ORIGINAL ARTICLE

 

A workplace physical activity program at a public university in Mexico can reduce medical costs associated with type 2 diabetes and hypertension

 

Un programa de actividad física en el lugar de trabajo en una universidad pública de México puede reducir los costos médicos asociados a la diabetes tipo 2 e hipertensión

 

 

Pablo Méndez-Hernández, D Sc^I,II,III; Darina Dosamantes-Carrasco, MSc^I,IV; Carole Siani, D Sc^I; Yvonne N Flores, D Sc^IV,V; Armando Arredondo, D Sc^VI; Irma Lumbreras-Delgado, MSc^II; Víctor M Granados-García, MSc^VII; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, MSc^IV,VIII; Katia Gallegos-Carrillo, MSc^IV; Jorge Salmerón, D Sc.^IV,IX

^IEquipe MA2D – Laboratoire ERIC – Université Lyon 1 et Lyon 2. France
^IIFacultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala. Tlaxcala, México
^IIIDepartamento de Investigación, Secretaría de Salud de Tlaxcala. Tlaxcala, México
^IVUnidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Delegación Morelos. Cuernavaca, México
^VUCLA Department of Health Services, School of Public Health and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center. Los Angeles, EUA
^VIDirección de Innovación de Servicios y Sistemas de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP). Cuernavaca, México
^VIIUnidad de Investigación Economía de la Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. México DF, México
^VIIICentro de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Toluca, México
^IXCentro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, INSP. Cuernavaca, México

Correspondence to autor

 

 

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ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of a workplace leisure physical activity program on healthcare expenditures for type 2 diabetes and hypertension treatment.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: We assessed a workplace program's potential to reduce costs by multiplying the annual healthcare costs of patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension by the population attributable risk fraction of non-recommended physical activity levels. Feasibility of a physical activity program was assessed among 425 employees of a public university in Mexico.
RESULTS: If 400 sedentary employees engaged in a physical activity program to decrease their risk of diabetes and hypertension, the potential annual healthcare cost reduction would be 138 880 US dollars. Each dollar invested in physical activity could reduce treatment costs of both diseases by 5.3 dollars.
CONCLUSIONS: This research meets the call to use health economics methods to re-appraise health priorities, and devise strategies for optimal allocation of financial resources in the health sector.

Key words: physical activity; health care costs; health expenditures; type 2 diabetes mellitus; hypertension; Mexico

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RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto de un programa de actividad física en el lugar de trabajo sobre la reducción de costos médicos directos relacionados con la diabetes tipo 2 y la hipertensión.
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Calculamos el potencial de la actividad física para reducir costos médicos, multiplicando los gastos médicos anuales que realizan diabéticos e hipertensos, multiplicados por la fracción atribuible poblacional asociada a un nivel de actividad física insuficiente. La factibilidad de ejecutar el programa fue evaluada en 425 trabajadores de una universidad pública en México.
RESULTADOS: Si 400 trabajadores sedentarios participaran en un programa de actividad física recreativa para reducir su riesgo de diabetes e hipertensión, los costos médicos anuales reducirían en 138880 dólares. Cada dólar invertido en actividad física podría reducir 5.3 dólares en el tratamiento de ambas enfermedades.
CONCLUSIONES: Esta investigación evidencia la utilidad de los estudios costoeconómicos en salud para optimizar los recursos financieros en este sector.

Palabras clave: actividad física; costos del cuidado de la salud; gastos en salud; diabetes mellitus tipo 2; hipertensión; México

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Physical inactivity is one of the main lifestyle factors associated with chronic disease, disability and death.¹ Increasing sedentary forms of leisure, work and commuting are reducing Mexican population's energy expenditure, meaning that most Mexicans do not engage in enough physical activity to promote health.² This situation brought about an increase in the prevalence of chronic health conditions such as metabolic syndrome, high blood pressure (HBP) and type 2 diabetes.³

Mexican population has high rates of overweight, obesity, large waist circumference and dyslipidemias.^3,4 Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for both sexes, and type 2 diabetes is the second cause of death among women and the third among men.⁵ Diabetes is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease^3,6 and they often co-occur, exacting a toll of premature mortality, lost productivity, disability and loss of healthy life years.⁷ These diseases are also the main causes of healthcare utilization in Mexico, accounting for 9.5% of care for the uninsured and 13.5% among the insured.⁸

Encouraging regular physical activity (PA) is one of the Mexican government's main strategies for preventing chronic disease. Unfortunately, it has been ineffective due to lack of organization and inadequate exercise infrastructure and financing.⁹ For workers, the job site is an ideal setting for activities that promote the adoption and maintenance of healthy lifestyle behaviors.¹⁰ Helping employees to be more physically active has been shown to improve their physical and mental health, as well as their lifespan. PA may also generate economic benefits by reducing healthcare costs, lowering absenteeism, and increasing productivity.^10,11

Despite the potential benefits of adequate levels of PA, in Mexico few studies have assessed the economic impact of workplace-based PA programs, leading to a lack of data that is needed to support economic arguments for encouraging workplace PA.¹¹ This study investigates the potential for workplace PA programs to reduce the costs of certain chronic disease. Specifically, we assess the impact of a leisure workplace PA program in a university setting on the healthcare expenditures for type 2 diabetes and HBP treatment. This research also examines the feasibility of workplace PA programs in Mexico.

 

Material and Methods

Study population

We conducted a cross-sectional study of 425 employees of Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala (UAT) (Autonomous University of Tlaxcala), in Mexico from March to April 2008. Sample size was selected from a total of 2265 employees, using sample size calculations for cross-sectional studies, considering a 95% confidence level. The sample was stratified by academic department, and the number of participants selected from each of 10 departments was proportional to its size. Random sampling was used to select the participants from each department. In this study, each subject signed an approved informed consent form, prior to entering the study. The ethic committee of the UAT approved the study protocol.

Healthcare costs evaluation

The study was conducted from the perspective of healthcare providers. We assumed that healthcare is provided by three main Mexican healthcare organizations: Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexican Social Security Institute), Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales para los Trabajadores del Estado (State Employees Social Security and Services Institute), and Secretaría de Salud (Mexican Ministry of Health). We estimated treatment costs by measuring and valuing the costs of ambulatory and inpatient services. Existing information about resources for the treatment of patients was used based on a published study in Mexico. For this study, the authors assumed that resource utilization can be measured as the cost of managing an average patient based on the natural history of disease, the results of a shadow study, and the recommendations of expert clinicians and administrators.⁸

Inpatient care included initial and subsequent consultations, medical treatment, laboratory tests, chest x-rays, electrocardiography, hospitalizations and intensive care. Outpatient cases included initial and subsequent consultations with the general practitioner and specialists, laboratory tests and basic medications (table I).⁸ The unitary costs of these healthcare services were updated using the prices published in the "Diario Oficial de la Federación" (Official Journal of the Federation) of March 2008.¹²

Healthcare costs reduction

We estimated the potential impact of PA on healthcare cost reduction by multiplying the annual healthcare costs for patients with diabetes, HBP, or both, by the population risk fraction attributable to the non-recommended level of PA.13 Since other factors like age, body mass index (BMI) or family history might reduce the health benefit of recommended level PA, we adjusted our estimation by the percentage that PA failed to prevent diabetes and HBP.

We used the following formula to estimate a PA program's impact on healthcare costs per sedentary employee at risk diabetes or HBP:

HCR (for diabetes or HBP)= [(HC)(PAR)] – [(HC)(PAR)](NPDR).
Where HCR is the estimated annual healthcare cost reduction per person engaging in the recommended amount of PA;
HC represents the estimated annual cost for the Mexican healthcare system of each diabetic patient (1 428 USD), or hypertensive patient (1 199 USD);^8,12
PAR is the population risk fraction of type 2 diabetes or HBP occurrence attributable to non-recommended amount of PA, 10.5% for diabetes and 12.9% for HBP;¹⁴ and
NPDR represents the non-prevented disease risk percentage: even people performing recommended levels of PA may suffer diabetes or HBP at rates of 7.5% and 12.5%, respectively.¹⁵

We estimated the HCR for diabetes and HBP separately by assuming that medical costs differ due to chronic disease status. For instance, an average patient with diabetes and HBP costs¹⁶ between 40 to 53% more (mean 46.5%) than a diabetic patient without HBP or 30 to 150% more (mean 90%) than a hypertensive patient without diabetes.¹⁷ Thus, we assumed chronic disease status reported in the adult participants of the Health Worker Cohort Study, where 46% had both conditions, i.e. were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and HBP, while 18% were first diagnosed with HBP and then type 2 diabetes.¹⁴ To estimate the HCR for both diseases we added the HC of: 1) the multiplication of the annual HC on each diabetic patient (1428.3 USD) by 0.54 (percentage of diabetics only); 2) the multiplication of the annual HC on each diabetic patient, inflated at 46.5% (2092.4 USD) by 0.46 (percentage of diabetics with HBP); 3) the multiplication of the annual HC on each hypertensive patient (1199.7 USD) by 0.82 (percentage of hypertensive patients only); and 4) the multiplication of the annual HC on each hypertensive patient, inflated at 90% (2279.4 USD) by 0.18 (percentage of hypertensive patients with diabetes).

Cost-benefit rate

We assessed the cost-benefit rate of the potential annual costs of a PA program (equipment, instructor salaries, laboratory tests for basic medical evaluation, organizational technology, and prizes for sports contests) versus medical cost reduction for type 2 diabetes and HBP (appendix).

Sensitivity analysis

One-way sensitivity analyses were conducted taking into account the variations of several key parameters: PAR, HC of type 2 diabetes, HBP, and both diseases; as well as the PA program costs and the sensitivity of the cost-benefit rate. Thus, we considered a variation of 20% for the PAR, and a discount rate of 5% for HC.¹⁸ Then, we estimated lower, intermediate, and higher PA program budgets. We also estimated the most sensitive worst-case scenario (higher PA program budget and lower HCR), the intermediate-case scenario (intermediate costs of PA program and estimated HCR), and the best-case scenario (lower PA program budget and upper HCR).

Feasibility of a workplace physical activity program

In order to evaluate the feasibility of a hypothetical workplace PA program for 400 participants (≈25% of the sedentary employees at increased risk of diabetes and HBP), we considered the following: a) sports infrastructure and instructor availability; b) employees' stated preferences, by asking participants how much money they would be willing to pay to access three proposed hypothetical PA programs to engage in regular workplace PA: doing workplace PA, PA outside the workplace, or to use the public infrastructure for PA; c) employees' opinions about the circumstances they consider favorable to regular workplace PA; d) employees' motivation to practice PA on a regular basis; and e) employees' interest in specific types of PA. As well, we estimated hours of each recreational PA needed to achieve individual energy expenditure close to 1 200 Kcal per week.

 

Results

The study population consisted of mainly middle-aged participants (mean age 34 years, SD±11.5). More than two-thirds were women, 239 participants (56.3%) had a bachelor's degree or higher, 124 (29.2%) were administrative employees, and their mean monthly household income was 221 USD.

Table I shows that the Mexican healthcare system spends an average of 1428.3 USD annually on each patient with diabetes and 1199.7 USD annually on each hypertensive patient.

Table II reports that the medical cost reduction that would potentially result from engaging sedentary university employees in the recommended level of PA to reduce their risk of diabetes was estimated to be 138.7, and 136.2 USD to reduce their risk of diabetes and HBP, respectively. In the hypothetical case of 400 employees engaged in the leisure PA program recommended to decrease their risk of diabetes or hypertension, the potential annual reduction in health care costs would be 55480 USD for diabetes and 54480 USD for hypertension. The combined annual cost reduction for both diseases would be 138 880 USD.

The results of the sensitivity analyses are also reported in table II. The sensitivity of the cost-benefit rate for the most sensitive worst-case scenario was 0.80 for diabetes, and 0.64 for HBP. For the best-case scenario, the cost-benefit rate was 0.24 for diabetes and 0.28 for HBP. In the intermediate-case scenario, the cost-benefit rate was 0.46 for diabetes and 0.47 for HBP. For the HCR sensitive scenarios for both diabetes and HBP, the cost-benefit rate of the worst-case scenario was 0.25; the best-case scenario cost-benefit rate was 0.11; and the cost-benefit rate of the intermediate scenario was 0.19.

A workplace PA program at the UAT seems highly feasible because it has the following sports facilities: 1 olympic-size swimming pool, 16 volleyball and basketball courts, 4 tennis courts, 3 fronton courts, 4 football/soccer fields, 5 indoor football fields, and 2 gyms. The UAT also employs athletic instructors able to assist with many different sports.

Table III indicates the percentage of preference for each PA, as well as the estimated hours of each recreational PA needed to achieve individual energy expenditure close to 1 200 Kcal per week. To engage 400 university employees in workplace PA, we propose a program that takes into account the percentage of employees that reported an interest in each specific activity. For instance, since 12% of participants reported an interest in swimming, we consider that approximately 50 of the 400 potential participants would participate in this activity. To achieve an energy expenditure of 1 200 Kcal per week, each of these participants must swim at least two hours per week in two sessions. To accommodate this schedule, we would propose having four swimming groups with approximately 30 individuals in each group.

Regarding university employees' stated PA program preferences, 34.3% showed interest in doing workplace PA, 28.5% were interested in doing PA outside the workplace and 25.4% were interested in active commuting. The employees saw the following as favorable conditions for regularly practicing PA: sports facilities (20%), sports infrastructure near home or work (19%), doing PA with friends, colleagues or family (17%) and time availability (14%). The employees' most important motivations for practicing regular PA were: to improve physical fitness (47%), to be healthy (36%), and to maintain weight (17%) (data not shown).

 

Discussion

Our results indicate that engaging university employees in a PA program could help reduce the annual cost of treating diabetes and HBP by preventing the development of these chronic diseases.¹¹ Our findings suggest that by decreasing the risk of diabetes, PA programs could reduce the cost the Mexican healthcare system by 138 USD per person, which represents 9.7% of the medical costs related to this disease. PA programs could also result in savings of 136 USD per person by decreasing their risk of HBP, representing 11.3% of the medical costs.

Our estimates indicate that if 400 employees engaged in a PA program, healthcare costs might be reduced by 55 000 USD per year for diabetes and 54 000 USD per year for hypertension. Costs related to diabetes and HBP prevention might also be reduced by 138 000 USD annually. This estimated potential reduction represents approximately 0.10% out of the total direct costs for type 2 diabetes projected in 2005.¹⁹

Although this study did not consider users' out-of-pocket payments, PA could also reduce patients' personal medical expenditures for diabetes and hypertension, which include lab tests, monitoring, group therapy, education, etc.⁸ This savings are important since in middle-income countries like Mexico, 5-6 of every 10 dollars spent on diabetes and hypertension come from patients,²¹ meaning that these costs have an even greater impact on the uninsured.⁸

The results of this study show the economic advantage of implementing workplace PA programs and demonstrate the feasibility of implementing such programs in certain populations such as university employees. We also identified participants' opinions, motivations and preferences about recreational PA. These findings will help us develop strategies for implementing more effective PA programs in Mexico. Studies on the effectiveness of workplace PA promotion and intervention show that these programs can significantly mitigate some chronic illness risk factors (e.g. cholesterol levels, body composition), improve work-related outcomes (e.g. reduce absenteeism), and increase cardio-respiratory fitness and energy expenditure.^2,22

The results of the intermediate-case cost-benefit scenario indicates that each dollar invested in a recreational PA program might translate into a healthcare cost reduction of 2.2 USD for type 2 diabetes, 2.1 USD for HBP and 5.3 USD for both. A review of experimental, quasi-experimental and cross-sectional studies showed that an investment of one dollar in workplace PA programs might translate into a healthcare cost reduction of 3.4 USD.22 A meta-analysis of studies published from 1982 to 2005 shows that workplace PA programs may reduce pain-related absenteeism an average of 27%, reduce healthcare costs by 26%, and reduce disability-related costs by 32 percen.²³

Here, we show that workplace PA programs can be feasible and affordable; we also stress that they would be more so if planners consider the following points:

1. Workplace PA strategies must account for each employee's level of activity, in order to meet their specific needs. For instance, for those who have already a high level of workplace PA, lighter leisure activities such as hiking and yoga should be proposed.

2. We focused our analysis on university employees, since their workplace has the sports infrastructure, instructors, and budget needed to support PA.20 In the case of private enterprises without a sports infrastructure, it may be more appropriate to use public athletic infrastructure, such as that located at public schools and the municipality, or to subsidize use of private sports installations.

3. Although two thirds of the university employees report a willingness to exercise in order to decrease their risk of chronic illness, this response may be influenced by the social desirability to respond in such a manner, and actual participation in the PA programs may be less than projected. For this reason, and in order to guarantee regular PA practice, it would be advisable to account for factors like employees' time availability, family and work barriers, and motivation when planning workplace PA programs.

This study's key limitations are that its population comes from only one setting, therefore healthcare costs here estimated could be only representative for university employees, not allowing generalization to the general Mexican workforce. In particular, university employees' preferences may not represent those of employees in other workplace settings, because university workforce contains a relatively high proportion of individuals with advanced education. Furthermore, formal healthcare costs here considered, represent one part of the total cost of type 2 diabetes and hypertension. For example, research conducted in Latin America has shown that the indirect healthcare costs related to diabetes are higher than the direct ones,²⁰ and the healthcare costs of diabetes and hypertension patients with medical complications are also higher than those without.²⁴

Some strenghts of this study include that this paper tackles an important issue: the need to provide evidence for the potential of workplace programs to reduce public burden attributable to preventable diseases; its focus on the medical costs of diabetes and hypertension in light of the intensity of in-and outpatient service use reported by a longitudinal national study;⁸ use of the PAR of diabetes and hypertension from a very similar worker population (urban Mexican worker population) for computing health care cost reduction;¹⁴ and use of updated unit costs for healthcare services.¹²

In summary, we found that type 2 diabetes and HBP-related costs in the Mexican healthcare system could be reduced by involving university workers in workplace PA programs at recommended levels. This research meets the call to use analytical methods to re-appraise healthcare priorities, and devise strategies for optimal resource allocation, utilization and organization of financial resources in the health care sector. The costs reduction from PA might directly impact resource allocation within the healthcare system, freeing money for use in diseases prevention and health promotion programs.⁸

 

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the "Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud", IMSS, delegación Morelos, México, the Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala and the "Équipe MA2D, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1". We acknowledge Emily Wentzell, Françoise Oudoire, Marie Christine, Lupita Moctezuma and all who participated in this project and thank them for their time and commitment.

 

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Correspondence to autor:
MSc Darina Dosamantes Carrasco.
Calle 29, 820, Col. La Loma Xicoténcatl.
90062 Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México.
E-mail: ddarina@hotmail.com

Received on: February 21, 2011
Accepted on: September 8, 2011

 

 

Declaration of conflict of interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.