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Botanical Sciences

versión On-line ISSN 2007-4476versión impresa ISSN 2007-4298

Bot. sci vol.95 no.1 México ene./mar. 2017

https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.803 

Taxonomy and Floristics

Flora of the core zones of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, Mexico: composition, geographical affinities and beta diversity

Flora de las áreas núcleo de la Reserva de la Biosfera Mariposa Monarca, México: composición, afinidades geográficas y diversidad beta

Guadalupe Cornejo-Tenorio1 

Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez1  * 

1 Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México.


Abstract:

Background:

Knowing the floristic composition of the Monarch Butterfly Reserve is a critical piece of information necessary for its conservation.

Question:

i) How many plant species (total and endemic to Mexico) are found in the core zones of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (MBBR)? ii) What are the most frequent growth forms found in this reserve? iii) What is the species diversity for the different types of vegetation? and iv) What is the floristic similarity among the core zones?

Studied species:

Ferns, Gimnosperms and Angiosperms.

Study site and years of study:

The three core zone (Cerro Altamirano, Cerro Pelón and Chincua-Campanario-Chivati) of the MBBR were studied from 2000 to 2006.

Methods:

A total of 49 field trips were conducted over three years (2004 to 2006) to the core zones, and previously collected specimens (2000-2003) were revised in the IEB herbarium. Beta diversity among the core zones was estimated by calculating Jaccard index (IJ).

Results:

A total of 97 families, 337 genera, 694 species and 20 infraspecific categories were inventoried. Asteraceae (147 species) and Fabaceae (37), as well as Salvia (23), Quercus (12) and Stevia (12) were the most diverse taxa. Herbaceous plants were the predominant growth form (ca. 75 %). The vegetation types with the greatest number of species were forests dominated by Quercus (427) and by Abies (329). About 38 % of species documented are endemic to Mexico. The core zones show high beta diversity values (Jaccard index 0.03 to 0.11); more of the half of the total number of species documented (66.3 %) was found exclusively in one core zone.

Conclusions:

The core zones are complementary in terms of plant conservation purposes and require similar conservation resources in order to secure important long-term maintenance of the biodiversity and forest cover that serve as winter refuges of the migrant Monarch butterfly populations.

Key words: endemism; growth forms; temperate forests; threatened species

Resumen:

Antecedentes:

Para conservar los sitios de hibernación de la mariposa monarca una fuente de datos relevante es inventariar las especies que se encuentran en cada área núcleo de la reserva.

Preguntas:

i) ¿Cuántas especies (totales y endémicas de México) se encuentran en las áreas núcleo de la Reserva de la Biosfera de la Mariposa Monarca? ii) ¿Existe una forma de crecimiento más frecuente en esta reserva? iii) ¿Los tipos de vegetación que se encuentran en las áreas núcleo muestran un número similar de especies? y v) ¿Cuál es el grado de similitud florística entre las áreas núcleo?

Especie en estudio:

Helechos, Gimnospermas y Angiospermas.

Sitio de estudio y fechas:

Las tres áreas núcleo de la reserva (Cerro Altamirano, Cerro Pelón y la zona de Chincua-Campanario-Chivati), entre 2000 y 2006.

Métodos:

Se realizaron 49 salidas de campo (2004-2006) a las áreas núcleo de la reserva y se revisaron, en el herbario IEB, especímenes previamente colectados entre 2000 y 2003. La diversidad beta entre las áreas núcleo fue estimada por medio del índice de Jaccard (IJ).

Resultados:

En la reserva fueron registradas 97 familias, 337 géneros, 694 especies y 20 categorías infraespecíficas. Asteraceae (147) y Fabaceae (37), así como Salvia (23), Quercus (12) y Stevia (12) fueron los taxa más diversos. La forma de crecimiento preponderante fue la herbácea (ca. 75 %). Los tipos de vegetación que albergan el mayor número de especies son los bosques de Quercus (427) y los de Abies (329). Cerca del 38 % de las especies son endémicas de México. Las áreas núcleo presentan un valor alto de diversidad beta (índice de Jaccard entre 0.03 y 0.11); el 66.3 % de las especies se localizaron exclusivamente en una de éstas.

Conclusiones:

Las áreas núcleo son complementarias en términos de la flora que albergan y requieren esfuerzos similares para conservar a largo plazo su biodiversidad y los refugios invernales de las poblaciones migrantes de la mariposa Monarca.

Palabras clave: bosques templados; endemismo; especies amenazadas; forma de crecimiento

The Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (MBBR) was established primarily to protect the forests used by the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) as overwintering refuges. Consequently, the protection of this emblematic species has also promoted the conservation of the local flora and fauna coexisting in the area. Since 1986, when first established as the Reserva Especial de la Biosfera Mariposa Monarca, various floristic studies have been conducted within its boundaries (Mejía-Mendoza 1996, SEMARNAT 2001, Cornejo-Tenorio et al. 2003). Although these studies have documented from 142 to 423 species, Cornejo-Tenorio et al. (2003) estimated a greater number of species within the reserve.

These previous studies have provided important information regarding the plants (e.g. growth form), their distribution in different vegetation types and whether the species are endemic to Mexico. However, it is widely recognized that floristic lists require continuous taxonomic updating and this exercise is of particular relevance for those reported in the MBBR, especially when considering the important changes that have taken place in terms of the taxonomic circumscription of families (APG III 2009) or of genera that were previously considered a single taxon, but have now been segregated into various taxa. This latter situation is exemplified in the genus Eupatorium, Asteraceae (Schmidt & Schilling 2000).

The availability of an updated taxonomical list of plant species for the MBBR is of utmost importance, as well as the information concerning the number of species found in each core zone and the percentage of Mexican endemics. This information becomes even more urgent when consideration is given to the high degree of external threat for the vegetation of the reserve (Ramírez-Ramírez 2001, Brower et al. 2002, Vidal et al. 2014). As far as known, only Mejía-Mendoza (1996) has provided concrete information regarding the number of taxa in the sanctuaries, reporting the highest number in Sierra Chincua (55 families, 133 genera and 220 species), followed by Cerro Pelón (42, 96 and 132, respectively) and Cerro Altamirano (32, 72 and 102, respectively). Unfortunately, at present is not possible to support these figures since this unpublished study lacks botanical specimens deposited in herbaria.

Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to i) produce an updated list of the flora of the core zones of the MBBR that indicates the species growth form and the vegetation types in which these have been recorded ii) document the geographic affinities of the flora, highlighting endemic species to Mexico, and iii) compare of the degree of floristic similitude among the core zones.

Material and methods

Study area. The MBBR is located in the central-western part of Mexico, on the boundaries of the states of Michoacán and Estado de México, between the coordinates 19°18’-19°59’ N and 100°06’-100°22’ W. The reserve encompasses an area of 56,259 ha (Figure 1) and contains two buffer zones and three core zones (Altamirano, Cerro Pelón and Chincua-Campanario-Chivati; hereafter last core zone will be referred only as Chincua), which altogether comprise a total of 13,551 ha (Diario Oficial de la Federación 2000). The reserve presents mountains and intercalated ridges between small inter-montane valleys and grasslands, with an altitudinal interval that ranges from 2,400 to 3,600 m a.s.l. (SEMARNAT 2001). Physiographically, the reserve is situated in the morphotectonic province known as Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Ferrusquía-Villafranca 1993), which is characterized by the presence of extrusive igneous rocks of andesites, basalts, granites, rhyolites and tuffs. The main soils found in the region are Andosols and with a lower frequency there are Cambisols, Regosols and Vertisols. The regional climate is warm temperate with dry winter (Cw in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system sensu Kottek et al. 2006), with summer rains. The total annual precipitation ranges from 700 to 1,250 mm with average annual temperatures that range from 8 to 22 °C. The vegetation types described for the reserve are: Abies forests, Pinus forests, Pinus-Quercus forests, Quercus forests, tropical montane cloud forests, scrublands and grasslands (Espejo-Serna et al. 1992, Soto-Núñez & Vázquez-García 1993, Mejía-Mendoza 1996, SEMARNAT 2001, Cornejo-Tenorio et al. 2003, Giménez-de Azcárate et al. 2003).

Figure 1 Location of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. A) Location of the States of Michoacán and Estado de México in Mexico (grey areas), B) The rectangle indicates the area of the Reserve within the States of Michoacán and Estado de México, C) Municipalities within the Reserve, light grey corresponds to the buffer zones and darker grey to the core zone of the Reserve (modified of Ramírez-Ramírez et al. 2006); core zones: bottom (Cerro Pelón), middle (Chincua-Campanario-Chivati) and top (Cerro Altamirano). 

Data analysis. The floristic composition of the MBBR was produced from the species list of Cornejo-Tenorio et al. (2003) and a revision of material deposited in the herbarium of the Instituto de Ecología, AC, of the Centro Regional del Bajío (IEB). Additionally, from 2004 to 2006, a total of 49 field trips were conducted in order to collect other botanical material, exploring only the core zones of the reserve. All botanical samples were obtained and processed according to conventional techniques (Lawrence 1951, Lot & Chiang 1986). Several families published in the series Flora del Bajío y de Regiones Adyacentes (e.g. Rzedowski & Calderón de Rzedowski 2003, 2005, 2008) and the Flora Fanerogámica del Valle de México (Calderón de Rzedowski & Rzedowski 2001) were used for the identification of specimens, as well as the comparison with specimens deposited in the herbarium IEB. Specialists were required to identify some species. The first and second duplicates of the 3,684 vouchers collected are deposited in the herbaria of the Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MEXU) and in the IEB, respectively. Duplicates of these vouchers were sent to other herbaria. Some species reported by Cornejo-Tenorio et al. (2003) associated with roads and secondary vegetation were excluded from the present study: Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Chenopodiaceae), Dalea thouinii Schrank (Fabaceae), Lepidium virginicum L. (Brassicaceae), Malva parviflora L. (Malvaceae), Polygonum lapathifolium L. (Polygonaceae), Reseda luteola L. (Resedaceae), Solanum cardiophyllum Lindl. (Solanaceae) and Verbena litoralis Kunth (Verbenaceae).

The floristic list is ordered alphabetically by family, genus, species and sub-specific categories, following the classification system proposed by Christenhusz et al. (2011a) for the ferns and related groups, Christenhusz et al. (2011b) for the gymnosperms and the APG III (2009) for the flowering plants. The species name was taken from the database The Plant List (2013); when the binary name was indicated as “not resolved”, the name accepted by the Missouri Botanical Garden (Tropicos, 2014) was included. In order to determine the conservation status or risk category of the species, we consulted the NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 (Diario Oficial de la Federación 2010).

Floristic affinities were determined based on the current distribution of the species, were assigning to the following categories: i) Endemic (present only within Mexico), ii) North American (Mexico, reaching United States of America and Canada), iii) Central American (Mexico to Panama and the Antilles), iv) South American (Mexico to South America), and v) broad distribution (species found in the second, third and/or fourth of the above categories, or even in other continents). Different floras, taxonomic and monographic reviews, as well as the Tropicos (2014) database, were consulted in order to obtain the geographic distribution of the species (e.g. Villarreal 1998, Rzedowski & Calderón de Rzedowski 2003, 2005, 2008, 2011, Espejo-Serna et al. 2010a, b, Rzedowski et al. 2011, González-Elizondo & González-Elizondo 2014).

Beta diversity among the core zone was estimated by calculating the values of the Jaccard (IJ) index for total and endemic species. Selection of this algorithm was based on the recommendation of Jost et al. (2004), using the formulas:

IJ=aa+b+c

where a is the number of species shared among the samples under comparison, while b and c represent the number of species registered to sample 1 and 2, respectively.

Results

Floristic composition, growth form and vegetation types. The flora of the core zones of the reserve includes 97 families, 337 genera and 694 species, of which 20 correspond to infra-specific taxa (Appendix). The list consists mainly of the angiosperm group, of which 77 % correspond to the eudicotyledons and 14.7 % the monocotyledons, while the ferns and gymnosperms account for 7.3 and 1 %, respectively (Table 1). The family Asteraceae is the most diverse, with around 20 % of the total of genera and species documented (Table 2). The 10 families with the higher number of species contained 46.6 % of the genera and 51.3 % of the species. In terms of the genera, Salvia (Lamiaceae) is the most diverse, with 23 species. The genera with more species, mainly belong to the most diverse families (Table 2), except for Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) and Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae).

Table 1 Vascular plant richness in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. 

Taxonomic groups Families Genera Species Taxa infraspecífics
Ferns 10 21 51 1
Gimnosperms 2 4 7 -
Angiosperms - - - -
Monocotyledons 14 58 102 2
Eudicotyledons 71 254 534 17
Total 97 337 694 20

Table 2 Families and genera with the highest number of species in the flora of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. Endemic species are indicated in parenthesis. 

Family Number of genera Number of species Genus (Family) Number of species
Asteraceae 63 (35) 147 (75) Salvia (Lamiaceae) 23 (15)
Fabaceae 18 (8) 37 (14) Quercus (Fagaceae) 12 (7)
Lamiaceae 6 (3) 32 (19) Stevia (Asteraceae) 12 (7)
Poaceae 16 (2) 27 (3) Ageratina (Asteraceae) 11 (5)
Solanaceae 6 (5) 22 (10) Solanum (Solanaceae) 10 (1)
Apiaceae 10 (5) 19 (10) Desmodium (Fabaceae) 9 (3)
Caryophyllaceae 8 (2) 19 (3) Senecio (Asteraceae) 9 (5)
Pteridaceae 7 (1) 19 (1) Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) 9 (5)
Rosaceae 10 (5) 17 (6) Cheilanthes (Pteridaceae) 8 (0)
Orchidaceae 13 (3) 17 (3) Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) 7 (5)
Total 157 (69) 356 (144) 110 (53)

The most important components of the MBBR flora are the endemic species (38.3 %), followed by those of broad distribution with nearly 23 % (Table 3). A total of 64 families (66 %) and 147 genera (43.6 %) contain endemic species. The family Asteraceae and the genus Salvia have the highest number of species restricted to Mexico (Table 2). When the entire flora is taken into account the North America affinities presented the lower frequency.

Table 3 Geographic affinities of the species of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (total flora and per core zone). 

Number of species in core zones (%)
Geographic affinities Number of species (%) Altamirano Cerro Pelón Chincua
Mexico 266 (38.3) 157 (37.7) 92 (36.5) 127 (35.9)
Mexico and North America 34 (5) 24 (5.8) 4 (1.5) 12 (3.4)
Mexico and Central America 148 (21.3) 79 (19) 73 (29) 81 (22.8)
Mexico and South America 86 (12.4) 52 (12.5) 47 (18.7) 53 (15)
Broad distribution 160 (23) 104 (25) 36 (14.3) 81 (22.9)

The herbaceous plants represent the most abundant growth form in the reserve, with 515 species, which constitutes 74.2 % of the total flora, followed by the shrubs (73 species, 10.5 %), trees (49, 7.1 %), climbers (37, 5.3 %), epiphytes (10, 1.4 %), hemiparasites (6, 0.9 %) and parasites (4, 0.6 %). Included in the climbers are those plants that present herbaceous and/or woody stems, since this characteristic is often difficult to determine because this can be age or size-dependent. The species reported as woody climbers are Archibaccharis hirtella (Asteraceae), Celastrus pringlei (Celastraceae), Clematis dioica (Ranunculaceae), Cyclanthera integrifoliola (Cucurbitaceae) as well as Solandra guttata and Solanum appendiculatum (both Solanaceae). However, C. pringlei sometimes occurs as a shrub or small tree with hanging branches. One other species that may become a climbing plant of up to 10 m in height is Salvia gesneriiflora (Lamiaceae), although in this study it is included in the shrubs, since the climbing condition was only observed in Cerro Pelón.

When we compared vegetation types that host the highest number of species (total, endemic and exclusive (species collected only within one vegetation type)), we observed that these attributes follow a similar pattern, in which the Quercus and Abies forests respectively, had the highest number of species, while those with the lowest numbers of species were the Pinus forest and the Juniperus scrubland (Table 4). The exclusive species accounted for 56.4 % of the total number, while those recorded in only two vegetation types accounted for almost 23.6 %. The remaining species were found in three to five vegetation types. It is noteworthy that no single species was present across all of the vegetation types.

Table 4 Total number of species, endemic to Mexico and exclusive to a particular vegetation type (percent in parenthesis), in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. 

Vegetation types Species
Total Endemics Exclusives
Quercus forest 427 (61.5) 160 (60.2) 195 (50.1)
Abies forest 329 (47.4) 128 (48.2) 85 (22)
Tropical montane cloud forest 184 (26.5) 66 (25) 35 (9)
Grassland 125 (18) 32 (12) 54 (14)
Pinus-Quercus forest 90 (13) 29 (11) 18 (4.5)
Pinus forest 49 (7.1) 22 (8.3) 5 (1.3)
Juniperus scrubland 9 (1.3) 3 (1.1) 0

Floristic similitude among the core zones. The three core zones host an almost identical number of families, but there are marked differences in terms of the number of species. The Altamirano zone presented higher numbers of species, followed by Chincua and Cerro Pelón; the last core zone had the least number of genera (Table 5). The core zones of the reserve appear to be similar in terms of the vegetation types represented (Table 5); however, the richness and composition of the plants are dissimilar. We found statistically significant differences in the number of species presented in each core zone (χ2 = 216.25, d.f. = 2, P < 0.001). As a rule, all core zones showed higher numbers of endemic species in comparison with other categories of geographic distribution (Table 3); in general, the other geographic affinities categories showed the same position previously obtained for entire flora.

Table 5 Core zone of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve indicating surface, altitudinal interval and forest types contained within them. Abbreviations. Vegetation type: A (Abies forest), G (grassland), J (Juniperus scrubland), M (tropical montane cloud forest), P (Pinus forest), PQ (Pinus-Quercus forest), Q (Quercus forest). 

Core zones (surface) Altitudinal range Vegetation types Families Genera Species
Altamirano (588 ha) 2700-3320 m A, G, J, PQ, Q. 72 229 416
Cerro Pelón (3,729 ha) 2300-3500 m A, G, J, M, P, PQ, Q. 73 162 252
Chincua (9,233 ha) 2600-3640 m A, G, J, M, P, PQ. 71 205 354

Of the 694 species, 460 (66.3 %) are found in one core zone only, 140 (20.2 %) in two and 94 (13.5 %) in all three zones. When species exclusive to one only one core zone are considered, Altamirano has 215 species, and Chincua and Cerro Pelón has 151 and 91, respectively. Likewise, endemic species share among three core zones is scarce (only 27 species). Therefore, beta diversity among these areas is high (0.03-0.11), regardless of whether this attribute is estimated with for entire flora or endemic taxa (Table 6).

Table 6 Beta diversity values (Jaccard index) among the core zones of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (total species on the upper diagonal and endemic species on the lower diagonal). 

Core zone Altamirano Chincua Cerro Pelón
Altamirano *** 0.09 0.05
Chincua 0.11 *** 0.05
Cerro Pelón 0.03 0.06 ***

Discussion

Floristic composition, growth form and vegetation types. When we compare our results to those of Cornejo-Tenorio et al. (2003), the updated list of the MBBR is increased by nearly 40 % in terms of number of species. The three most important families with the highest number of species are still Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae, but have increased in species numbers by 30, 54 and 34 %, respectively. These families are among the ten most diverse of the flora of Mexico (Villaseñor 2003), with Asteraceae in first place. This result was to be expected, since Mexico is considered the main center of diversification of this family (Turner & Nesom 1993). Another aspect to consider is that the MBBR presents vegetation types in which Asteraceae usually reaches high numbers of species, especially in temperate forests (Turner & Nesom 1993). The low representation of the Fabaceae in the study area is due, in part, to the fact that this family presents its greatest species diversity in tropical forests (Sousa and Delgado 1993).

In terms of the genera, Salvia and Stevia remain in first and second place, with an increase of 43.5 and 33.3 % relative to the data presented by Cornejo-Tenorio et al. (2003). Rzedowski (1991a) indicates that in the montane regions with a cool and semi-humid climate, a species rich flora has evolved in which various genera, such as Eupatorium, Muhlenbergia, Quercus, Salvia, Sedum, Senecio and Stevia, are notable. Regarding these taxa, Salvia is the second most diverse at the national level (Villaseñor 2004). Recently, Martínez-Gordillo et al. (2013) estimated 307 species (nearly 76 % endemics) for this genus. In accordance with those figures, the MBBR hosts almost 7.5 % of the Mexican salvias and 36 % of 64 species listed for Michoacán (Cornejo-Tenorio & Ibarra-Manríquez 2011). A similar figure exists for the genus Quercus since the reserve hosts almost 7 % of the 161 species of the genus recorded in Mexico, and 38 % of those recorded for Michoacán (Valencia-Á. 2004). A notable issue is that Altamirano core zone is the only known site for the recollection of Q. greggii in Michoacán (Romero-Rangel et al. 2014).

In relation to growth forms, we found the same pattern described by Cornejo-Tenorio et al. (2003), with a marked dominance of herbaceous plants (74.8 %), followed by shrubs (9.6 %). This coincides with information on the flora of Mexico; where nearly 61 % of the components corresponds to herbaceous plants (Villaseñor & Ortiz 2014).

The Mexican flora showed an important percent of endemic species, which vary from 48 to nearly 60 % (Rzedowski 1991b, Villaseñor & Ortiz 2014). In this respect, the percentage (36 %) of endemic herbs plants found in the MBBR is lower. However, notable percentages of endemism are recorded within the group of epiphytes (70 %) and hemiparasites (83 %) in the reserve. In the case of the epiphytes, this percentage may be explained by the contribution of Tillandsia (Table 2) since nearly 70 % of the species of this genus recorded in Mexico are endemics (Espejo-Serna et al. 2004).

The vegetation types with the highest number of species in the MBBR are the forests of Quercus, of Abies and the tropical montane cloud forest. The percentage of exclusive species found in these forests is variable, with the Quercus forest notable in this aspect since 50 % of the 194 species associated with this forest type are not found in the any other vegetation type. Challenger (1998) indicated that the floristic composition of the pine (Pinus) and oak (Quercus) forests of Mexico is highly variable from one site to another, even within the same region. This is due to the environmental heterogeneity presented by these forests and to their complex biogeographic history. With regard to the floristic composition of Abies forests, Sánchez-González et al. (2005) compared exclusivity across 12 sites on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and found that only 8 % of the species were shared with the majority of the sites, a value that should not be minimized since some of these are abundant species which define the forest structure. In the MBBR, grasslands are the vegetation type with the third highest number of exclusive species. It should be noted that these communities host interesting species, some of very restricted distribution, such as Sisyrinchium conzattii, known only in the highest mountains of Distrito Federal, Estado de México and Michoacán (Calderón de Rzedowski & Rzedowski 1985). For the latter state, this species presents a conservation challenge since it has only been recorded in the grasslands of Sierra Chincua, where populations are very scarce (Espejo et al. 2010b).

Floristic similitude among the core zones. The main vegetation types considering their number of species in the MBBR (Quercus, of Abies and the tropical montane cloud forests) showed the same rank position for the endemic component (Table 3), reflecting that documented at national level by Rzedowski (1991b) and Villaseñor & Ortiz (2014). The floristic affinities in the flora of the MBBR are not easily compared, since the categories of geographic affinities often differ among biogeographic studies. In this sense, Sánchez-González et al. (2005) found that 32 % of the species of the Abies forest of the mountain Tláloc (Estado de México) are endemic to Mexico, and 31 % extend to Central America. The Abies forests in our study site has a similar pattern, as these distribution categories represent 39.2 and 21.9 %, values that are also similar to those found for the entire flora (Table 4).

The high values of beta diversity between core zones cannot be explained by their differences in area (Table 4). One factor to consider is that they share various vegetation types (fir forest, pine-oak forest, Juniperus scrubland and grassland) but differ in some, particularly in the presence of tropical montane cloud forest. Moreover, it is very important to consider the different roles of each vegetation type with a detailed appraisal of the areas they occupy within each core zone and the differences in environmental factors. This type of appraisal should be implemented in the near future. Likewise, a more profound floristic exploration of Cerro Pelón is required, because during the study period the conditions were unfavorable for this task, especially in the tropical montane cloud forest. To illustrate this fact, we point out that the micro-endemic species Perymenium ibarrarum Rzed. & Calderón, which is found in this core zone, has recently been described based only in the specimens of Ibarra-Manríquez (5,160) and Cornejo Tenorio (Rzedowski & Calderón de Rzedowski 2011).

This degree of floristic exclusivity that can be observed of the core zones is really important (Table 6). Another approach to corroborate the floristic differences among core zones is the presence of 12 species placed under some category of protection in terms of conservation status or risk by the Mexican government environmental policy (NOM-059-ECOL-2010), seven of these are found in only one core zone (Cerro Pelón, Carpinus caroliniana, Populus simaroa, Rhynchostele cervantesii and Zinowiewia concinna; Chincua, Comarostaphylis discolor, Juniperus monticola and Trifolium wormskioldii). Four species are shared by Altamirano and Chincua zones (Dahlia scapigera, Gentiana spathacea, Monotropa hypopitys and Furcraea parmentieri), whit only Cupressus lusitanica has been recorded in all three core zones.

Finally, it is important to emphasize the fact that the core zones of the MBBR include more than just the Abies forests that serve as winter refuges for the Monarch butterfly; but are also important reservoirs of plant biodiversity, either for Mexican endemics or for other species under some protective category of conservation risk. Our study also demonstrates that is extremely important to consider that the core zones are complementary in terms of plant conservation and require realistic and urgent efforts in order to secure their long-term maintenance.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, with the project BK013 (Inventario florístico de la Reserva de la Biosfera Mariposa Monarca). We acknowledge the valuable collaboration of Juan Martínez Cruz and Miguel Ángel Salinas Melgoza in the fieldwork. Special thanks go to the specialists who helped identify species: José Luis Villaseñor Ríos (Asteraceae), Gerardo A. Salazar Chávez (Orchidaceae), Francisco Javier Santana Michel† (Poaceae), Susana Valencia Ávalos (Fagaceae) and Leticia Torres Colín (Desmodium, Fabaceae). Thanks to the staff of the IEB herbarium for the facilities provided for consultation of material. We are grateful to three anonymous referees for their very helpful comments on the manuscript. English translation was reviewed by Rosamond Coates Ione. Finally, we give thanks to Atzimba López Maldonado, Alberto Valencia García and Heberto Ferreira Medina for their assistance in several aspects of the technical analysis.

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Appendix

Checklist of the core areas in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Abbreviations. Vegetation types: A (Abies forest), G (grassland), J (Juniperus scrubland), M (tropical montane cloud forest), P (Pinus forest), PQ (Pinus-Quercus forest), Q (Quercus forest). Core zones: Alt (Altamirano), Pel (Cerro Pelón), Chi (Chincua-Campanario-Chivati). Geografical affinities: BD (Broad distribution), CA (Central America), END (Endemic of Mexico), NA (North America), SA (South America). For each family, their number of genera and species is found in parenthesis; the values are separated by slash. 

Taxa Growth form Vegetation type Core zone Geografical affinity
FERNS
ASPLENIACEAE (1/6)
Asplenium castaneum Schltdl. & Cham. Herb A Chi SA
A. cuspidatum Lam. Herb M Pel SA
A. hallbergii Mickel & Beitel Herb PQ Chi END
A. monanthes L. Herb A, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel BD
A. polyphyllum Bertol. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi SA
A. praemorsum Sw. Herb M Pel SA
ATHYRIACEAE (1/1)
Athyrium palmense (Christ) Lellinger Herb A Chi CA
BLECHNACEAE (1/1)
Woodwardia spinulosa M. Martens & Galeotti Herb M Pel CA
CYSTOPTERIDACEAE (1/2)
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Herb A, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel BD
C. millefolia Mickel & Tejero Herb M, Q Pel END
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE (1/1)
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. feei (W. Schaffn. ex Fée) Maxon Herb M, PQ Pel CA
DRYOPTERIDACEAE (4/9)
Dryopteris cinnamomea (Cav.) C. Chr. Herb Q Alt END
D. rossii C. Chr. Herb M Pel END
D. wallichiana (Spreng.) Hyl. Herb A, M Chi, Pel BD
Elaphoglossum hartwegii (Fée) T. Moore Herb M, Q Alt, Pel SA
E. pringlei (Davenp.) C. Chr. Herb Q Alt END
Phanerophlebia macrosora (Baker) Underw. Herb A Pel CA
Polystichum distans E. Fourn. Herb M Chi CA
P. fournieri A.R. Sm. Herb M Pel CA
P. turrialbae Christ Herb A Chi SA
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (2/2)
Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Herb Q Alt END
Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walter Herb Q Alt BD
POLYPODIACEAE (2/8)
Pleopeltis astrolepis (Liebm.) E. Fourn. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi BD
P. polylepis (Roem. ex Kunze) T. Moore Herb Q Alt END
Polypodium fraternum Schltdl. & Cham. Herb M Pel CA
P. guttatum Maxon Herb Q Alt END
P. madrense J. Sm. Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
P. platylepis Mett. ex Kuhn Herb A Pel SA
P. plebeium Schltdl. & Cham. Herb Q Pel CA
P. polypodioides (L.) Watt var. aciculare Weath. Herb Q Alt CA
PTERIDACEAE (7/19)
Adiantum andicola Liebm. Herb A, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
A. braunii Mett. ex Kuhn Herb A, Q Alt, Chi SA
A. capillus-veneris L. Herb M Pel BD
A. poiretii Wikstr. Herb A, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel BD
Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link Herb M, Q Pel BD
A. novogaliciana Mickel Herb A Alt END
Argyrochosma incana (C. Presl) Windham Herb Q Alt BD
Astrolepis sinuata (Lag. ex Sw.) D.M. Benham & Windham Herb Q Alt BD
Cheilanthes angustifolia Kunth Herb Q Alt CA
C. arizonica (Maxon) Mickel Herb Q Alt BD
C. bonariensis (Willd.) Proctor Herb Q Alt BD
C. chaerophylla (M. Martens & Galeotti) Kunze Herb A, Q Alt SA
C. farinosa (Forssk.) Kaulf. Herb M, Q Alt, Pel BD
C. lendigera (Cav.) Sw. Herb G, Q Alt BD
C. pyramidalis Fée Herb Q Alt CA
C. villosa Davenp. ex Maxon Herb Q Alt NA
Pellaea cordifolia (Sessé & Moc.) A.R. Sm. Herb Q Alt NA
P. ternifolia (Cav.) Link Herb Q Alt BD
Pteris orizabae M. Martens & Galeotti Herb M, Q Pel CA
WOODSIACEAE (1/2)
Woodsia canescens (Kunze) Mett. Herb Q Alt END
W. mollis (Kaulf.) J. Sm. Herb Q Alt CA
GIMNOSPERMS
CUPRESSACEAE (2/3)
Cupressus lusitanica Mill. Tree A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel BD
Juniperus deppeana Steud. Tree A, Q Chi NA
J. monticola Martínez Shrub A, J, PQ Chi END
PINACEAE (2/4)
Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. & Cham. Tree A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
Pinus hartwegii Lindl. Tree A Chi CA
P. leiophylla Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. Tree A, M, Q Alt, Pel NA
P. pseudostrobus Lindl. Tree A, Q Chi, Pel CA
ANGIOSPERMS
MONOCOTYLEDONS
ASPARAGACEAE (5/8)
Echeandia durangensis (Greenm.) Cruden Herb Q Alt END
E. flavescens (Schult. & Schult. f.) Cruden Herb G Chi END
E. mexicana Cruden Herb Q Alt END
E. nana (Baker) Cruden Herb Q Alt, Chi END
Furcraea parmentieri (Roezl) García-Mend. Herb A Alt, Chi END
Manfreda pringlei Rose Herb Q Alt END
Milla biflora Cav. Herb Q Alt BD
Prochnyanthes mexicana (Zucc.) Rose Herb Q Alt END
BROMELIACEAE (2/8)
Tillandsia andrieuxii (Mez) L.B. Sm. Epiphyte A, Q Alt END
T. erubescens Schltdl. Epiphyte Q Alt END
T. macdougallii L.B. Sm. Epiphyte M Chi END
T. prodigiosa (Lem.) Baker Epiphyte A, P Pel END
T. recurvata (L.) L. Epiphyte Q Alt BD
T. usneoides (L.) L. Epiphyte Q Alt BD
T. violacea Baker Epiphyte M, Q Chi, Pel END
Viridantha lepidosepala (L.B. Sm.) Espejo Epiphyte Q Alt END
COMMELINACEAE (7/8)
Commelina coelestis Willd. Herb Q Alt SA
C. dianthifolia Delile Herb Q Alt NA
C. orchioides Booth ex Lindl. Herb A, G Chi CA
Gibasis pulchella (Kunth) Raf. Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
Tinantia erecta (Jacq.) Fenzl Herb M, Q Alt, Pel SA
Tradescantia commelinoides Schult. & Schult. f. Herb M, PQ, Q Pel CA
Tripogandra purpurascens (Schauer) Handlos Herb Q Alt SA
Weldenia candida Schult. f. Herb A, G Chi CA
CRASSULACEAE (3/7)
Echeveria fulgens Lem. Herb P Pel END
E. secunda Booth ex Lindl. Herb A, P, Q Alt, Chi END
Sedum bourgaei Hemsl. Herb A Chi END
S. jaliscanum S. Watson Herb Q Alt END
S. napiferum Peyr. Herb A Chi END
S. tortuosum Hemsl. Herb A Pel END
Villadia mexicana (Schltdl.) Jacobsen Herb A, M Chi, Pel END
CYPERACEAE (4/9)
Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B. Clarke Herb Q Alt BD
B. juncoides (Vahl) Kük. ex Herter Herb Q Alt BD
Carex peucophila Holm Herb G Chi SA
Cyperus aggregatus (Willd.) Endl. Herb Q Alt BD
C. manimae Kunth var. asperrimus (Liebm.) Kük. Herb Q Alt BD
C. seslerioides Kunth Herb P, Q Alt, Chi BD
C. tenerrimus J. Presl & C. Presl Herb Q Alt SA
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. Herb G Chi BD
E. bonariensis Nees Herb G Chi SA
DIOSCOREACEAE (1/1)
Dioscorea triandria Sessé & Moc. Climber Q Alt END
ERIOCAULACEAE (1/1)
Eriocaulon benthamii Kunth Herb G Chi NA
IRIDACEAE (2/10)
Orthrosanthus exsertus (R.C. Foster) Ravenna Herb A Chi CA
Sisyrinchium angustissimum (B.L. Rob. & Greem.) Greenm. & C.H. Thomps. Herb Q Alt END
S. cernuum (E.P. Bicknell) Kearney Herb G Chi NA
S. convolutum Nocca Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
S. conzattii Calderón & Rzed. Herb G Chi END
S. scabrum Schltdl. & Cham. Herb A, G Chi SA
S. schaffneri S. Watson Herb G Chi END
S. serrulatum (E.P. Bicknell) Espejo & López-Ferr. Herb G Chi END
S. tenuifolium Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Herb G Chi CA
S. tolucense Peyr. Herb Q Alt END
JUNCACEAE (2/3)
Juncus arcticus Willd. Herb G Chi BD
J. ebracteatus E. Mey. Herb G Chi SA
Luzula caricina E. Mey. Herb G Chi CA
LILIACEAE (1/1)
Calochortus purpureus (Kunth) Baker Herb Q Alt END
MELANTHIACEAE (1/1)
Anticlea frigida (Schltdl. & Cham.) Zomlefer & Judd Herb A Chi END
ORCHIDACEAE (12/17)
Aulosepalum pyramidale (Lindl.) M.A. & Dix & M.W. Dix Herb Q Alt CA
Corallorhiza maculata Raf. Herb A, Q Alt BD
C. odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. Herb Q Alt BD
C. striata Lindl. var. involuta (Greenm.) Freudenst. Herb Q Alt END
Deiregyne eriophora (B.L. Rob. & Greenm.) Garay Herb PQ Chi CA
Funkiella hyemalis (A. Rich. & Galeotti) Schltr. Herb A, G, M Chi CA
Galeoglossum tubulosum (Lindl.) Salazar & Soto Arenas Herb PQ Chi CA
Govenia utriculata (Sw.) Lindl. Herb A, PQ, Q Alt, Chi SA
Habenaria entomantha (Lex.) Lindl. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
Hexalectris grandiflora (A. Rich. & Galeotti) L.O. Williams Herb Q Alt NA
Malaxis fastigiata (Rchb.f.) Kuntze Herb Q Alt SA
M. macrostachya (Lex.) Kuntze Herb A, PQ Chi BD
M. unifolia Michx. Herb Q Alt BD
Oberonia brachystachys Lindl. Herb Q Alt, Pel BD
Platanthera brevifolia (Greene) Senghas Herb Q Alt END
Rhynchostele cervantesii (Lex.) Soto Arenas & Salazar Epiphyte Q Pel END
Sarcoglottis schaffneri (Rchb.f.) Ames Herb PQ, Q Chi, Pel CA
POACEAE (16/27)
Aegopogon cenchroides Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Herb M, Q Alt, Pel SA
A. tenellus (DC.) Trin. Herb Q Alt BD
Agrostis bourgeaei E. Fourn. Herb G Chi END
A. ghiesbreghtii E. Fourn. Herb G Chi CA
Brachypodium mexicanum (Roem. & Schult.) Link Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
Bromus exaltatus Bernh. Herb G Chi CA
Cinna poiformis (Kunth) Scribn. & Merr. Herb G Chi SA
Festuca amplissima Rupr. ex Galeotti Herb A, Q Alt SA
F. breviglumis Swallen Herb G Chi CA
F. tolucensis Kunth Herb G Alt SA
Lycurus phalaroides Kunth Herb Q Alt BD
Muhlenbergia implicata (Kunth) Trin. Herb Q Alt SA
M. macroura (Kunth) Hitchc. Herb A, G, Q Alt CA
M. minutissima (Steud.) Swallen Herb Q Alt BD
M. robusta (E. Fourn.) Hitchc. Herb Q Alt CA
Panicum bulbosum Kunth Herb Q Alt BD
Peyritschia pringlei (Scribn.) S.D. Koch Herb A, G Chi SA
Piptochaetium fimbriatum (Kunth) Hitchc. Herb G Chi BD
P. virescens (Kunth) Parodi Herb A, PQ, Q Alt, Pel CA
Poa annua L. Herb A Alt, Chi, Pel BD
P. pratensis L. Herb G Chi BD
Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen Herb G Chi BD
Trisetum palmeri Hitchc. Herb M Pel END
T. spicatum (L.) K. Richt. Herb G Chi BD
T. virletii E. Fourn. Herb A, P, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel. Herb A, G, Q Alt, Chi BD
Zeugites americanus Willd. Herb M Pel SA
SMILACACEAE (1/1)
Smilax moranensis M. Martens & Galeotti Climber A, M, PQ, Q Chi, Pel CA
EUDICOTYLEDONS
ACANTHACEAE (1/1)
Dyschoriste microphylla (Cav.) Kuntze Herb Q Alt END
ADOXACEAE (2/3)
Sambucus nigra L. Tree A Chi BD
Viburnum acutifolium Benth. Shrub M, Q Pel END
V. microphyllum (Oerst.) Hemsl. Shrub A Chi END
AMARANTHACEAE (2/3)
Chenopodium incisum Poir. Herb A, Q Alt BD
Gomphrena serrata L. Herb G Alt BD
Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Herb A, M, PQ, Q Pel BD
APIACEAE (10/19)
Arracacia atropurpurea (Lehm.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Hemsl. Herb A, M Chi, Pel CA
A. rigida J.M. Coult. & Rose Herb A, Q Chi, Pel END
Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague Herb A Chi BD
Daucus montanus Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult. Herb A, G, M, Q Al, Ch, Pel SA
Donnellsmithia juncea (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Spreng.) Mathias & Constance Herb M, PQ, Q Alt, Pel SA
D. mexicana (B.L. Rob.) Mathias & Constance Herb Q Alt END
Eryngium alternatum J.M. Coult. & Rose Herb A, G, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
E. bonplandii F. Delaroche Herb A, M, P Alt, Chi END
E. carlinae F. Delaroche Herb A, G, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
E. columnare Hemsl. Herb PQ Pel END
E. monocephalum Cav. Herb Q Alt END
E. serratum Cav. Herb Q Alt END
E. subacaule Cav. Herb A, G Chi END
Lilaeopsis schaffneriana (Schltdl.) J.M. Coult. & Rose Herb G Chi BD
Osmorhiza mexicana Griseb. Herb A Pel SA
Prionosciadium thapsoides (DC.) Mathias Herb A, G, Q Alt, Chi CA
Rhodosciadium tolucense (Kunth) Mathias Herb A, Q Alt, Chi END
Tauschia alpina (J.M. Coult. & Rose) Mathias Herb A, Q Alt, Chi END
T. nudicaulis Schltdl. Herb A Chi SA
APOCYNACEAE (3/7)
Asclepias linaria Cav. Herb G, Q Alt NA
A. otarioides E. Fourn. Climber Q Alt END
A. ovata M. Martens & Galeotti Herb Q Alt END
A. pringlei (Greenm.) Woodson Herb Q Alt END
Gonolobus uniflorus Kunth Climber Q Alt CA
Matelea chrysantha (Greenm.) Woodson Climber Q Alt END
M. nummularia (Decne.) Woodson Herb Q Alt END
AQUIFOLIACEAE (1/1)
Ilex brandegeeana Loes. Tree P Pel CA
ARALIACEAE (1/1)
Oreopanax xalapensis (Kunth) Decne. & Planch. Tree M, P, Q Pel CA
ASTERACEAE (63/147)
Achillea millefolium L. Herb G Chi BD
Acourtia humboldtii (Less.) B.L. Turner Herb A Alt END
A. turbinata (La Llave & Lex.) Reveal & R.M. King Herb A, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
Ageratina areolaris (DC.) Gage ex B.L. Turner Shrub M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
A. chiapensis (B.L. Rob.) R.M. King & H. Rob. Shrub P Pel CA
A. glabrata (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob. Shrub A, PQ, Q Alt, Chi END
A. grandifolia (Regel) R.M. King & H. Rob. Shrub A Chi CA
A. isolepis (B.L. Rob.) R.M. King & H. Rob. Shrub A, Q Al, Ch, Pel END
A. mairetiana (DC) R.M. King & H. Rob. Shrub A, M, PQ, Q Al, Ch, Pel CA
A. oligocephala (DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob. Herb A Alt END
A. pazcuarensis (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob. Herb A, P Ch, Pel CA
A. petiolaris (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob. Shrub Q Alt END
A. pichinchensis (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob. Herb Q Alt SA
A. rhomboidea (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob. Shrub A, Q Alt, Chi END
Ageratum corymbosum Zuccagni ex Pers. Herb M, Q Alt, Pel BD
Alloispermum scabrum (Lag.) H. Rob. Herb Q Alt CA
Archibaccharis hieracioides (S.F. Blake) S.F. Blake Herb A Chi END
A. hirtella (DC.) Heering Climber A, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
A. serratifolia (Kunth) S.F. Blake Shrub A, M, Q Alt, Pel CA
Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Herb Q Alt BD
Aster moranensis Kunth Herb A, Q Alt CA
Baccharis conferta Kunth Shrub A, J, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
B. heterophylla Kunth Shrub J, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
B. multiflora Kunth Shrub A, Q Alt, Chi END
B. pteronioides DC. Shrub A, Q Alt NA
Barkleyanthus salicifolius (Kunth) H. Rob. & Brettell Shrub A, G, J Chi BD
Bidens anthemoides (DC.) Sherff Herb A, G Chi END
B. pilosa L. Herb A, G,M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel BD
B. ostruthioides (DC.) Sch. Bip. Herb A, G, M Chi, Pel CA
B. triplinervia Kunth Herb A, G Alt, Chi SA
Brickellia cavanillesii (Cass.) A. Gray Herb PQ Pel END
B. nutanticeps S.F. Blake Herb A, Q Alt, Chi END
B. pedunculosa (DC.) Harc. & Beaman Herb A, P, Q Alt, Chi END
B. pendula (Schrad.) A. Gray Herb A Chi END
B. secundiflora (Lag.) A. Gray Herb A, M, Q Alt, Pel END
B. veronicifolia (Kunth) A. Gray Shrub Q Alt END
Chionolaena salicifolia (Bertol.) G.L. Nesom Herb A Chi CA
Chromolaena pulchella (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob. Herb Q Alt END
Chromolepis heterophylla Benth. Herb A, G Chi END
Cirsium anartiolepis Petr. Herb A, M, P Alt, Chi, Pel END
C. ehrenbergii Sch. Bip. Herb A, G Chi END
C. jorullense (Kunth) Spreng. Herb A, G Chi END
C. subcoriaceum (Less.) Sch. Bip. ex Sch. Bip. Herb A, P Chi, Pel CA
Conyza coronopifolia Kunth Herb A, G, Q Alt, Chi SA
C. filaginoides (DC.) Hieron Herb Q Alt BD
Coreopsis petrophiloides B.L. Rob. & Greenm. Shrub A, P Chi, Pel CA
Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. Herb Q Alt BD
C. parviflorus (Jacq.) Pers. Herb Q Alt NA
C. scabiosoides Kunth Herb A, Q Alt, Chi END
Cotula mexicana (DC.) Cabrera Herb G Chi SA
Dahlia coccinea Cav. Herb PQ, Q Alt, Chi SA
D. rudis P.D. Sorensen Herb M Chi END
D. scapigera (A. Dietr.) Knowles & Westc. Herb A, P, Q Alt, Chi END
D. sorensenii H.V. Hansen & Hjert. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi END
Digitacalia jatrophoides (Kunth) Pippen Herb Q Alt END
Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. Herb Q Alt BD
D. pinnata (Cav.) B.L. Rob. Herb Q Alt END
Erigeron canadensis L. Herb A Chi BD
E. delphinifolius Willd. Herb Q Alt END
E. galeottii (A. Gray) Greene Herb A, P Alt, Chi END
E. karvinskianus DC. Herb PQ Pel BD
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Herb A, M, Q Alt, Pel BD
G. quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav. Herb Q Alt BD
Gamochaeta americana (Mill.) Wedd. Herb A, G, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel BD
Helenium scorzoneraefolium (DC.) A. Gray Herb A, G, J Chi CA
Heliopsis procumbens Hemsl. Herb A, G Chi END
Heterosperma pinnatum Cav. Herb G, Q Alt BD
Hieracium crepidispermum Fr. Herb A Chi NA
H. dysonymum S.F. Blake Herb A, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
Iostephane heterophylla (Cav.) Benth. Herb Q Alt END
Jaegeria glabra (S. Watson) B.L. Rob. Herb G Chi END
J. hirta (Lag.) Less. Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
Laennecia schiedeana (Less.) G.L. Nesom Herb A, Q Alt, Chi, Pel BD
L. sophiifolia (Kunth) G.L. Nesom Herb A, Q Alt, Chi BD
Laphangium luteoalbum (L.) Tzvelev Herb A Chi BD
Lasianthaea aurea (D. Don) K.M. Becker Herb Q Alt END
Leibnitzia lyrata (Sch. Bip.) G.L. Nesom Herb Q Alt BD
Melampodium longifolium Cerv. ex Cav. Herb Q Alt END
M. perfoliatum (Cav.) Kunth Herb PQ Pel BD
M. repens Sessé & Moc. Herb A Chi END
Mexerion sarmentosum (Klatt) G.L. Nesom Herb A Chi, Pel END
Montanoa grandiflora DC. Sch. Bip. ex Hemsl. Shrub Q Alt CA
Osbertia stolonifera (DC.) Greene Herb A, M Chi, Pel CA
Packera bellidifolia (Kunth) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve Herb A, G Chi END
P. sanguisorbae (DC.) C. Jeffrey Herb A, G, M, P, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
Perymenium berlandieri DC. Shrub PQ Pel END
P. ibarrarum Rzed. & Calderón Shrub M Pel END
Pinaropappus roseus (Less.) Less. Herb Q Alt NA
Piqueria pilosa Kunth Herb A, G, Q Alt, Chi END
P. trinervia Cav. Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
Porophyllum viridiflorum (Kunth) DC. Shrub Q Alt, Chi END
Psacalium peltatum (Kunth) Cass. Herb A, M Chi, Pel END
Pseudognaphalium attenuatum (DC.) Anderb. Herb A, M Pel SA
P. oxyphyllum (DC.) Kirp. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
P. semilanatum (DC.) Anderb. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi END
P. viscosum (Kunth) Anderb. Herb A, M Chi, Pel BD
Psilactis brevilingulata Sch. Bip. ex Hemsl. Herb G Alt BD
Roldana albonervia (Greenm.) H. Rob. & Brettell Shrub A, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
R. angulifolia (DC.) H. Rob. & Brettell Shrub A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
R. barba-johannis (DC.) H. Rob. & Brettell Shrub A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
R. michoacana (B.L. Rob.) H. Rob. & Brettell Herb Q Alt END
R. reticulata (DC.) H. Rob. & Brettell Herb A Pel END
R. sinuata B.L. Turner Shrub A, P, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
Rumfordia floribunda DC. Shrub A, M, P, PQ, Q Pel END
Sabazia humilis (Kunth) Cass. Herb G, M Chi END
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze ex Thell. Herb Q Alt BD
Senecio andrieuxii DC. Shrub A Chi CA
S. callosus Sch. Bip. Herb A, M, PQ Alt, Chi, Pel CA
S. cinerarioides Kunth Shrub A, G, J Alt, Chi END
S. helodes Benth. Herb G Chi END
S. inaequidens DC. Herb Q Alt BD
S. suffultus (Greenm.) McVaugh Herb M Pel END
S. stoechadiformis DC. Herb A, M, P, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
S. toluccanus DC. Herb A, G, M Chi, Pel END
S. vulgaris L. Herb A Chi BD
Sigesbeckia jorullensis Kunth Herb A, M Alt, Chi, Pel SA
Simsia amplexicaulis (Cav.) Pers. Herb Q Alt CA
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Herb A Chi BD
S. oleraceus (L.) L. Herb A, M Chi, Pel BD
Stevia elatior Kunth Herb Q Alt SA
S. jorullensis Kunth Herb G, Q Alt, Chi CA
S. lucida Lag. Shrub A Chi SA
S. monardifolia Kunth Herb A, M Chi, Pel END
S. origanoides Kunth Herb PQ Pel END
S. pilosa Lag. Herb G Alt END
S. purpusii B.L. Rob. Herb A Chi END
S. salicifolia Cav. Shrub A, PQ, Q Alt, Chi END
S. serrata Cav. Herb G, Q Alt BD
S. stricta Hornem. Herb Q Alt END
S. subpubescens Lag. Shrub PQ Alt END
S. viscida Kunth Herb Q Alt BD
Tagetes foetidissima Hort. ex DC. Herb A, M Chi, Pel CA
T. lucida Cav. Herb Q Alt, Chi CA
T. lunulata Ortega Herb Q Alt END
T. micrantha Cav. Herb G, M, Q Alt, Pel NA
Taraxacum campylodes G.E. Haglund Herb A, Q Alt, Chi BD
Trigonospermum annuum McVaugh & Lask. Herb Q Alt CA
Verbesina grayii (Sch. Bip.) Benth. ex Hemsl. Shrub A, M Pel END
V. hypomalaca B.L. Rob. & Greenm. Herb Q Alt END
V. klattii B.L. Rob. & Greenm. Shrub M Pel END
V. oncophora B.L. Rob. & Seaton Shrub A, M, P, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
V. seatonii S.F. Blake Herb Q Alt END
V. virgata Cav. Shrub Q Alt END
Viguiera hemsleyana S.F. Blake Herb Q Alt END
V. sessilifolia DC. Herb Q Alt END
V. urticiformis (DC.) Hemsl. Herb Q Alt END
Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. Herb G, Q Alt BD
BEGONIACEAE (1/1)
Begonia gracilis Kunth Herb Q Alt CA
BETULACEAE (2/3)
Alnus acuminata Kunth subsp. arguta (Schltdl.) Furlow Tree Q Alt, Pel CA
A. acuminata Kunth subsp. glabrata (Fernald) Furlow Tree P Pel END
A. jorullensis Kunth subsp. jorullensis Tree A, M, PQ, Q Alt, Pel CA
Carpinus caroliniana Walter Tree M, PQ, Q Pel BD
BORAGINACEAE (3/4)
Hackelia mexicana (Schltdl. & Cham.) I.M. Johnst. Herb A, M Alt, Chi, Pel SA
Lithospermum distichum Ortega Herb A, Q Alt, Chi CA
L. strictum Lehm. Herb A Chi END
Macromeria pringlei Greenm. Herb Q Alt END
BRASSICACEAE (9/9)
Brassica rapa L. Herb G, Q Alt, Chi BD
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Herb A Chi BD
Cardamine flaccida Cham. & Schltdl. Herb A, G Chi CA
Descurainia virletii (E. Fourn.) O.E. Schulz Herb A Chi END
Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. Herb G, Q Alt, Chi BD
Lepidium gerloffianum Vatke ex Thell. Herb A Chi CA
Pennellia longifolia (Benth.) Rollins Herb M Chi NA
Romanschulzia arabiformis (DC.) Rollins Herb G Chi END
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Herb G Chi BD
CACTACEAE (1/1)
Heliocereus schrankii (Zucc. ex Seitz) Britton & Rose Epiphyte Q Pel CA
CALCEOLARIACEAE (1/1)
Calceolaria mexicana Benth. Herb A, G Chi SA
CAMPANULACEAE (3/9)
Diastatea micrantha (Kunth) McVaugh Herb A, G, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
D. tenera (A. Gray) McVaugh Herb M Pel CA
D. virgata Scheidw. Herb A, M Pel END
Heterotoma lobelioides Zucc. Herb A, M Pel CA
Lobelia cardinalis L. Herb G Chi BD
L. gruina Cav. Herb A, Q Alt END
L. laxiflora Kunth Herb A, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
L. longicaulis Brandegee Herb A Chi CA
L. nana Kunth Herb G Alt, Chi SA
CAPRIFOLIACEAE (2/8)
Symphoricarpos microphyllus Kunth Shrub A, Q Alt, Chi BD
Valeriana barbareifolia M. Martens & Galeotti Herb Q Alt CA
V. naidae Barrie Climber A, M Chi, Pel END
V. pulchella M. Martens & Galeotti Herb A, P, Q Alt, Chi CA
V. scandens L. var. candolleana (Gardner) C.A. Mull. Climber M Pel SA
V. sorbifolia Kunth Herb M Pel BD
V. urticifolia Kunth Herb M, Q Alt, Pel SA
V. vaginata Kunth Herb A Chi END
CARYOPHYLLACEAE (8/19)
Arenaria bourgaei Hemsl. Herb A, G, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
A. lanuginosa (Michx.) Rohrb. Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel BD
A. lycopodioides Willd. ex Schltdl. Herb G Chi CA
A. reptans Hemsl. Herb A Chi SA
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Herb A Chi BD
C. nutans Raf. Herb A Alt, Chi BD
C. vulcanicum Schltdl. Herb A Chi CA
Drymaria effusa A. Gray Herb A Chi NA
D. excisa Standl. Herb M Pel END
D. laxiflora Benth. Herb A, Q Chi, Pel BD
D. malachioides Briq. Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
D. multiflora Brandegee Herb Q Alt, Pel CA
D. villosa Schltdl. & Cham. Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
Minuartia moehringioides (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Mattf. Herb Q Alt END
Sagina saginoides (L.) H. Karst. Herb A Chi BD
Silene laciniata Cav. Herb A Chi NA
Spergula arvensis L. Herb G, Q Alt, Chi BD
Stellaria cuspidata Willd. ex Schltdl. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi, Pel BD
S. media (L.) Vill. Herb P Chi BD
CELASTRACEAE (2/2)
Celastrus pringlei Rose Climber M, PQ, Q Pel SA
Zinowiewia concinna Lundell Tree M Pel END
CISTACEAE (1/1)
Helianthemum glomeratum (Lag.) Lag. ex Dunal Herb A, Q Alt BD
CLETHRACEAE (1/1)
Clethra mexicana DC. Tree A, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
CONVOLVULACEAE (2/6)
Dichondra argentea Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Herb Q Alt BD
D. brachypoda Wooton & Standl. Herb Q Alt NA
Ipomoea dumetorum Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Climber Q Alt BD
I. madrensis S. Watson Climber Q Alt END
I. orizabensis (G. Pelletan) Ledeb. ex Steud. Climber Q Alt CA
I. purpurea (L.) Roth Climber Q Alt BD
CORNACEAE (1/1)
Cornus disciflora Moc. & Sessé ex DC. Tree P, PQ, Q Pel CA
CUCURBITACEAE (1/2)
Cyclanthera integrifoliola Cogn. Climber M Pel CA
C. tamnoides (Willd.) Cogn. Climber M Pel END
ERICACEAE (6/12)
Arbutus arizonica (A. Gray) Sarg. Tree Q Alt NA
A. bicolor S. González, M. González & P. D. Sørensen Tree A Chi END
A. tessellata P.D. Sorensen Tree A, Q Alt END
A. xalapensis Kunth Tree A Chi CA
Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth Shrub A, Q Alt NA
Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. Herb A, PQ, Q Alt, Chi BD
Comarostaphylis discolor (Hook.) Diggs subsp. discolor Tree A Chi CA
C. discolor (Hook.) Diggs subsp. rupestris (B.L. Rob. & Seaton) Diggs Shrub A, PQ, Q Alt, Chi END
C. longifolia (Benth.) Klotzsch Tree A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
Gaultheria erecta Vent. Shrub A Pel END
G. myrsinoides Kunth Shrub A Chi SA
Monotropa hypopitys L. Parasite A Alt, Chi BD
M. uniflora L. Parasite A Chi BD
EUPHORBIACEAE (4/10)
Acalypha subviscida S. Watson Herb M Pel CA
Croton adpressus C. Wright & Griseb. Shrub G Alt CA
C. morifolius Willd. Shrub G, Q Alt BD
Euphorbia dentata Michx. Herb Q Alt BD
E. furcillata Kunth Herb A, Q Alt, Chi END
E. graminea Jacq. Herb Q Alt BD
E. hirta L. Herb Q Alt BD
E. macropus (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss. Herb Q Alt BD
E. sphaerorhiza Benth. Herb A, Q Alt END
Stillingia zelayensis (Kunth) Müll. Arg. Herb Q Alt CA
FABACEAE (18/37)
Astragalus lyonnetii Barneby Climber PQ Pel END
A. micranthus Desv. Climber A Chi END
A. oxyrhynchus Hemsl. Climber G Chi END
Calliandra grandiflora (L’hér.) Benth. Shrub Q Alt BD
Cologania broussonetii (Balb.) DC. Climber PQ, Q Alt, Pel SA
C. obovata Schltdl. Climber Q Alt NA
Crotalaria bupleurifolia Schltdl. & Cham. Herb Q Alt END
Dalea bicolor Willd. Herb A, Q Alt NA
D. reclinata (Cav.) Willd. Herb Q Alt END
Desmodium alamanii DC. Herb Q Alt END
D. aparines (Link) DC. Climber Q Alt CA
D. densiflorum Hemsl. Shrub M Pel END
D. grahamii A. Gray Herb Q Alt NA
D. molliculum (Kunth) DC. Herb Q Alt SA
D. neomexicanum A. Gray Herb Q Alt BD
D. retinens Schltdl. Herb Q Alt BD
D. uncinatum (Jacq.) DC. Herb Q Alt BD
D. volubile (Schindl.) B.G. Schub. & McVaugh Herb Q Alt END
Erythrina leptorhiza DC. Herb Q Alt END
Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ortega) Sarg. Shrub Q Alt NA
Indigofera thibaudiana DC. Herb Q Alt CA
Lathyrus parviflorus Roth Climber Q Alt NA
Lotus repens (G. Don) Sessé & Moc. ex Standl. & Steyerm. Herb Q Alt END
Lupinus elegans Kunth Herb A, G, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
L. mexicanus Lag. Herb A Chi, Pel BD
L. montanus Kunth Herb A, M, P, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
L. splendens Rose Herb A, M, P, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
L. uncinatus Schltdl. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi END
Macroptilium gibbosifolium (Ortega) A. Delgado Herb Q Alt, Pel BD
Medicago polymorpha L. Herb Q Alt BD
Phaseolus coccineus L. Climber M, Q Alt, Pel BD
P. pedicellatus Benth. Climber M Pel END
P. pluriflorus Maréchal & Alt. Climber Q Alt END
T. amabile Kunth var. mexicanum (Hemsl.) D. Heller & Zohary Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel BD
T. wormskioldii Lehm. Herb A Chi BD
Vicia americana Willd. Climber A Chi BD
Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers. Herb G Alt BD
FAGACEAE (1/12)
Quercus candicans Née Tree Q Alt, Pel CA
Q. castanea Née Tree Q Alt CA
Q. crassifolia Bonpl. Tree Q Alt CA
Q. crassipes Bonpl. Tree M, Q Alt, Pel END
Q. deserticola Trel. Tree Q Alt END
Q. glabrescens Benth. Tree PQ Pel END
Q. greggii (A. DC.) Trel. Tree Q Alt END
Q. laeta Liebm. Tree Q Alt END
Q. laurina Bonpl. Tree A, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
Q. martinezii C.H. Mull. Tree Q Pel END
Q. obtusata Bonpl. Tree A, PQ, Q Alt, Pel END
Q. rugosa Née Tree A, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi BD
GARRYACEAE (1/1)
Garrya laurifolia Benth. Tree A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
GENTIANACEAE (3/6)
Gentiana bicuspidata (G. Don) Briq. Herb G Chi END
G. spathacea Kunth Herb A, PQ, Q Alt, Chi END
Gentianella amarella (L.) Harry Sm. subsp. hartwegii (Benth.) J.M. Gillett Herb G Chi END
G. amarella (L.) Börner subsp. mexicana (Griseb.) J.M. Gillett Herb G Chi END
Halenia brevicornis (Kunth) G. Don Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
H. plantaginea (Kunth) G. Don Herb A, Q Alt, Chi END
H. pringlei B.L. Rob. & Seaton Herb A Chi END
GERANIACEAE (2/8)
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’hér. Herb A, G Chi BD
E. moschatum (L.) L’hér. Herb Q Alt BD
Geranium cruceroense R. Knuth Herb A Chi END
G. deltoideum Rydb. Herb A Chi END
G. latum Small Herb A, Q Alt, Pel END
G. lilacinum R. Knuth Herb A Chi, Pel END
G. potentillifolium DC. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi END
G. seemannii Peyr. Herb A, G, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
GROSSULARIACEAE (1/1)
Ribes ciliatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Roem. & Schult. Shrub A, J Chi CA
HYDROPHYLLACEAE (2/2)
Nama prostrata Brand Herb A, M Chi, Pel END
Phacelia platycarpa (Cav.) Spreng. Herb A, PQ Chi, Pel CA
HYPERICACEAE (1/2)
Hypericum philonotis Schltdl. & Cham. Herb G, Q Alt, Chi CA
H. silenoides Juss. Herb G, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
HYPOXIDACEAE (1/1)
Hypoxis mexicana Schult. & Schult. f. Herb A, G, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
LAMIACEAE (6/32)
Clinopodium macrostemum (Moc. & Sessé ex Benth.) Kuntze Herb A, M, Q Chi, Pel END
Lepechinia caulescens (Ortega) Epling Herb A, G, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
Prunella vulgaris L. Herb A, G Alt, Chi BD
Salvia albocaerulea Linden Shrub A, M Pel END
S. amarissima Ortega Herb Q Alt END
S. carnea Kunth Herb A, M, P, PQ Chi, Pel SA
S. curviflora Benth. Herb Q Alt END
S. elegans Vahl Herb A, M, P, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
S. fulgens Cav. Herb A, M, P, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
S. gesneriiflora Lindl. & Paxton Shrub A Chi END
S. helianthemifolia Benth. Herb A, M Chi, Pel END
S. hirsuta Jacq. Herb Q Alt END
S. iodantha Fernald Shrub A, M, P, PQ, Q Chi, Pel END
S. laevis Benth. Herb Q Alt END
S. lavanduloides Kunth Herb A, M, P, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
S. melissodora Lag. Shrub G Alt END
S. mexicana L. var. mexicana Herb A, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
S. mexicana L. var. minor Benth. Herb A, M, Q Chi, Pel END
S. microphylla Kunth Herb A, PQ Chi BD
S. patens Cav. Herb Q Alt CA
S. plurispicata Epling Herb A Chi END
S. polystachya Cav. Herb G, Q Alt CA
S. prunelloides Kunth Herb A Alt, Chi END
S. purpurea Cav. Herb Q Alt CA
S. reptans Jacq. Herb G Alt BD
S. stricta Sessé & Moc. Herb A Alt END
S. tiliifolia Vahl Herb Q Alt BD
Scutellaria dumetorum Schltdl. Herb PQ, Q Alt CA
Stachys coccinea Ortega Herb A, M, P, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel BD
S. keerlii Benth. Herb Q Alt END
S. moorei B.L. Turner Herb A, Q Alt, Chi END
S. radicans Epling Herb A, G Chi SA
S. sanchezii Rzed. & A. García Herb A, Q Alt, Chi END
LENTIBULARIACEAE (1/1)
Pinguicula moranensis Kunth var. neovolcanica Zamudio Herb M, Q Alt, Pel END
LINACEAE (1/2)
Linum mexicanum Kunth Herb Q Alt END
L. orizabae Planch. Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
LORANTHACEAE (1/2)
Cladocolea diversifolia (Benth.) Kuijt Hemiparasite A, Q Alt END
C. loniceroides (Tiegh.) Kuijt Hemiparasite Q Pel END
LYTHRACEAE (1/2)
Cuphea aequipetala Cav. Herb A, G, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
C. bustamanta Lex. Herb M, P, Q Pel END
MALVACEAE (3/3)
Fuertesimalva limensis (L.) Fryxell Herb Q Alt SA
Kearnemalvastrum subtriflorum (Lag.) D.M. Bates Herb M Pel CA
Sida haenkeana C. Presl Herb Q Alt CA
MELASTOMATACEAE (1/1)
Monochaetum calcaratum (DC.) Triana Shrub M, Q Pel END
OLEACEAE (2/2)
Forestiera phillyreoides (Benth.) Torr. Shrub Q Alt NA
Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingelsh. Tree M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel BD
ONAGRACEAE (4/8)
Epilobium ciliatum Raf. Herb A Chi BD
Fuchsia microphylla Kunth Shrub A, PQ Chi CA
F. obconica Breedlove Shrub A, M Pel END
F. thymifolia Kunth Shrub A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
Lopezia racemosa Cav. Herb A, M, P, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
Oenothera deserticola (Loes.) Munz Herb A, G, PQ, Q Alt, Chi END
O. pubescens Willd. ex Spreng. Herb A, G Chi BD
O. rosea L’hér. ex Aiton Herb A Chi BD
OROBANCHACEAE (6/11)
Agalinis peduncularis (Benth.) Pennell Herb Q Alt CA
Buchnera obliqua Benth. Herb Q Alt BD
Castilleja moranensis Kunth Herb A Chi END
C. tenuiflora Benth. Herb A, M, P, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel BD
C. scorzonerifolia Kunth Herb A, G, P, Q Alt, Chi, Pel BD
Conopholis alpina Liebm. Parasite A, PQ, Q Alt, Pel BD
Lamourouxia dasyantha (Cham. & Schltdl.) W.R. Ernst Herb Q Alt END
L. multifida Kunth Herb M, Q Alt, Pel CA
L. rhinanthifolia Kunth Herb PQ, Q Alt, Chi END
L. xalapensis Kunth Herb A, M, P Pel CA
Pedicularis mexicana Zucc. ex Bunge Herb G Chi END
OXALIDACEAE (1/4)
Oxalis alpina (Rose) Rose ex R. Knuth Herb A, Q Alt, Chi BD
O. corniculata L. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi BD
O. divergens Benth. ex Lindl. Herb A Chi CA
O. jacquiniana Kunth Herb A Alt, Chi CA
PAPAVERACEAE (2/2)
Argemone platyceras Link & Otto Herb A Chi NA
Bocconia frutescens L. Shrub A, M Pel BD
PASSIFLORACEAE (1/2)
Passiflora exsudans Zucc. Climber Q Alt END
P. pavonis Mast. Climber M Pel CA
PENTAPHYLACACEAE (2/2)
Cleyera integrifolia (Benth.) Choisy Tree M Chi END
Ternstroemia lineata DC. Tree A, M, P, Q Pel END
PHRYMACEAE (1/1)
Mimulus glabratus Kunth Herb A, G Chi BD
PHYTOLACCACEAE (1/1)
Phytolacca icosandra L. Herb A, M, P, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
PIPERACEAE (1/4)
Peperomia basiradicans G. Mathieu Herb A Chi END
P. campylotropa A.W. Hill Herb A, J, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
P. galioides Kunth Herb A, Q Pel SA
P. hispidula (Sw.) A. Dietr. Herb A, M, Q Chi, Pel SA
PLANTAGINACEAE (6/15)
Gratiola oresbia B.L. Rob. Herb G Chi CA
Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small Herb Q Alt BD
Penstemon campanulatus (Cav.) Willd. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
P. gentianoides (Kunth) Poir. Herb A Chi CA
P. miniatus Lindl. Herb M, Q Alt, Pel END
P. roseus (Cerv. ex Sweet) G. Don Herb A, G, PQ, Q Alt, Chi END
Plantago alismatifolia Pilg. Herb Q Alt END
P. australis Lam. Herb A, G, M, PQ Chi BD
P. major L. Herb A, Q Chi, Pel BD
P. nivea Kunth Herb A, Q Alt, Chi CA
Sibthorpia repens (Mutis ex L.) Kuntze Herb A Chi, Pel SA
Veronica americana Schwein. ex Benth. Herb G Chi NA
V. arvensis L. Herb G Chi BD
V. peregrina L. subsp. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell Herb G Chi BD
V. serpyllifolia L. Herb A, PQ Chi BD
POLEMONIACEAE (2/2)
Loeselia mexicana (Lam.) Brand Herb A, G, Q Alt NA
Polemonium mexicanum Cerv. ex Lag. Herb A Chi END
POLYGALACEAE (2/3)
Monnina ciliolata Sessé & Moc. ex DC. Shrub A, M, P, PQ, Q Alt, Ch , Pel CA
Polygala myrtilloides Willd. Herb A, Q Alt END
P. scoparia Kunth Herb Q Alt CA
POLYGONACEAE (2/3)
Polygonum aviculare L. Herb G Chi BD
Rumex acetosella L. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi BD
R. crispus L. Herb G Chi BD
PORTULACACEAE (1/1)
Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi BD
PRIMULACEAE (1/1)
Anagallis arvensis L. Herb G Chi BD
RANUNCULACEAE (3/6)
Clematis dioica L. Climber A, Q Alt, Chi SA
Ranunculus dichotomus Moc. & Sessé ex DC. Herb A, G Chi SA
R. peruvianus Pers. Herb G Chi SA
R. petiolaris Kunth ex DC. Herb G, Q Alt BD
Thalictrum gibbosum Lecoy. Herb Q Alt END
T. pubigerum Benth. Herb Q Alt END
RHAMNACEAE (2/3)
Ceanothus caeruleus Lag. Shrub A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
Frangula microphylla (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.) Grubov Shrub Q Alt END
F. mucronata (Schltdl.) Grubov Tree M Chi CA
ROSACEAE (10/17)
Acaena elongata L. Shrub A, G, J, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
Cercocarpus macrophyllus C.K. Schneid Shrub PQ Chi END
Crataegus mexicana Moc. & Sessé ex DC. Tree P, PQ, Q Alt, Pel SA
Fragaria vesca L. subsp. bracteata (A. Heller) Staudt Herb A, PQ Chi BD
Holodiscus pachydiscus (Rydb.) Standl. Tree M Pel END
Lachemilla aphanoides (Mutis ex L. f.) Rothm. Herb A, G, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
L. procumbens (Rose) Rydb. Herb A, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
L. sibbaldiifolia (Kunth) Rydb. Herb Q Alt CA
Malacomeles denticulata (Kunth) G.N. Jones Shrub Q Alt BD
Potentilla candicans Humb. & Bonpl. ex Nestl. Herb G Chi END
P. rubra Willd. ex Schltdl. Herb G Chi END
Prunus brachybotrya Zucc. Tree M, PQ, Q Pel CA
P. prionophylla Standl. Tree A Chi END
P. serotina Ehrh. subsp. capuli (Cav. ex Spreng.) McVaugh Tree A, Q Alt, Chi SA
P. serotina Ehrh. subsp. serotina Tree A, G, Q Alt, Chi AD
Rubus adenotrichus Schltdl. Climber P, Q Pel SA
R. cymosus Rydb. Climber A, M, PQ Pel END
R. liebmannii Focke Climber M Pel CA
RUBIACEAE (6/10)
Bouvardia longiflora (Cav.) Kunth Shrub Q Alt CA
B. ternifolia (Cav.) Schltdl. Herb G, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel NA
Crusea coccinea DC. Herb M, Q Pel CA
C. diversifolia (Kunth) W.R. Anderson Herb Q Alt BD
C. longiflora (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) W.R. Anderson Herb M, Q Alt, Pel CA
Didymaea alsinoides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Standl. Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
Galium aschenbornii S. Schauer Climber A, PQ, Q Alt, Chi SA
G. mexicanum Kunth Climber Q Alt BD
Houstonia wrightii A.Gray Herb G, Q Alt, Chi NA
Mitchella repens L. Herb A Chi BD
SALICACEAE (2/2)
Populus simaroa Rzed. Tree Q Pel END
Salix paradoxa Kunth Tree A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
SANTALACEAE (2/5)
Arceuthobium abietis-religiosae Heil Parasite A Chi END
Phoradendron brachystachyum (DC.) Nutt. Hemiparasite PQ Pel END
P. decipiens Kuijt Hemiparasite Q Alt END
P. galeottii Trel. Hemiparasite Q Alt END
P. reichenbachianum (Seem.) Oliv. Hemiparasite Q Alt, Chi CA
SAXIFRAGACEAE (1/1)
Heuchera orizabensis Hemsl. Herb M Pel END
SCROPHULARIACEAE (1/3)
Buddleja cordata Tree A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
B. parviflora Kunth Shrub A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
B. sessiliflora Kunth Shrub P Pel NA
SOLANACEAE (6/22)
Cestrum anagyris Dunal Shrub A, M, PQ Alt, Chi, Pel CA
C. nitidum M. Martens & Galeotti Shrub A, M, Q Alt, Pel END
C. roseum Kunth Shrub M, P Pel SA
C. thyrsoideum Kunth Shrub A, M, P, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
Jaltomata procumbens (Cav.) J.L. Gentry Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
Lycianthes moziniana (Dunal) Bitter Herb Q Alt END
L. rzedowskii E. Dean Herb PQ Pel END
Physalis coztomatl Dunal Shrub A Chi END
P. orizabae Dunal Herb A, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
P. sulphurea (Fernald) Waterf. Herb Q Alt END
P. volubilis Waterf. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi END
Solandra guttata D. Don Climber M, Q Pel END
Solanum americanum Mill. Herb Q Alt BD
S. appendiculatum Dunal Climber A, M, P, PQ, Q Pel CA
S. brachystachys Dunal Shrub Q Pel CA
S. demissum Lindl. Herb A, Q Alt, Chi CA
S. nigrescens M. Martens & Galeotti Herb A, M, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
S. nigricans M. Martens & Galeotti Tree M Pel CA
S. nudum Dunal Herb PQ Pel SA
S. pubigerum Dunal Shrub A, M, P, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel SA
S. stoloniferum Schltdl. & Bouché Herb Q Alt NA
S. verrucosum Schltdl. Herb Q Alt END
STYRACACEAE (1/1)
Styrax argenteus C. Presl var. ramirezii (Greenm.) Gonsoulin Tree M, P, PQ, Q Pel SA
SYMPLOCACEAE (1/1)
Symplocos citrea Lex. ex La Llave & Lex. Tree PQ Pel END
URTICACEAE (2/4)
Phenax hirtus (Sw.) Wedd. Herb M Pel SA
Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh Herb A Chi BD
U. praetermissa V.W. Steinm. Herb A, M Chi, Pel END
U. urens L. Herb A Chi BD
VERBENACEAE (4/7)
Glandularia teucriifolia (M. Martens & Galeotti) Umber Herb A, Q Alt CA
Lippia mexicana G.L. Nesom Shrub M, P, Q Alt, Pel END
Priva mexicana (L.) Pers. Herb Q Alt CA
Verbena carolina L. Herb Q Alt BD
V. gracilis Desf. Herb A, G, Q Alt, Chi NA
V. menthifolia Benth. Herb Q Alt BD
V. recta Kunth Herb A, Q Alt, Chi END
VIOLACEAE (2/5)
Hybanthus verbenaceus (Kunth) Loes. Herb Q Alt BD
Viola grahamii Benth. Herb A, M, PQ, Q Alt, Chi, Pel CA
V. guatemalensis W. Becker Herb A, G Chi CA
V. humilis Kunth Herb A, Q Alt, Chi, Pel END
V. painteri Rose & House Herb A, Q Alt END

Received: March 16, 2016; Accepted: June 22, 2016

* Corresponding author: Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez, e-mail: gibarra@cieco.unam.mx

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