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More important, the influence of exposure to media is quite mixed, insisting that using this methodology is not possible to set the direction of causality. In most of the countries (all of them but Belgium, Spain, Italy, Hungary and Slovenia), a negative interaction between watching television and political activism was found: the higher the respondents' exposure to television was, the less they were taking part on the political process through non-electoral ways of participation. Hence, in none of the 20 countries is there a positive relationship between watching television and activism.