SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.13 número2CONTRIBUCIÓN DE LOS BARBECHOS CORTOS EN LA RECUPERACIÓN DE LA FERTILIDAD DEL SUELO EN MILPAS DEL ESTADO DE YUCATÁN, MÉXICORESISTENCIA SISTÉMICA ADQUIRIDA EN PLANTAS: ESTADO ACTUAL índice de autoresíndice de materiabúsqueda de artículos
Home Pagelista alfabética de revistas  

Servicios Personalizados

Revista

Articulo

Indicadores

Links relacionados

  • No hay artículos similaresSimilares en SciELO

Compartir


Revista Chapingo serie ciencias forestales y del ambiente

versión On-line ISSN 2007-4018versión impresa ISSN 2007-3828

Rev. Chapingo ser. cienc. for. ambient vol.13 no.2 Chapingo jul./dic. 2007

 

Artículos

FITOGEOGRAFÍA Y ECOLOGÍA DEL GÉNERO Eucalyptus

PHYTOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY OF THE Eucalyptus GENUS

D. Granados-Sánchez1 

G. F. López-Ríos1 

1División de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Km. 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco. Chapingo, Estado de México. México C. P. 56230. Correo e: diodorg@latinmail.com


RESUMEN

En este estudio se analiza el género Eucalyptus, que deriva su nombre de las palabras griegas eu, que significa bien, y kalypteim, que significa cubierto. Estas plantas desempeñan un papel importante en los bosques cerrados de Australia meridional, donde suelen ser árboles de hasta 200 años que constituyen una etapa de transición entre los bosques naturales más antiguos dañados por los incendios y los bosques pluviales cerrados. Los eucaliptos son originarios de Australia y algunos países de Asia sudoriental, donde crecen en condiciones muy diversas de pluviosidad y temperatura. Se conocen más de 500 especies de eucaliptos. Algunos árboles tienen una altura de hasta 90 m pero en zonas abiertas de vegetación baja y de escasa pluviosidad anual son muy corrientes las formas enanas de eucalipto, llamadas “mallees”, cuyo largo fuste subterráneo permite al árbol sobrevivir a los periodos de sequía. Cuando se planta fuera de su hábitat natural muchas especies de Eucalyptus han mostrado un alto grado de tolerancia a las latitudes y altitudes extremas. Las primeras grandes plantaciones se iniciaron en el Brasil en 1904. En la actualidad, ese país tiene más de un millón de hectáreas de plantaciones de eucaliptos. Más de 100 países por todo el mundo cultivan eucaliptos en plantaciones, países como México, España, Portugal, Marruecos, Argentina, los Estados Unidos y muchos otros.

PALABRAS CLAVE:  Australia; plantación; competencia; fitogeografía; ecología

SUMMARY

In this work, the genus Eucalyptus was studied. This genus derives its name from the Greek words eu, that mean well, and kaluptos, that means place setting. These plants play an important role in the closed forests of southern Australia. In these forests, the Eucalyptus genera usually are trees of up to 200 years old, that constitute a stage of transition between the older natural forests damaged by fires and the closed pluvial forests. The eucalyptuses are native of Australia and some countries of Southeastern Asia, where they grow in very diverse conditions of rainfall and temperature. They are known more than 500 species of eucalyptuses. Some of trees have a height of up to 90 m, but in opened zones of short vegetation and little annual rainfall the dwarfed forms of eucalyptus are very current. These dwarfish forms are called “mallees”, and they are characterized for a long underground stem that allow them to survive the periods of drought. When Eucalyptus genus is planted outside his natural habitat, many of their species have shown a high degree of tolerance to extremes latitudes and altitudes. The first great plantations began in Brazil in 1904. At the present time, that country has more of a million hectares of plantations of eucalyptuses. More than 100 countries throughout the world cultivate eucalyptuses in plantations, countries like Mexico, Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Argentina, the United States and many others.

KEY WORDS: Australia; plantation; competition; phytogeography; ecology

Texto completo disponible sólo en PDF.

LITERATURA CITADA

ATTIWILL, P. M., 1972. On the cycling of elements in mature Eucalyptus obliqua forest. In: “Australian Forest Tree Nutrition Conference”, ed. R. Boardman, pp. 39-46. Forestry and Timber Bureau, Canberra. [ Links ]

ATTIWILL, P. M. 1975. The eucalypt forest - resources, refuges and research. Australian Forestry 38: 162-170 [ Links ]

ATTIWILL, P. M. 1981. Energy, nutrient flow, and biomass. Proceedings of the Australian Forest Nutrition Workshop: 1: 131-144. CSIAO, Melbourne. [ Links ]

ASHTON, D. H.; WILLIS, E. J. 1982. Antagonisms in the regeneration of Eucalyptus regnans in the mature forest. En: Newman, E.I. The plant community as a working mechanism. Blackweel cientific publication. Osney Mead, Oxford. pp. 113-120. [ Links ]

BEADLE, N. C. W. 1962. An alternative hypothesis to account for generally low phosphate content of Australian soils. Aust. J. Agri. Res. 13: 434-442 [ Links ]

BEADLE, N. C. W. 1966. Soil phosphate and its role in moulding segments of the Australian flora and vegetation, with special reference to xeromorphy and sclerophylly Ecology 47: 992-1007 [ Links ]

BURROWS, G. E. 1995. Seed production in white box (Eucalyptus albens) in the south west slopes region of New South Wales. Australian Forestry 58: 107-09. [ Links ]

BLOOMFIELD, C. 1955. Experimental production of podzolisation. Chem and Ind (Rev.) 1955-1956 [ Links ]

CHIPPENDALE, G. M. 1968. Eucalyptus buds and fruits. Illus. 96 pp. Australian Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Timber Bureau, Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia. [ Links ]

DEL MORAL, R. 1971. Allelopathic potencial of the dominant vegetation of western. Washington. Ecology. 52(6): 1030- 1038. [ Links ]

ELDRIDGE, K.; DAVIDSON, Y.; HARWOOD, C.; VAN WYK, G. 1993 Eucalypt Domestication and Breeding. (Oxford University Press: Oxford) [ Links ]

ELLIS, R. C. 1971. Growth of Eucalyptus seedlings on four different soils. Australian Forestry 35: 107-118. [ Links ]

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. 1979. Eucalypts for planting. FAO Forestry Series 11. 677 pp. Rome. [ Links ]

HILL, R. S. 1994a. History of Australian Vegetation: Creraceous in Recent. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.) [ Links ]

HILL, R. S. 1994b. The history of selected australian taxa. In History of Australian Vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent (ed. R. S. Hill) pp. 390-419. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge). [ Links ]

HILL, R. S.; MERRIFIELD, H. E. 1992. An early Tertiary macroflora from West Dale, southwestern Australia. Alcheringa 17: 285- 326. [ Links ]

HINGSTON, F. J. 1963. Activity of polyphenolic constituents of leaves of Eucalyptus and other species in complexing and disolving iron oxide. Aust. J. Soil Res. 1: 63-73. [ Links ]

IGBOANUGO A. B. 1986. Phytotoxic effects of some eucalypts on food crops particulary on germination, radicle extension. Tropical Science 26(1): 19-24. [ Links ]

INIONS, G. B., WARDELL-JOHNSON, G.; ANNELS, A. 1990. Classification and evaluación of sites in karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) regeneration. 11. Floristic attributes. Forest Ecology and Management 32: 135-54. [ Links ]

JOHNSTONE, L. A. S.; HILL, K. D. 1991. Systematic studies in the eucalypts 2. A revision of the gimlets and related species: Eucalyptus extracodical serie Salubres and Annulatae (Myrtaceae). Telopea 4: 201-22. [ Links ]

KELLY, A. E.; NAPIER, A. C.; HOPPER, S. D. 1995. Survey of rare and poorly known eucalypts of western Australia. CALM Science Supplement 2: 1-207. [ Links ]

KIMBER, P. C. 1974. The root system of Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Sm). Forests Department of Western Australia Research. Paper Núm. 10. [ Links ]

MAY, F. E.; ASH, J. E. 1990. An assessment of the allelopathic potential of Eucalyptus. Australian Journal of Botany 38: 245-54 [ Links ]

McCHESNEY, C. J.; KOCH, J. M.; BELL, D. T. 1995. Jarrah forest restoration in Western Australia: canopy and topographic effects. Restoration Ecology 3: 105-10. [ Links ]

MONROW, P. A.; Fox, R. 1980. Effects of variation in Eucalyptus essential oil yield on insect growth and grazing danmge, Oecologia 45: 209-219. [ Links ]

MULLER, C. H.; CHOU, H. C. 1980. Phytotoxims: An ecological phase of phytochemistry. En: Herbone, J. B. Phytochemical ecology. Academic Press. London, England. pp. 201-216. [ Links ]

NEAVE, I. A.; FLORENCE, R. G. 1994. Effect of root configuration on the relative compectitive ability of Eucalyptus maculate Hook. Regrowth following clearfelling. Australian Forestry 57: 49-58. [ Links ]

PARSONS, R. F. 1994. Eucalyptus scrubs and shrublands. In Australian Vegetation (ed. R.H. Groves) pp. 291-320. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge). [ Links ]

PASSIOURA, J. A.; ASH. J. E. 1993. Phenotypic, genetic and ecological variation in the Eucalyptus saligna, E. botryoides complex. Australian Journal of Botany 41: 393-412. [ Links ]

PENFOLD, A. R.; Willis, J. L. 1961. The eucalypts; botany, cultivation, chemistry and utilization. Illus. 551 pp. World Crop Books, Leonard Hill Ltd., London. [ Links ]

POORE, M.; FRIES, C. 1986. Les effects ecologiques des Eucalyptus. F. A. O. pp. 59-60. [ Links ]

PRYOR, L. D., 1976. Biology of Eucalyptus. Edward Arnold, London. 82 pp. [ Links ]

PYRKE, A.F.; KIRKPATRICK, J. B. (1994). Growth rate and basal area response curves of four Eucalyptus species on Mt. Wellington, Tasmania. Journal of Vegetation Science 5: 13-24. [ Links ]

RICE, E. L. 1974. Allelopathy. Academic Press Inc. Orlando, Florida, U.S.A. 353 p. [ Links ]

ROKICH, D. P.; BELL, D. T. 1995. Light quality and intensity effects on the germination of species from the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of Western Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 43: 169-79. [ Links ]

SMITH, A. P.; GANZHOR, J. V. 1996. Convergence and divergence in community structure and dietary adaptation in Australian possums and gliders and malagasy lemurs. Australian Journal of ecology. 21: 31-36. [ Links ]

SOTHWELL, I. A. 1978. Essential oil content of koala food trees. In the koala (ed. T. J. Bergin) pp. 62.74 (Zoological Parks Board of NSW: Sydney) [ Links ]

SPECHT, R. L.; GROVES, R. H. 1966. A comparison of the phosphorus nutrition of Australian heath plants and introduced economic plants. Aust. J. Bot. 14: 201-21. [ Links ]

VAN DER MOEZEL, P. G.; WATSON, L. E.; PEARCE-PINTO, G. V. N.; BELL, D. T. 1988. The response of six Eucalyptus species and Casuarina obesa to the combined effect of salinity and waterlogging. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 15: 465-74. [ Links ]

WALTER, H. 1977. Zonas de Vegetación y clima. Ed. Omega Barcelona España pp. 245. [ Links ]

WEBB, L. J., 1968 Environmental relationships of the structural types of Australian rain forest vegetation. Ecology 49: 296-311 [ Links ]

WILSON, R. A. 1993. Eucalyptus. Paradigm protagonist (the CEASA model). Paper to the 2nd Market Pulp Conference, Vancouver, Canada, June 1993. [ Links ]

WILLIAMS, J. E. 1991. Biogeographic pattens of three sub-alpine eucalypts in S. E. Australia with special reference to Eucalyptus pauciflora. Journal of Biogeography 18: 223-30. [ Links ]

Recibido: 29 de Agosto de 2006; Aprobado: 22 de Septiembre de 2006

Creative Commons License Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons