<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-013X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Foro internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Foro int]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-013X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-013X2021000200333</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24201/fi.v61i2.2833</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Presidentes y orquestadores: la gobernanza de la pandemia de Covid-19 en las Américas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Presidents and orchestrators: the governance of the Covid-19 pandemic in the Americas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Présidents et orchestrateurs: la gouvernance de la pandémie de Covid-19 dans les Amériques]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Legler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Iberoamericana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>333</fpage>
<lpage>385</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-013X2021000200333&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-013X2021000200333&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-013X2021000200333&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Este artículo se propone analizar tendencias contradictorias en la gobernanza hemisférica y regional de la pandemia de Covid-19. Basado en un extenso ejercicio de mapeo de las dinámicas institucionales de cooperación, en él se describe una mezcla de tendencias de gobernanza conflictivas, tanto negativas como positivas, así como desarticuladas y colaborativas. El autor sostiene que la gobernanza de la pandemia en el hemisferio surge de la convergencia histórica y de la vinculación de dos pautas de gobernanza en la seguridad sanitaria, en las últimas décadas: el interpresidencialismo y la orquestación de las organizaciones regionales. Aun si dio la impresión de que las respuestas fueron nacionales e individualizadas y de que resaltaron las disfuncionalidades de los esquemas de gobernanza existentes, observamos una efervescencia de formas heterogéneas de cooperación y creación de instituciones hemisféricas y regionales contra el virus y sus consecuencias más amplias. Gracias a su capacidad de resistencia y organización, varios organismos regionales formales y bancos de desarrollo lograron compensar al menos parcialmente las pautas perturbadoras del interpresidencialismo patológico a través de sus funciones como orquestadores de gobernanza. Sobre la base de sus hallazgos, en el artículo se hace un llamado al intercambio fecundo de ideas entre el regionalismo comparativo, el institucionalismo neoliberal y los estudios de gobernanza global, así como la construcción de un interpresidencialismo en red para contrarrestar los peores impulsos de los jefes de Estado y de gobierno.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This article seeks to interpret and explain contradictory trends in the hemispheric and regional governance of the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on an extensive mapping exercise of cooperation and institutional trends, this article depicts a mix of conflicting governance tendencies, both negative and positive, as well as disarticulated and collaborative. The author argues that the existing governance of the pandemic in the hemisphere stems from the historical convergence and intertwining of two macro governance patterns in health security in recent decades: inter-presidentialism and orchestration by regional organizations. Despite the impression of individualized national responses and governance dysfunctionality, a veritable effervescence of heterogeneous hemispheric and regional forms of cooperation and institution-building has occurred against the virus and its broader fallout. Thanks to their resilience and organizational capacity, various formal regional organizations and development banks managed to offset at least partially disturbing trends in pathological interpresidentialism through their roles as governance orchestrators. On the basis of its findings, the article calls for theoretical cross-fertilization among comparative regionalism, neoliberal institutionalism, and global governance studies, as well the construction of networked inter-presidentialism in order to counterbalance the worst impulses of presidents.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Résumé : Cet article propose une analyse des tendances contradictoires de la gouvernance hémisphérique et régionale de la pandémie de Covid-19. Basé sur un vaste exercice de cartographie des dynamiques institutionnelles de coopération, cet article dépeint une combinaison de tendances de gouvernance conflictuelles, à la fois négatives et positives, désarticulées et collaboratives. L&#8217;auteur défend que la gouvernance de la pandémie dans l&#8217;hémisphère résulte de la convergence historique et de l&#8217;entrelacement de deux tendances de gouvernance en matière de sécurité sanitaire au cours des dernières décennies: l&#8217;inter-présidentialisme et l&#8217;orchestration due aux organisations régionales. Malgré l&#8217;impression de la prépondérance des réponses nationales individualisées et bien que ressortent les dysfonctionnements des modes de gouvernance existants, nous observons une effervescence de formes hétérogènes de coopération et la création d&#8217;institutions hémisphériques et regionales dans la lutte contre le virus et ses répercussions multidimensionnelles. Grâce à leur capacité de résilience et d&#8217;organisation, divers organismes régionaux formels ainsi que des banques de développement ont réussi à compenser au moins partiellement les tendances perturbatrices de l&#8217;inter-présidentialisme pathologique grâce à leur rôle d&#8217;orchestrateurs de la gouvernance. Sur la base de ses conclusions, l&#8217;article appelle à un échange d&#8217;idées fécond entre le régionalisme comparatif, l&#8217;institutionnalisme néolibéral et les études de gouvernance mondiale, ainsi qu&#8217;à la construction d&#8217;un inter-présidentialisme en réseau afin de contrebalancer les pires impulsions des chefs d&#8217;Etat et de gouvernement.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gobernanza de la salud]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[organizaciones regionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[orquestación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[interpresidencialismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Covid-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[health governance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[regional organizations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Americas, Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[orchestration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[inter-presidentialism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Covid-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[gouvernance de la santé]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[organisations régionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Amériques]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Amérique latine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[orchestration ;inter-présidentialisme]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Covid-19]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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