Abstract

MENDEZ-DIAZ, Mónica et al. Neurobiology of addictions. Rev. Fac. Med. (Méx.) [online]. 2017, vol.60, n.1, pp.6-16. ISSN 2448-4865.

The proportion of drug abuse users that develop dependence does not represent the totality of users. Therefore, there is a substantial proportion of users that does not develop a substance use disorder (SUD). For example, in Mexico, only 15% of all alcohol consumers develop alcohol use disorder (AUD). Determining the mechanisms that predispose individuals to AUD or SUD is crucial for its prevention or rehabilitation. The involvement of genetic and environmental factors to the development of SUD has been suggested. For example, psychopaths or sociopaths that have a strong genetic predisposition have comorbidity with SUD.

On the other hand, a relationship between adverse experiences in the early years of and substance abuse has been documented. In pre-clinical studies, we have shown that rats deprived of maternal care from postnatal day (PND)2 to PND16, and tested once they reach adulthood (PND90) consume more alcohol than those that were under materna care at all times. In addition, we observed a dysregulation in the expression of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CBIR)in some areas of the brain, i.e. nucleus acumens and prefrontal cortex.

In short, we presume that a subject who is vulnerable to addiction has either been born with a psychopathic disorder, developed an antisocial personality, experienced adverse situations such as neglected parental care, or verbal, physical or sexual abuse. These are not the only factors that have been associated with SUD, but for the purposes of this review we will discuss vulnerability based only on epigenetic mechanisms affecting the endocannabinergic system and interfering with the functioning of the behavior inhibition system.

Keywords : Addiction; endocannabinoid system; impulsivity; psychopath; sociopath.

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