies:creating new paradigms for fundamental and appled biology. Biotechnol Prog, 15:304-311, 1999. [ Links ]

64. KATO M, IKENAGA Y, WAKENO M, OKUGAWA G et al.: Controlled clinical comparison of paroxetine and fluvoxamine considering the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism. Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 20:151-156, 2005. [ Links ]

65. KATZENBERG D, YOUNG T, FINN L, LIN L et al.: A Clock polymorphism associated with human diurnal preference. Sleep, 21:569-576, 1998. [ Links ]

66. KIM DK, LIM SW, LEE S, SOHN SE et al.: Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and antidepressant response. Neuroreport, 11:215-9, 2000. [ Links ]

67. KING DP, VITATERNA MH, CHANG AM, DOVE WF et al.: The mouse Clock mutation behaves as a antimorph and maps within the W19H deletion, distal of Kit. Genetics, 146: 1049-1060, 1997. [ Links ]

68. KIRCHHEINER J, BROSEN K , DAHL ML, GRAM LF et al.: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype-based dose recommendations for antidepressants: a first step towards subpopulation-specific dosages. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 104:173-92, 2001. [ Links ]

69. KIRIGITI P, YANG YF, LI X, LI B et al.: Rat beta 1-adrenergic receptor regulatory region containing consensus AP-2 elements recognizes novel transactivator proteins. Mol Cell Biol Res Commun, 3:181-92, 2000. [ Links ]

70. KOHEN R, METCALF MA, KHAN N, DRUCK T et al.: Cloning, characterization, and chromosomal localization of a human 5-HT6 serotonin receptor. J Neurochem , 66:47-56, 1996. [ Links ]

71. KRAFT J, SLAGER S, MCGRATH P, HAMILTON S: Sequence analysis of the serotonin transporter and associations with antidepressant response. Biol Psychiatry , 58:58, 2005. [ Links ]

72. KRAMER M, WINOKUR A, KELSEY J, PRESKORN S et al.: Demonstration of the efficacy and safety of a novel substance P (NK1) receptor antagonist in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology , 29:2, 2004. [ Links ]

73. KREMER I, BACHNER-MELMAN R, RESHEF A, BROUDE L et al.: Association of the serotonin transporter gene with smoking behavior. Am J Psychiatry, 162:924-30, 2005. [ Links ]

74. LACHMAN HM, KELSOE JR, REMICK RA, SADOVNICK AD et al.: Linkage studies suggest a possible locus for bipolar disorder near the velo-cardio-facial syndrome region on chromosome 22. American J Medical Genetics, 74:121-128, 1997. [ Links ]

75. LACHMAN HM , MORROW B, SHPRINTZEN R, VEIT S et al.: Association of codon 108/158 catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism with the psychiatric manifestations of velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Am J Med Genet , 67:468-72, 1996. [ Links ]

76. LANDGREBE J, WELZL G, METZ T, VAN GAALEN MM et al.: Molecular characterisation of antidepressant effects in the mouse brain using gene expression profiling. J Psychiatr Res, 36:119-29, 2002. [ Links ]

77. LEE HJ, CHA JH, HAM BJ, HAN CS et al.: Association between a G-protein beta3 subunit gene polymorphism and the symptomatology and treatment responses of major depressive disorders. Pharmacogenomics J , 4:29-33, 2004. [ Links ]

78. LEE MS, LEE HY, LEE HJ, RYU SH: Serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism and long-term outcome of antidepressant treatment. Psychiatr Genet , 14:111-5, 2004b. [ Links ]

79. LEE S, LEE K, LEE H, HAM B et al.: Association between the 5-HT6 receptor C267T polymorphism and response to antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 59:140-145, 2005. [ Links ]

80. LEMONDE S, DU L, BAKISH D, HRDINA P, ALBERT PR: Association of the C(1019)G 5-HT1A functional promoter polymorphism with antidepressant response. Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 24:24, 2004. [ Links ]

81. LEMONDE S , TURECKI G, BAKISH D , DU L et al.: Impaired trans-repression at a 5-HT1A receptor gene polimorphism associated with major depression and suicide. J Neurosci, 23:8788-99, 2003. [ Links ]

82. LESCH KP, BALLING U, GROSS J, STRAUSS K et al.: Organization of the human serotonin transporter gene. J Neural Transm Gen Sect, 95:157-62, 1994. [ Links ]

83. LESCH KP , BENGEL D, HEILS A, SABOL SZ et al.: Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science, 274:1527-31, 1996. [ Links ]

84. ICINIO J, O'KIRWAN F, IRIZARRY K, MERRIMAN B et al.: Association of a corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 haplotype and antidepressant treatment response in Mexican-Americans. Mol Psychiatry , 9:1075-1082, 2004. [ Links ]

85. LIN JH, LU AY: Inhibition and induction of cytochrome P450 and the clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet, 35:361-90, 1998. [ Links ]

86. MAES M, MELTZER HY: The serotonin hypothesis of major depression. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ (eds). Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress. Raven Press, 933-944, New York, 1995. [ Links ]

87. MALEK Z, DARDENTE H, PEVET P, RAISON S: Tissue-specific expression of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNAs in the rat midbrain: anatomical evidence and daily profiles. Eur J Neurosci , 22:895-901, 2005. [ Links ]

88. MANNISTO P, KAAKKOLA S: Catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT): biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy of the new selective COMT inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev, 51:593-628, 2005. [ Links ]

89. MASOLIVER E, MENOYO A, PEREZ V, VOLPINI V et al.: Serotonin transporter linked promoter (polymorphism) in the serotonin transporter gene may be associated with antidepressant-induced mania in bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Genet , 16:25-29, 2006. [ Links ]

90. MASON DA, MOORE JD, GREEN SA, LIGGETT SB: A gain-of-function polymorphism in a G-protein coupling domain of the human beta1-adrenergic receptor. J Biol Chem, 274:12670-4, 1999. [ Links ]

91. MATSUSHITA S, SUZUKI K, MURAYAMA M, NISHIGUCHI N et al.: Serotonin transporter regulatory region polymorphism is associated with anorexia nervosa. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet , 128:114-7, 2004. [ Links ]

92. MELKE J, LANDEN M, BAGHEI F, ROSMOND R et al.: Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms are associated with anxiety-related personality traits in women. Am J Med Genet , 105:458-63, 2001. [ Links ]

93. MENESES A. Role of 5-HT6 receptors in memory formation. Drug News Perspect, 14:396-400, 2001. [ Links ]

94. MIGNONE F, GISSI C, LIUNI S, PESOLE G: Untranslated regions of mRNAs. Genome Biol, 3:REVIEWS0004, 2002. [ Links ]

95. MINOV C , BAGHAI T C, SCHULE C , ZWANZGER P et al.: Serotonin-2A-receptor and -transporter polymorphisms: lack of association in patients with major depression. Neurosci Lett, 303:119-22, 2001. [ Links ]

96. MONCRIEFF J, KIRSCH I: Efficacy of antidepressants in adults. BMJ, 331:551-557, 2005. [ Links ]

97. MULLER DJ, SCHULZE TG, MACCIARDI F, OHLRAUN S et al.: Moclobemide response in depressed patients: association study with a functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase-A promoter Eighth World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics. Vol. 96 (4). Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Wiley-Liss, pp 537 Versailles, 2000. [ Links ]

98. MUNDO E, WALKER M, CATE T, MACCIARDI F, KENNEDY JL: The Role of Serotonin Transporter Protein Gene in Antidepressant-Induced Mania in Bipolar Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 58:539-544, 2001. [ Links ]

99. MURPHY G, HOLLANDER S, RODRIGUES H, SCHATZBERG A: Effects of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism on paroxetine and mirtazapine efficacy and side effects in geriatric major depression. In: Hospital TZH (ed). Pharmacogenetics in Psychiatry Meeting. Vol. 1, pp green tab. New York, 2003a. [ Links ]

100. MURPHY GM Jr, HOLLANDER SB, RODRIGUES HE, KREMER C, SCHATZBERG AF: Effects of the serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism on mirtazapine and paroxetine efficacy and adverse events in geriatric major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry , 61:1163-9, 2004. [ Links ]

101. MURPHY GM Jr, KREMER C, RODRIGUES HE, SCHATZBERG AF: Pharmacogenetics of Antidepressant Medication Intolerance. Am J Psychiatry , 160:1830-1835, 2003b. [ Links ]

102. NEBERT D, DIETER M: The evolution of drug metabolism. Pharmacology, 61:124-135, 2002. [ Links ]

103. NEER EJ: Heterotrimeric G proteins: organizers of transmembrane signals. Cell, 80:249-57, 1995. [ Links ]

104. NEMEROFF C, VALE W: The neurobiology of depression: inroads to treatment and new drug discovery. J Clin Psychiatry, 66:5-13, 2005. [ Links ]

105. NICULESCU AB 3rd, SEGAL DS, KUCZENSKI R, BARRETT T et al.: Identifying a series of candidate genes for mania and psychosis: a convergent functional genomics approach. Physiol Genomics, 4:83-91, 2000. [ Links ]

106. NIELSEN DA, JENKINS GL, STEFANISKO KM, JEFFERSON KK, GOLDMAN D: Sequence, splice site and population frequency distribution analyses of the polymorphic human tryptophan hydroxylase intron 7. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research, 45:145-8, 1997. [ Links ]

107. NIERENBERG AA: Predictors of response to antidepressants general principals and clinical implications. Psychiatr Clin North Am , 26:345-352, 2003. [ Links ]

108. NOBILE M, CATALDO MG, GIORDA R, BATTAGLIA M et al.: A case-control and family-based association study of the 5-HTTLPR in pediatric-onset depressive disorders. Biol Psychiatry , 56:292-5, 2004. [ Links ]

109. OGILVIE AD, BATTERSBY S, BUBB VJ, FINK G et al.: Polymorphism in serotonin transporter gene associated with susceptibility to major depression. Lancet, 347:731-733, 1996. [ Links ]

110. O'REILLY RL, BOGUE L, SINGH SM: Pharmacogenetic response to antidepressants in a multicase family with affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry , 36:467-71, 1994. [ Links ]

111. ORSINI A: Antidepressant responses and segregation analyses in affective families. In: Racagni G, Smeraldi E (eds). Anxious Depression: Assessment and Treatment. Raven Press, New York, 1987. [ Links ]

112. OVERSTREET D, GRIEBEL G: Antidepressant-like effects of CRF1 receptor antagonist SSR125543 in an animal model of depression. Eur J Pharmacol, 497:49-53, 2004. [ Links ]

113. OZDEMIR V, TYNDALE R, REED K: Paroxetine steady-state plasma concentration in relation to CYP2D6 genotype in extensive metabolizers. J Clin Psychopharmacol , 19:472-475, 1999. [ Links ]

114. PALOTAS A, PUSKAS L, KITAJKA K, PALOTAS M et al.: The effect of citalopram on gene expression profile of Alzheimer lymphocytes. Neurochem Res, 29:1563-1570, 2004. [ Links ]

115. PARE CM, REES L, SAINSBURY MJ: Differentiation of two genetically specific types of depression by the response to anti-depressants. Lancet, 2:1340-3, 1962. [ Links ]

116. PARK JW, KIM JS, LEE HK, KIM YI, LEE KS: Serotonin transporter polymorphism and harm avoidance personality in chronic tension-type headache. Headache, 44:1005-9, 2004. [ Links ]

117. PEREZ V, GILABERTE I, FARIES D, ALVAREZ E, ARTIGAS F: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pindolol in combination with fluoxetine antidepressant treatment. Lancet, 349:1594-7, 1997. [ Links ]

118. PERLIS RH, MISCHOULON D, SMOLLER JW, WAN YJ et al.: Serotonin transporter polymorphisms and adverse effects with fluoxetine treatment. Biol Psychiatry , 54:879-83, 2003. [ Links ]

119. PETERS EJ, SLAGER SL, MCGRATH PJ, KNOWLES JA, HAMILTON SP: Investigation of serotonin-related genes in antidepressant response. Mol Psychiatry ,9:879-889, 2004. [ Links ]

120. POLLOCK BG, FERRELL RE, MULSANT BH, MAZUMDAR S et al.: Allelic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter affects onset of paroxetine treatment response in late-life depression. Neuropsychopharmacology , 23:587-590, 2000. [ Links ]

121. QUITKIN F, MCGRATH P, STEWART J, TAYLOR B, DF K: Can the effects of antidepressants be observed in the first two weeks of treatment? Neuropsychopharmacology , 15:390-394, 1996. [ Links ]

122. RAMAMOORTHY S, BAUMAN AL, MOORE KR, HAN H et al.: Antidepressant- and cocaine-sensitive human serotonin transporter: molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90:2542-6, 1993. [ Links ]

123. RAUSCH JL, JOHNSON ME, FEI Y-J, LI JQ et al.: Initial conditions of serotonin transporter kinetics and genotype: influence on ssri treatment trial outcome. Biological Psychiatry, 51:723-732, 2002. [ Links ]

124. REPPERT S, WEAVER D: Molecular analysis of mammalian circadian rhythms. Annu Rev Physiol, 63:647-76, 2001. [ Links ]

125. REUL J, HOLSBOER F: Pathophysiology of depression and mechanisms of treatment. Dialogues Clinical Neuroscience , 4:31-46, 2002. [ Links ]

126. RIGAT B, HUBERT C, ALHENC-GELAS F, CAMBIEN F et al.: An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest, 86:1343-6, 1990. [ Links ]

127. RODEN D, GEORGE AJ: The genetic basis of variability in drug responses. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 1:37-44, 2002. [ Links ]

128. ROGERS D, HAGAN J: 5-HT6 receptor antagonists enhance retention of a water maze task in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 158:114-119, 2001. [ Links ]

129. ROUSSEVA A, HENRY C, Van den BULKE D, FOURNIER G et al.: Antidepressant-induced mania, rapid cycling and the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism. Pharmacogenomics J , 3:101-4, 2003. [ Links ]

130. RUJESCU D, GIEGLING I, SATO T, HARTMANN A, MOLLER H: Genetic variations in tryptophan hydroxylase in suicidal behavior: analysis and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry , 54:465-473, 2003. [ Links ]

131. SABOL SZ, HU S, HAMER D: A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter. Human Genetic, 103:273-279, 1998. [ Links ]

132. SATO K, YOSHIDA K, TAKAHASHI H, ITO K et al.: Association between -1438G/A promoter polymorphism in the 5-HT(2A) receptor gene and fluvoxamine response in Japanese patients with major depressive disorder. Neuropsychobiology , 46:136-40, 2002. [ Links ]

133. SCHIEPERS O, WICHERS M, MAES M: Cytokines and major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , 29:201-217, 2005. [ Links ]

134. SCHILDKRAUT JJ: The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. Am J Psychiatry , 122:509-22, 1965. [ Links ]

135. SCHINKEL A, WAGENAAR E, MOL C, van DEEMTER L: P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier of mice influences the brain penetration and pharmacological activity of many drugs. J Clin Invest , 97:2517-2524, 1996. [ Links ]

136. SCHWARZ M, ACKENHEIL M: The role of substance P in depression: therapeutic implications. Dialogues Clinical Neuroscience , 4:21-29, 2002. [ Links ]

137. SERRETTI A, ARTIOLI P, LORENZI C, PIROVANO A et al.: The C(-1019)G polymorphism of the 5-HT1A gene promoter and antidepressant response in mood disorders: preliminary findings. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol , 7:453-460, 2004a. [ Links ]

138. SERRETTI A, ARTIOLI P, ZANARDI R, LORENZI C et al.: Genetic features of antidepressant induced mania and hypo-mania in bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 174:504-511, 2004b. [ Links ]

139. SERRETTI A , BENEDETTI F, MANDELLI L, LORENZI C et al.: Genetic dissection of psychopathological symptoms: Insomnia in mood disorders and CLOCK gene polymorphism. Am J Med Genet , 121B:39-43, 2003a. [ Links ]

140. SERRETTI A, CALATI R, MANDELLI L, De RONCHI D: Serotonin transporter gene variants and behaviour: a comprehensive review. Current Drug Target, 7:1659-1669, 2006. [ Links ]

141. SERRETTI A, CUSIN C, BENEDETTI F, MANDELLI L et al.: Insomnia improvement during antidepressant treatment and CLOCK gene polymorphism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet , 10:10, 2005. [ Links ]

142. SERRETTI A , FRANCHINI L, GASPERINI M, RAMPOLDI R et al.: Smeraldi E . Mode of inheritance in mood disorders families according to fluvoxamine response. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 98:443-450 , 1998. [ Links ]

143. SERRETTI A, LORENZI C, CUSIN C, ZANARDI R et al.: SSRIs antidepressant activity is influenced by Gbeta3 variants. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol , 13:117-22, 2003b. [ Links ]

144. SERRETTI A, ZANARDI R, CUSIN C, ROSSINI D et al.: No association between dopamine D2 and D4 receptor gene variants and antidepressant activity of two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Psychiatry Research, 104:195-203, 2001a. [ Links ]

145. SERRETTI A, ZANARDI R, CUSIN C, ROSSINI D et al.: Tryptophan hydroxylase gene associated with paroxetine antidepressant activity. European Neuropsychopharmacology , 11:375-380, 2001b. [ Links ]

146. SERRETTI A, ZANARDI R, ROSSINI D, CUSIN C et al.: Influence of tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin transporter genes on fluvoxamine antidepressant activity. Molecular Psychiatry, 6:586-592, 2001c. [ Links ]

147. SEYMOUR P, SCHMIDT A, SCHULZ D: The pharmacology of CP-154,526, a non-peptide antagonist of the CRH1 receptor: a review. CNS Drug Rev, 9:57-96, 2003. [ Links ]

148. SIFFERT W, ROSSKOPF D, SIFFERT G, BUSCH S et al.: Association of a human G-protein beta3 subunit variant with hypertension. Nature Genetics, 18:45-8, 1998. [ Links ]

149. SKREBUHHOVA T, ALLIKMETS L, MATTO V. Effects of anxiogenic drugs in rat forced swimming test. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 21:173-8, 1999. [ Links ]

150. SMERALDI E, ZANARDI R, BENEDETTI F, DIBELLA D et al.: Polymorphism Within the Promoter of the Serotonin Transporter Gene and Antidepressant Efficacy of Fluvoxamine. Molecular Psychiatry , 3:508-511, 1998. [ Links ]

151. STEEVES TD, ZHAO Y, SANGORAM AM, DU F et al.: Molecular cloning and characterization of the human clock gene: mexpression in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Genomics, 57:198-200, 1999. [ Links ]

152. STEIGER H, JOOBER R, ISRAEL M, YOUNG SN et al.: The 5HTTLPR polymorphism, psychopathologic symptoms, and platelet [3H-] paroxetine binding in bulimic syndromes. Int J Eat Disord, 37:57-60, 2005. [ Links ]

153. SUZUKI Y, SAWAMURA K, SOMEYA T: The effects of a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor gene polymorphism on the clinical response to fluvoxamine in depressed patients. Pharmacoeconomics J, 4:283-286, 2004. [ Links ]

154. SZEGEDI A, RUJESCU D, TADIC A, MULLER MJ et al.: The catechol-O-methyltransferase Val108/158Met polymorphism affects short-term treatment response to mirtazapine, but not to paroxetine in major depression. Pharmacogenomics J , 5:49-53, 2005. [ Links ]

155. TAKAHASHI H, YOSHIDA K, ITO K, SATO K et al.: No association between the serotonergic polymorphisms and incidence of nausea induced by fluvoxamine treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol , 12:477-81, 2002. [ Links ]

156. THIEBAUT F, TSURUO T, HAMADA H: Cellular localization of the multidrug-resistance gene product P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 84:7735-7738, 1987. [ Links ]

157. TRANTER R, O'DONOVAN C, CHANDARANA P, KENNEDY S: Prevalence and outcome of partial remission in depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci , 27:241-247, 2002. [ Links ]

158. UHR M: ABCB1 genotyping is crucial for treatment with drugs that are P-glycoprotein substrates. Biol Psychiatry , 57:785, 2005. [ Links ]

159. VEEFKIND A, HAFFMANS P, HOENCAMP E: Venlafaxine serum levels and CYP2D6 genotype. Ther Drug Monit, 22:202-208, 2000. [ Links ]

160. WALTHER DJ, PETER JU, BASHAMMAKH S, HORTNAGL H et al.: Synthesis of serotonin by a second tryptophan hydroxylase isoform. Science, 299:76, 2003. [ Links ]

161. WEINSHILBOUM R: Inheritance and drug response. N Engl J Med, 348:529-537, 2003. [ Links ]

162. WEINSHILBOUM RM, OTTERNESS DM, SZUMLANSKI CL: Methylation pharmacogenetics: catechol O-methyltransferase, thiopurine methyltransferase, and histamine N-methyltransferase. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 39:19-52, 1999. [ Links ]

163. WU S, COMINGS DE: A common C-1018G polymorphism in the human 5-HT1A receptor gene. Psychiatr Genet , 9:105-6, 1999. [ Links ]

164. WU WH, HUO SJ, CHENG CY, HONG C J, TSAI S J: Association Study of the 5-HT(6) Receptor polymorphism (C267T) and symptomatology and antidepressant response in major depressive disorders. Neuropsychobiology , 44:172-5, 2001. [ Links ]

165. YAMADA M, YAMADA M, HIGUCHI T: Antidepressant-elicited changes in gene expression: remodeling of neuronal circuits as a new hypothesis for drug efficacy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , 29:999-1009, 2005. [ Links ]

166. YANG-FENG TL, XUE FY, ZHONG WW, COTECCHIA S et al.: Chromosomal organization of adrenergic receptor genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 87:1516-20, 1990. [ Links ]

167. YEO A, BOYD P, LUMSDEN S, SAUNDERS T et al.: Association between a functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene and diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome in women. Gut, 53:1452-8, 2004. [ Links ]

168. YOSHIDA K, ITO K, SATO K, TAKAHASHI H et al.: Influence of the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region on the antidepressant response to fluvoxamine in Japanese depressed patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , 26:383-6, 2002a. [ Links ]

169. YOSHIDA K, NAITO S, TAKAHASHI H, SATO K et al.: Monoamine oxidase: A gene polymorphism, tryptophan hydroxylase gene polymorphism and antidepressant response to fluvoxamine in Japanese patients with major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , 26:1279-83, 2002b. [ Links ]

170. YOSHIDA K, TAKAHASHI H, HIGUCHI H, KAMATA M et al.: Prediction of antidepressant response to milnacipran by norepinephrine transporter gene polymorphisms. Am J Psychiatry , 161:1575-80, 2004. [ Links ]

171. YU Y, TSAI S, HONG C, CHEN T, CHEN M, YANG C: Association study of a monoamine oxidase a gene promoter polymorphism with major depressive disorder and antidepressant response. Neuropsychopharmacology , 30:1719-23, 2005. [ Links ]

172. YU Y, TSAI S, LIOU Y, HONG C, CHEN T: Association study of two serotonin 1A receptor gene polymorphisms and fluoxetine treatment response in Chinese major depressive disorders. Eur J Neuropsychopharmacol, 16:498-503, 2006. [ Links ]

173. YU YW, CHEN TJ, HONG CJ, CHEN HM, TSAI SJ: Association Study of the Interleukin-1beta (C-511T) Genetic Polymorphism with Major Depressive Disorder, Associated Symptomatology, and Antidepressant Response. Neuropsychopharmacology , 28:1182-5, 2003. [ Links ]

174. YU YW, TSAI SJ, CHEN TJ, LIN CH, HONG CJ: Association study of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism and symptomatology and antidepressant response in major depressive disorders. Mol Psychiatry , 7:1115-9, 2002 [ Links ]

175. ZANARDI R, BENEDETTI F, DIBELLA D, CATALANO M, SMERALDI E: Efficacy of paroxetine in depression is influenced by a functional polymorphism within the promoter of serotonin transporter gene. J Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20:105-107, 2000. [ Links ]

176. ZANARDI R, SERRETTI A, ROSSINI D, FRANCHINI L et al.: Factors affecting fluvoxamine antidepressant activity: influence of pindolol and 5-HTTLPR in delusional and nondelusional depression. Biological Psychiatry , 50:323-330, 2001. [ Links ]

177. ZANGEN A, NAKASH R, OVERSTREET DH, YADID G: Association between depressive behavior and absence of serotonin-dopamine interaction in the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 155:434-9, 2001. [ Links ]

178. ZHANG X, GAINETDINOV R, BEAULIEU J-M, SOTNIKOVA T et al.: Loss-of-Function Mutation in Tryptophan Hydroxylase-2 Identified in Unipolar Major Depression. Neuron, 45:45, 2005. [ Links ]

179. ZILL P BAGHAI TC, ENGEL R, ZWANZGER P et al.: The Beta-1-Adrenergic Receptor Gene in Major Depression: Influence on Antidepressant Treatment. In: Tsuang M (ed). Xth World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics. Vol. 114. Wiley-Liss New York, pp 777, Brussels, 2002. [ Links ]

180. ZILL P, BAGHAI TC, ZWANZGER P, SCHULe C et al.: Evidence for an association between a G-protein beta3-gene variant with depression and response to antidepressant treatment. Neuroreport , 11:1893-7, 2000. [ Links ]

181. ZILL P, BUTTNER A, EISENMENGER W, MOLLER H et al.: Analysis of tryptophan hydroxylase I and II mRNA expression in the human brain: A post-mortem study. J Psychiatr Res , [Epub ahead of print], 2005. [ Links ]

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License