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Many factors have changed this longstanding pattern, which has not been eliminated, but has made it a minor part of substantively change in flow (Massey, Durand and Malone, 2002). New immigration laws in the United States—most significantly the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), included a broad amnesty for millions of undocumented Mexicans living in the United States and precipitated millions of family members of the amnestied to also petition for legalized status. The economic integration produced by NAFTA, the transformation of the Mexican economy connected to several crises, the NAFTA-related opening of protected industries, and new niches in the American economy welcoming newcomer labor have also changed substantially the previous flow.