<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-092X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ingeniería sísmica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Ing. sísm]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-092X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Ingeniería Sísmica A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-092X2025000100106</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18867/ris.114.691</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Aplicación de la simulación híbrida en el análisis multi-escala de marcos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Application of the hybrid simulation approach on multi-scale structural analysis frames]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paniagua-Lovera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cesar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayala-Milián]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Gustavo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juárez-Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gelacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Ingeniería ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Departamento de Materiales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>114</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-092X2025000100106&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-092X2025000100106&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-092X2025000100106&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen. Este artículo presenta un procedimiento general de análisis de marcos en dos escalas aprovechando conceptos de simulación híbrida. La propuesta contempla el acoplamiento y transición entre elementos de distintas escalas, reduciendo la cantidad de grados de libertad en un modelo global y reproduciendo comportamientos complejos en modelos locales. Para gestionar la interacción de los modelos locales, se propone el uso de la plataforma de simulación híbrida, OpenFresco, distribuyendo el trabajo de cómputo y permitiendo la interacción con pruebas experimentales y modelos numéricos en distintos programas. La metodología se ilustra a través de la solución de un sistema elástico-lineal ante cargas gravitacionales y sísmicas, se compara el comportamiento y tiempos de análisis de modelos simplificados, modelos de elementos finitos y los del método propuesto. Finalmente, para evaluar y validar la metodología, se presenta el análisis de empuje lateral (pushover) de un marco de acero, obteniendo su curva de capacidad y mostrando la tendencia del método en dos escalas a los resultados de un modelo refinado de elementos finitos no-lineales, pero con una mayor eficiencia computacional.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract. This paper presents a general two-scale procedure for the non-linear analysis of structures, taking advantage of hybrid simulation concepts. This proposal considers the coupling and transition between elements of different scales, reducing the degrees of freedom in global analysis by reproducing complex phenomena in local scale models. To manage the interaction of the local models, the hybrid simulation platform, OpenFresco, is proposed for distributing computational work and allowing the interaction between experimental setups and numerical analysis models using different software. The methodology is illustrated through the solution of a linear-elastic system subjected to gravitational and seismic loads, comparing the behavior and analysis time of simplified models, finite element models, and those of the proposed procedure. Finally, to further assess and validate the methodology, the paper presents the pushover analysis of a steel frame, obtaining its capacity curve and showing the tendency of the two-scale method to approximate the results of a refined non-linear finite element model but with a higher computational efficiency.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[simulación híbrida]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis no lineal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[problemas multi-escala]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[marcos de acero]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hybrid simulation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[non-linear analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[multi-scale problems]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[steel frames]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garusi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tralli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A hybrid stress-assumed transition element for solid-to-beam and plate-to-beam connections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Computers &amp; Structures]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>105-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A generalized numerical/experimental distributed simulation framework]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Earthquake Engineering]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>682-703</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schellenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fenves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Coupling FE software through adapter elements: A novel use of user defined elements]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 10thInternational LS-DYNA Users Conference]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Detroit, MI, Estados Unidos </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kanber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bozkurt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Finite element analysis of elasto-plastic plate bending problems using transition rectangular plate elements]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Mechanica Sinica]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>355-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O-S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nakata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elnashai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spencer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Framework for Multi-site Distributed Simulation and Application to Complex Structural Systems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Earthquake Engineering]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>741-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Concurrent multi-scale modeling of civil infrastructures for analyses on structural deterioration-part I: Modeling methodology and strategy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Finite Elements in Analysis and Design]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>782-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maekawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ishida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kishi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Multi-scale Modeling of Structural Concrete]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Primera ed. Taylor &amp; Francis]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKenna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fenves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berkeley CA. Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mourlas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gravett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Markou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Papadrakakis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Investigation of the soil structure interaction effect on the dynamic behavior of multistorey RC buildings]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ VIIIinternational conference on computational methods for coupled problems in science and engineering, Coupled Problems]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Barcelona, España </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paniagua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Two scale seismic analysis of masonry infill concrete frames through hybrid simulation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Earthquakes and Structures]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>393-404</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strepelias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stathas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bousias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Application of hybrid simulation method for seismic performance evaluation of RC coupling beams subjected to realistic boundary condition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Earthquake Engineering &amp; Structural Dynamics]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>375-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pegon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pseudo-dynamic testing with substructuring at the ELSA Laboratory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Earthquake engineering &amp; structural dynamics]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>905-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poliotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bairán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.-M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Möller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A variable order framework for 3d nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete frames under general loading]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Engineering Structures]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>242</volume>
<numero>112536</numero>
<issue>112536</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Przemieniecki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Theory of Matrix Structural Analysis]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Primera ed. Dover Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schellenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Advanced implementation of hybrid simulation&#8221;, PEER]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berkeley, CA, Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schellenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fenves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Application of an experimental software framework for international hybrid simulation]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 4thInternational Conference on Earthquake Engineering]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Taipei, Taiwan </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schellenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fenves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;A software framework for hybrid simulation of large structural systems&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ ASCE Structural Engineering Research Frontiers Congress]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Reston, VA, Estados Unidos </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takahashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fenves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Software framework for distributed experimental-computational simulation of structural systems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Earthquake engineering &amp; structural dynamics]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>267-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sozen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nielsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reinforced concrete response to simulated earthquakes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the structural division]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>2557-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taucer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spacone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Filippou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A fiber beam-column element for seismic response analysis of reinforced concrete structures]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berkeley, CA, Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mixed-dimensional finite element coupling for structural multi-scale simulation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Finite Elements in Analysis and Design]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<page-range>12-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weinan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Principles of Multiscale Modeling]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<edition>Primera</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fafitis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Application of 1D/3D finite elements coupling for structural nonlinear analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Central South University of Technology]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>889-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
