As holistic beings, humans have multiple dimensions, including the physical, mental, social, and spiritual, the last of which develops differently in each individual (^{Morales Contreras & Palencia Sierra, 2021}). Spirituality as a dimension allows one to not only connect with a belief system, a higher self, or whatever we consider divine but also with those around us and the environment (^{Fuentes et al., 2018}). Spirituality transcends the intra-, inter-, and transpersonal dimensions of human beings. Despite being abstract, it is essential. Cultivating spirituality is important for people to achieve health and well-being (^{de Diego-Cordero et al., 2022}). Individuals who fail to develop their spirituality fully or comprehensively may struggle to find life satisfaction (^{Caccia & Elgier, 2020}).

• ^{Morales Contreras & Palencia Sierra, 2021}
  Dimensión espiritual en el cuidado enfermero

  Enfermería Investiga, 2021
  Morales Contreras, B. N., & Palencia Sierra, J. J. (2021). Dimensión espiritual en el cuidado enfermero. Enfermería Investiga, 6(2), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.31243/ei.uta.v6i2.1073.2021
• ^{Fuentes et al., 2018}
  La Religiosidad y la Espiritualidad ¿Son conceptos teóricos independientes?

  Revista de Psicología, 2018
  Fuentes, L. del C. (2018). La Religiosidad y la Espiritualidad ¿Son conceptos teóricos independientes? Revista de Psicología, 14(28), 109-119. https://erevistas.uca.edu.ar/index.php/RPSI/article/view/1742
• ^{de Diego-Cordero et al., 2022}
  The efficacy of religious and spiritual interventions in nursing care to promote mental, physical and spiritual health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

  Applied Nursing Research, 2022
  de Diego-Cordero, R., Suárez-Reina, P., Badanta, B., Lucchetti, G., & Vega-Escaño, J. (2022). The efficacy of religious and spiritual interventions in nursing care to promote mental, physical and spiritual health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Applied Nursing Research, 67, 151618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2022.151618
• ^{Caccia & Elgier, 2020}
  Resiliencia y satisfacción con la vida en adolescentes según nivel de espiritualidad

  PSOCIAL, 2020
  Caccia, P., & Elgier, M. (2020). Resiliencia y satisfacción con la vida en adolescentes según nivel de espiritualidad. PSOCIAL; 6(2), 62–70. https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/psicologiasocial/article/view/5975

Spirituality is a factor in achieving transcendence, which in turn leads to states of mental well-being in the individual (^{Reed, 2018}, ²⁰²¹) expressed through feelings of wholeness, meaning, fulfillment, and mental health (^{Reed & Haugan, 2021}). Incorporating spiritual care into practice is therefore part of comprehensive, holistic care (^{Morales Contreras & Palencia Sierra, 2021}).

• ^{Reed, 2018}
  Theoryof self-transcendence

  Middle Range Theory for Nursing, 2018
  Reed, P. G. (2018). Theoryof self-transcendence. In: M. J. Smith, & P. Liehr (Eds.), Middle Range Theory for Nursing, 4th Edition, Vol. 3, pp. 119-145. Springer Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826159922.0007
• ²⁰²¹
  Self-Transcendence: Moving from Spiritual Disequilibrium to Well-Being Across the Cancer Trajectory

  Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 2021
  Reed, P. G. (2021). Self-Transcendence: Moving from Spiritual Disequilibrium to Well-Being Across the Cancer Trajectory. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 37(5), 151212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2021.151212
• ^{Reed & Haugan, 2021}
  Self-Transcendence: A Salutogenic Process for Well-Being

  Health Promotion in Health Care – Vital Theories and Research, 2021
  Reed, P. G., & Haugan, G. (2021). Self-Transcendence: A Salutogenic Process for Well-Being. In: G. Haugan & M. Eriksson (Eds.), Health Promotion in Health Care – Vital Theories and Research. Springer. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585654/
• ^{Morales Contreras & Palencia Sierra, 2021}
  Dimensión espiritual en el cuidado enfermero

  Enfermería Investiga, 2021
  Morales Contreras, B. N., & Palencia Sierra, J. J. (2021). Dimensión espiritual en el cuidado enfermero. Enfermería Investiga, 6(2), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.31243/ei.uta.v6i2.1073.2021

In this respect, it is essential to have valid, reliable measurement instruments with scientific, methodological rigor to enhance the practice of health professionals and research in this area. These instruments should be able to assess subjective attributes with complex dimensions for the health-disease process of the population and concepts as significant as spirituality (^{Muñiz & Fonseca-Pedrero, 2019}).

• ^{Muñiz & Fonseca-Pedrero, 2019}
  Diez pasos para la construcción de un test

  Psicothema, 2019
  Muñiz, J., & Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2019). Diez pasos para la construcción de un test. Psicothema, 1(31), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.291

Measurement instruments delimit the definition of the concepts to distinguish them from others (^{Epstein et al., 2015}). This facilitates the operationalization of variables and promotes coherence between concepts, constructs, dimensions, and items or empirical indicators (^{Herdman et al., 1998}). Moreover, the design and validation of instruments for abstract phenomena unifies definitions according to a theoretical or conceptual point of reference, thereby avoiding using, misusing, or confusing similar terms and providing guidelines for developing new research (^{Sánchez-Villena et al., 2021}).

• ^{Epstein et al., 2015}
  A review of guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of questionnaires could not bring out a consensus

  Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 2015
  Epstein, J., Santo, R. M., & Guillemin, F. (2015). A review of guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of questionnaires could not bring out a consensus. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(4), 435-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.11.021
• ^{Herdman et al., 1998}
  A model of equivalence in the cultural adaptation of HRQoL instruments: the universalist approach

  Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 1998
  Herdman, M., Fox-Rushby, J., & Badia, X. (1998). A model of equivalence in the cultural adaptation of HRQoL instruments: the universalist approach. Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 7(4), 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024985930536
• ^{Sánchez-Villena et al., 2021}
  Importancia de los estudios semánticos en la adaptación transcultural y validación de instrumentos de medida en Ciencias de la Salud

  Enfermería Clínica, 2021
  Sánchez-Villena, A. R., de La Fuente-Figuerola, V., & Ventura-León, J. (2021). Importancia de los estudios semánticos en la adaptación transcultural y validación de instrumentos de medida en Ciencias de la Salud. Enfermería Clínica, 31(2), 126-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.08.002

Spirituality is increasingly being incorporated into clinical practice at various levels of care (^{Pagán-Torres, 2022}). There are several measurement instruments assessing spirituality from different theoretical and philosophical perspectives. One example is Reed’s Self-Transcendence Scale, adapted to Spanish (^{Pena-Gayo et al., 2018}) and based on the middle-range theory of self-transcendence. Another example is Piedmont’s Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) scale, which assesses spirituality through two dimensions: religious sentiments and spiritual transcendence. This scale is based on a psychological theory incorporating spirituality as a sixth factor within the five-factor model of personality (^{Simkin, 2017}).

• ^{Pagán-Torres, 2022}
  Abriendo nuevas puertas: Relevancia clínica de integrar la religión y la espiritualidad en la disciplina de la psicología

  Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 2022
  Pagán-Torres, O. M. (2022). Abriendo nuevas puertas: Relevancia clínica de integrar la religión y la espiritualidad en la disciplina de la psicología. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 33(2), 258–271. https://www.repsasppr.net/index.php/reps/article/view/761
• ^{Pena-Gayo et al., 2018}
  Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Pamela Reed’s Self-Transcendence Scale for the Spanish context

  Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 2018
  Pena-Gayo, A., González-Chordá, V. M., Cervera-Gasch, Á., & Mena-Tudela, D. (2018). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Pamela Reed’s Self-Transcendence Scale for the Spanish context. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 26, https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2750.3058
• ^{Simkin, 2017}
  Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores

  Universitas Psychologica, 2017
  Simkin, H. (2017). Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores. Universitas Psychologica, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-2.aeee

Spirituality has also been used as a dimension for assessing other phenomena essential to people’s well-being. For example, spiritual well-being is a factor in the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (^{Steger et al., 2006}) used in clinical practice and research in palliative care (^{Schiappacasse Cocio & González Soto, 2016}). Due to its abstract, multifaceted nature, spirituality poses challenges for its accurate, reliable measurement, making it essential to know the psychometric properties of the instruments designed and validated in the past ten years to measure this phenomenon. This review will enable us to identify the emerging concepts and definitions, the number of scales developed, the language, populations and cultures in which they have been validated, as well as the level of validity and reliability they present. It is therefore crucial to know what types of validation are most commonly used with these measurement instruments.

• ^{Steger et al., 2006}
  The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life

  Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2006
  Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
• ^{Schiappacasse Cocio & González Soto, 2016}
  Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos

  Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 2016
  Schiappacasse Cocio, G., & González Soto, P. (2016). Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos. Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 15(3), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gamo.2016.05.004

This scoping review seeks to contribute to clinical practice and health research by providing an exhaustive matrix that incorporates key elements for selecting the instruments to measure spirituality. This matrix would provide useful evidence for the decision-making of those who wish to use these instruments in both research and clinical practice in this field. Our objective was therefore to summarize the evidence in the literature on the instruments available to assess spirituality in various patient groups and to evaluate the contents and psychometric properties of these instruments.

The following research is a scoping literature review, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR; ^{Tricco et al., 2018}). This review was conducted in five stages: 1) problem identification, based on a research question or guiding search question; 2) literature search in databases; 3) data evaluation; 4) data analysis, and 5) presentation of results.

• ^{Tricco et al., 2018}
  PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation

  Annals of Internal Medicine, 2018
  Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O’Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E. A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M. G., Garritty, C., &Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467-473. https://doi.org/10.7326/m18-0850

According to the stated objective, the following guiding question was suggested: What scales or instruments for assessing spirituality have been published in the literature in the past ten years with validity and reliability testing?

A search of PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Elsevier, Springer, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases was conducted between January and March 2023. The DeCS/MeSH Health Science Descriptors “espiritualidad” AND (“estudios de validación” OR “psicometría”) were used in Spanish and “spirituality” AND (“validation study” OR “psychometrics”) in English.

Original research articles exploring the design, translation, adaptation and/or validation of instruments related to spirituality, published in Spanish or English between January 2013 and March 2023, and responding to the guiding question were included in the review process. Published articles that did provide a detailed description of the methodological process of designing, translating, adapting, and/or validating the instruments or the different types of validity (content, construct, criterion, convergent, discriminant) were excluded, as well as letters to the editor, conference abstracts, book chapters, and literature reviews.

Searching the databases using the descriptors yielded 16,119 studies. A total of 15,983 of these were then excluded after reading the title and abstract because they failed to meet the selection criteria, and 25 because they were duplicates. Afterwards, the full texts of 111 articles were read, and 36 studies were excluded because they failed to specify the methodological design related to validity testing (design, translation, adaptation and content, construct, criterion, convergent, or discriminant validity). Lastly, 64 studies were included in the scoping review, and eight were excluded for containing incomplete information on validity and reliability statistics. The entire selection process is presented in Figure 1.

Methodological quality was first assessed separately by the researchers and then by consensus. We began by reading the full text of the studies and then proceeded to rate the methodological quality individually using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist (^{Mokkink et al., 2018}). The COSMIN checklist assesses methodological rigor and risk of bias according to the type of validity tested by the survey researchers. The appropriate boxes are filled in by study type to determine the overall quality of the study. The lowest score of each evaluated standard is used, using the “worst score counts” principle.

• ^{Mokkink et al., 2018}
  COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist for systematic reviews of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures

  Quality of life research, 2018
  Mokkink, L. B., de Vet, H. C. W., Prinsen, C. A. C., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., Bouter, L. M., & Terwee, C. B. (2018). COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist for systematic reviews of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. Quality of life research, 27(5), 1171-1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017-1765-4

Data were summarized in a database created by the researchers, detailing the characteristics of the studies: database, authors, name of scale, country of validation, language of validation, language of publication, country of study, population, main concept of instrument, theoretical basis of concept, dimensions of concept or subscales, and validity and reliability. Results were analyzed, evaluated, and interpreted based on the planned objective and guiding search question. The researchers worked together to complete this process. Duplicates were discarded using Mendeley software (Elsevier © 2018).

After the reviewers’ quality assessment and selection of studies, the recommendations of PRISMA-ScR (2018) were followed. The first phase in data analysis was data reduction, which involved synthesizing the information found through an overall classification system. To this end, a matrix was created with the characteristics of the studies: database, authors, name of scale, country of validation, language of validation, language of publication, country of study, population, main concept of instrument, theoretical basis of concept, dimensions of concept or subscales, and validity and reliability.

The next phase of the data analysis was data display, which involved examining the display of the primary information sources to identify patterns, themes, and relationships. This enabled all the derived, defined, and validated constructs assessing spirituality in people to be identified. During the third phase, involving data comparison, the instruments were grouped according to the construct assessed, and some of the results found were compared, as well as the types of validity testing among the instruments. As a result of these two phases, two essential contents or categories were identified that will be presented in the following section: constructs related to spirituality and their measurement scales and the validity and reliability of the instruments or scales for assessing spirituality. During the final phase, we drew and verified conclusions. We then condensed the main elements and arrived at overall conclusions that are useful for both practice and research.

Table 1 describes the characteristics of the measurement instruments or scales reviewed. Validated measurement instruments were mostly found in Asian and Middle Eastern countries (31%, n = 20), such as China, Iran, India, Taiwan, Turkey, Israel, Jordan, and South Korea, and European ones (28%, n = 18), such as Poland, Italy, Portugal, Germany, Slovakia, Spain, France, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Sweden. Twenty percent of the instruments (n = 13) were validated in South and Central American countries such as Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Puerto Rico, and 17% (n = 11) in North American countries, mainly the United States and Mexico. Only two multicenter studies were identified (4%). Regarding the language of publication, 83% (n = 53) of the articles reviewed were published in English and 17% (n = 11) in Spanish.

• ^{Adib & Zehtabchi, 2016}
  Developing and Validating an Instrument to Assess the Nurses’ Professional Competence in Spiritual Care

  Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2016
  Adib-Hajbaghery, M., & Zehtabchi, S. (2016). Developing and Validating an Instrument to Assess the Nurses’ Professional Competence in Spiritual Care. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 24(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.24.1.15
• ^{Agli et al., 2017}
  Validation of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Spiritual Well-being (FACIT-Sp12) on French Old People

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  Agli, O., Bailly, N., & Ferrand, C. (2017). Validation of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Spiritual Well-being (FACIT-Sp12) on French Old People. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(2), 464-476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0220-0
• ^{Ahmad et al., 2022}
  The FACIT-Sp spiritual wellbeing scale: a factor analysis in patients with severe and/or life-limiting medical illnesses

  Annals of Palliative Medicine, 2022
  Ahmad, N., Sinaii, N., Panahi, S., Bagereka, P., Serna-Tamayo, C., Shnayder, S., Ameli, R., & Berger, A. (2022). The FACIT-Sp spiritual wellbeing scale: a factor analysis in patients with severe and/or life-limiting medical illnesses. Annals of Palliative Medicine, 11(12), 3663-3673. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-22-692
• ^{Becerra Canales & Becerra}
  Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú

  Enfermería Global, 2020
  Becerra Canales, B., & Becerra Huaman, D. (2020). Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú. Enfermería Global, 19(4), 349-378. https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.417371
• ^{Huaman, 2020}
  Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú

  Enfermería Global, 2020
  Becerra Canales, B., & Becerra Huaman, D. (2020). Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú. Enfermería Global, 19(4), 349-378. https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.417371
• ^{Benito et al., 2014}
  Development and Validation of a New Tool for the Assessment and Spiritual Care of Palliative Care Patients

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2014
  Benito, E., Oliver, A., Galiana, L., Barreto, P., Pascual, A., Gomis, C., & Barbero, J. (2014). Development and Validation of a New Tool for the Assessment and Spiritual Care of Palliative Care Patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 47(6), 1008-1018.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.06.018
• ^{Berger et al., 2016}
  The Validation of a Spanish Version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being in Mexican College Students

  The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2016
  Berger, D., Fink, A., Perez Gomez, M. M., Lewis, A., & Unterrainer, H. (2016). The Validation of a Spanish Version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being in Mexican College Students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.9
• ^{Burke et al., 2013}
  Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief: Development and Validation of a New Measure

  Death Studies, 2013
  Burke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A., Holland, J. M., Dennard, S., Oliver, L., & Shear, M. K. (2013). Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief: Development and Validation of a New Measure. Death Studies, 38(4), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2013.810098
• ^{Burke et al., 2021}
  Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0 (ICSG 2.0): Validation of a revised measure of spiritual distress in bereavement

  Death Studies, 2021
  Burke, L. A., Crunk, A. E., Neimeyer, R. A., & Bai, H. (2021). Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0 (ICSG 2.0): Validation of a revised measure of spiritual distress in bereavement. Death Studies, 45(4), 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2019.1627031
• ^{Büssing et al., 2016}
  Spiritual and Religious Attitudes in Dealing with Illness in Polish Patients with Chronic Diseases: Validation of the Polish Version of the SpREUK Questionnaire

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2016
  Büssing, A., Franczak, K., & Surzykiewicz, J. (2016). Spiritual and Religious Attitudes in Dealing with Illness in Polish Patients with Chronic Diseases: Validation of the Polish Version of the SpREUK Questionnaire. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9967-3
• ^{Schiappacasse Cocio &}
  Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos

  Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 2016
  Schiappacasse Cocio, G., & González Soto, P. (2016). Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos. Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 15(3), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gamo.2016.05.004
• ^{González Soto, 2016}
  Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos

  Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 2016
  Schiappacasse Cocio, G., & González Soto, P. (2016). Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos. Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 15(3), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gamo.2016.05.004
• ^{Daaleman et al., 2014}
  Development and Preliminary Testing of the Quality of Spiritual Care Scale

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2014
  Daaleman, T. P., Reed, D., Cohen, L. W., & Zimmerman, S. (2014). Development and Preliminary Testing of the Quality of Spiritual Care Scale. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 47(4), 793-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.06.004
• ^{Deluga et al., 2020}
  Nurses’ spiritual attitudes and involvement—Validation of the Polish version of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List

  PLOS ONE, 2020
  Deluga, A., Dobrowolska, B., Jurek, K., Ślusarska, B., Nowicki, G., & Palese, A. (2020). Nurses’ spiritual attitudes and involvement—Validation of the Polish version of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List. PLOS ONE, 15(9), e0239068. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239068
• ^{Deng et al., 2021}
  Two Factor Structures Possible for the FACIT-Sp in Patients With Heart Failure

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2021
  Deng, L. R., Masters, K. S., Schmiege, S. J., Hess, E., & Bekelman, D. B. (2021). Two Factor Structures Possible for the FACIT-Sp in Patients With Heart Failure. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 62(5), 1034-1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.05.009
• ^{Díaz-Castillo et al., 2021}
  Desarrollo y validación de la Escala Trifactorial de Espiritualidad en personas adultas mayores mexicanas

  Neurama, 2021
  Díaz-Castillo, R., Montero-López Lena, M., González-Escobar, S., & González-Arratia López Fuente, N. I. (2021). Desarrollo y validación de la Escala Trifactorial de Espiritualidad en personas adultas mayores mexicanas. Neurama, 8(1), 39–52. https://www.neurama.es/articulos/15/articulo4.pdf
• ^{Elhai et al., 2018}
  Translation and validation of the Hebrew version of the SHALOM Spiritual questionnaire

  Aging & Mental Health, 2018
  Elhai, N., Carmel, S., O’Rourke, N., & Bachner, Y. G. (2018). Translation and validation of the Hebrew version of the SHALOM Spiritual questionnaire. Aging & Mental Health, 22(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1222350
• ^{Erci & Aktürk, 2018}
  The System of Belief Inventory: A Validation Study in Turkish Cancer Patients

  Journal of religion and health, 2018
  Erci, B., & Aktürk, Ü. (2018). The System of Belief Inventory: A Validation Study in Turkish Cancer Patients. Journal of religion and health, 57(4), 1237-1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0406-0
• ^{Feng et al., 2019}
  Spiritual Intelligence Scale--Chinese form: Construction and initial validation

  Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 2019
  Feng, M., Xiong, X.-y., & Li, J.-j. (2019). Spiritual Intelligence Scale--Chinese form: Construction and initial validation. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 38(5), 1318–1327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9678-5
• ^{Feng et al., 2021}
  The Chinese Spiritual Coping Scale: Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation

  Journal of religion and health, 2021
  Feng, J., Li, Y., Sun, Y., Wang, L., Qi, W., Wang, K. T., & Xue, Y. (2021). The Chinese Spiritual Coping Scale: Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation. Journal of religion and health, 60(1), 458–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00970-z
• ^{Fopka-Kowalczyk et al.,}
  The Spiritual Supporter Scale as a New Tool for Assessing Spiritual Care Competencies in Professionals: Design, Validation, and Psychometric Evaluation

  Journal of religion and health, 2023
  Fopka-Kowalczyk, M., Best, M., & Krajnik, M. (2023). The Spiritual Supporter Scale as a New Tool for Assessing Spiritual Care Competencies in Professionals: Design, Validation, and Psychometric Evaluation. Journal of religion and health, 62(3), 2081–2111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01608-3
• ²⁰²³
  The Spiritual Supporter Scale as a New Tool for Assessing Spiritual Care Competencies in Professionals: Design, Validation, and Psychometric Evaluation

  Journal of religion and health, 2023
  Fopka-Kowalczyk, M., Best, M., & Krajnik, M. (2023). The Spiritual Supporter Scale as a New Tool for Assessing Spiritual Care Competencies in Professionals: Design, Validation, and Psychometric Evaluation. Journal of religion and health, 62(3), 2081–2111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01608-3
• ^{Gallardo-Peralta et al., 2018}
  Validación de un Índice Breve de Religiosidad y Espiritualidad en personas mayores

  Revista de Psicología, 2018
  Gallardo-Peralta, L. P., Cuadra-Peralta, A., & Veloso-Besio, C. (2018). Validación de un Índice Breve de Religiosidad y Espiritualidad en personas mayores. Revista de Psicología, 27(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2018.50736
• ^{Gallegos et al., 2021}
  Modified and Validated Version of the System of Beliefs Inventory (SBI-15R) in a Sample of Inhabitants from Arequipa City (Peru)

  nternational Journal of Latin American Religions, 2021
  Gallegos, W. L. A., Loayza, A. E., Rivera, R., & Cohello, A. L. N. (2021). Modified and Validated Version of the System of Beliefs Inventory (SBI-15R) in a Sample of Inhabitants from Arequipa City (Peru). International Journal of Latin American Religions, 5(2), 501-518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41603-021-00139-1
• ^{Głaz, 2021}
  Psychological Analysis of Religiosity and Spirituality: Construction of the Scale of Abandonment by God (SAG)

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Głaz, S. (2021). Psychological Analysis of Religiosity and Spirituality: Construction of the Scale of Abandonment by God (SAG). Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3545–3561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01197-7
• ^{Gonçalves et al., 2016}
  Adaptação transcultural e validação da versão brasileira da Treatment Spirituality / Religiosity Scale

  Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 2016
  Gonçalves, A. M. D. S., Santos, M. A. D., Chaves, E. D. C. L., & Pillon, S. C. (2016). Adaptação transcultural e validação da versão brasileira da Treatment Spirituality / Religiosity Scale. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 69(2), 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2016690205i
• ^{González-Rivera & Pagán-}
  Confirmatory Factorial Analysis of the Personal Spirituality Scale in Puerto Ricans Adults Interacciones

  Interacciones, 2018
  González-Rivera, J., Rosario-Rodríguez, A., & Pagán-Torres, O. (2018). Confirmatory Factorial Analysis of the Personal Spirituality Scale in Puerto Ricans Adults Interacciones. Interacciones, 4(3), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.24016/2018.v4n3.101
• ^{Torres, 2018}
  Confirmatory Factorial Analysis of the Personal Spirituality Scale in Puerto Ricans Adults Interacciones

  Interacciones, 2018
  González-Rivera, J., Rosario-Rodríguez, A., & Pagán-Torres, O. (2018). Confirmatory Factorial Analysis of the Personal Spirituality Scale in Puerto Ricans Adults Interacciones. Interacciones, 4(3), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.24016/2018.v4n3.101
• ^{González-Rivera, Veray-}
  Desarrollo, validación y descripción teórica de la escala de espiritualidad personal en una muestra de adultos en Puerto Rico

  Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 2017
  González-Rivera, J. A., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2017). Desarrollo, validación y descripción teórica de la escala de espiritualidad personal en una muestra de adultos en Puerto Rico. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 28(2), 388-404.
• ^{Alicea, et al., 2017}
  Desarrollo, validación y descripción teórica de la escala de espiritualidad personal en una muestra de adultos en Puerto Rico

  Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 2017
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• ^{González-Rivera, et al.,}
  Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso

  Revista Evaluar, 2018
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• ²⁰¹⁸
  Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso

  Revista Evaluar, 2018
  González-Rivera, J. A., & Pagán-Torres, O. M. (2018). Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso. Revista Evaluar, 18(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v18.n1.19771
• ^{Guilherme et al., 2020}
  Validity evidenceofthe spiritual care competence scale for brazilian undergraduate nursing students

  Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 2020
  Guilherme, C., Fulquini, F., Ribeiro, V., Gadioli, B., Eduardo, A., Caldeira, S., & Carvalho, E. (2020). Validity evidenceofthe spiritual care competence scale for brazilian undergraduate nursing students. Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 24(1), e-1343. https://doi.org/10.5935/1415.2762.20200080
• ^{Hu et al., 2019}
  Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care-giving scale (C-SCGS) in nursing practice

  BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2019
  Hu, Y., Tiew, L. H., & Li, F. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care-giving scale (C-SCGS) in nursing practice. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0662-7
• ^{İpek et al., 2017}
  Reliability and Validity of the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale in a Turkish Population

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
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• ^{Kabakci et al., 2022}
  Adaptation into Turkish and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale

  Central European Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 2022
  Kabakci, E. N., & Çelik, N. (2022). Adaptation into Turkish and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale. Central European Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 13(2), 648-656. https://doi.org/10.15452/cejnm.2022.13.0001
• ^{Kang et al., 2022}
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  Journal of hospice and palliative nursing,, 2022
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• ^{Levine et al., 2015}
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  Journal of Religion and Health, 2015
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• ^{Lin et al., 2015}
  Development and validation of the Chinese Version of Spiritual Interests Related Illness Tool for patients with cancer in Taiwan

  European journal of oncology nursing, 2015
  Lin, Y. L., Rau, K. M., Liu, Y. H., Lin, Y. H., Ying, J., & Kao, C. C. (2015). Development and validation of the Chinese Version of Spiritual Interests Related Illness Tool for patients with cancer in Taiwan. European journal of oncology nursing, 19(5), 589-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2015.03.005
• ^{Lo et al., 2016}
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  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2016
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• ^{Lundman et al., 2015}
  Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Self-Transcendence Scale Among Very Old People

  Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2015
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• ^{Makkar & Singh, 2021}
  Development of a spirituality measurement scale

  Current Psychology, 2021
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• ^{Martins et al., 2021}
  Validation of the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) in Portuguese Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemoterapy

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Martins, H., Caldeira, S., Domingues, T., Vieira, M., & Koenig, H. (2021). Validation of the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) in Portuguese Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemoterapy. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3562-3575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01143-z
• ^{Moeini et al., 2018}
  Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire Among Elders With Chronic Diseases

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2018
  Moeini, B., Zamanian, H., Taheri-Kharameh, Z., Ramezani, T., Saati-Asr, M., Hajrahimian, M., & Amini-Tehrani, M. (2018). Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire Among Elders With Chronic Diseases. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 55(1), 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.08.024
• ^{Nawafleh et al., 2018}
  Measuring the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the spirituality questionnaire among university students in South Jordan

  Applied Nursing Research, 2018
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• ^{Nooripour et al., 2023}
  Validation of the Spiritual Well-being Scale (SWBS) and its role in Predicting Hope among Iranian Elderly

  Ageing International, 2023
  Nooripour, R., Ghanbari, N., Hosseinian, S., Ronzani, T. M., Hussain, A. J., Ilanloo, H., Majd, M. A., Soleimani, E., Saffarieh, M., & Yaghoob, V. (2023). Validation of the Spiritual Well-being Scale (SWBS) and its role in Predicting Hope among Iranian Elderly. Ageing International, 48(2), 593-611. https://doi-org.ugto.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s12126-022-09492-8
• ^{Oñate et al., 2015}
  Propiedades psicométricas de la dimensión espiritualidad de la evaluación multidimensional de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad, 2015
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• ^{Pais et al., 2022}
  Spirituality and Spiritual Care in Nursing: Validity of the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale in an Indian Context

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2022
  Pais, N., Suresh, S., & DCunha, S. (2022). Spirituality and Spiritual Care in Nursing: Validity of the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale in an Indian Context. Journal of Religion and Health, 62, 2131-2143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01634-1
• ^{Pastrana et al., 2021}
  Translation and Validation of the Spanish Version of the Spiritual Care Competence Questionnaire (SCCQ)

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Pastrana, T., Frick, E., Krikorian, A., Ascencio, L., Galeazzi, F., & Büssing, A. (2021). Translation and Validation of the Spanish Version of the Spiritual Care Competence Questionnaire (SCCQ). Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3621-3639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01402-7
• ^{Pena-Gayo et al., 2018}
  Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Pamela Reed’s Self-Transcendence Scale for the Spanish context

  Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 2018
  Pena-Gayo, A., González-Chordá, V. M., Cervera-Gasch, Á., & Mena-Tudela, D. (2018). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Pamela Reed’s Self-Transcendence Scale for the Spanish context. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 26, https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2750.3058
• ^{Pinto et al., 2016}
  Cultural adaptation and validation of the Portuguese End of Life Spiritual Comfort Questionnaire in Palliative Care patients

  Porto Biomedical Journal, 2016
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• ^{Proyer & Laub, 2017}
  The German-Language Version of the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory-Revised: Adaptation and Initial Validation

  Current Psychology, 2017
  Proyer, R. T., & Laub, N. (2017). The German-Language Version of the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory-Revised: Adaptation and Initial Validation. Current Psychology, 36(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9379-x
• ^{Rabitti et al., 2020}
  The assessment of spiritual well-being in cancer patients with advanced disease: which are its meaningful dimensions?

  BMC Palliative Care, 2020
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• ^{Riveros et al., 2018}
  Inventario de sistema de creencias (SBI-15 R) en Colombia: estructura factorial y confiabilidad en población universitaria y en pacientes crónicos

  Revista Colombiana de Enfermería, 2018
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• ^{Roof et al., 2017}
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• ^{Saffari et al., 2017}
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  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
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• ^{Simão et al., 2016}
  Cultural adaptation and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Spiritual Distress Scale

  Journal of clinical nursing, 2016
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• ^{Simkin, 2017}
  Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores

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• ^{Soósová & Mauer, 2021}
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  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
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• ^{Tomás & Rosa, 2021}
  Validation of a Scale of Religious and Spiritual Coping (RCOPE) for the Portuguese Population

  Journal of religion and health, 2021
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• ^{Vespa et al., 2017}
  Validation of Brief Multidimensional Spirituality/Religiousness Inventory (BMMRS) in Italian Adult Participants and in Participants with Medical Diseases

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
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• ^{Wang et al., 2022}
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• ^{Watts et al.,2022}
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  Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of spiritual needs questionnaire with 27 items (SpNQ-Ch-27) in cancer patients

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In the present review, 22 conceptual constructs were identified that assess spirituality or some aspect of the latter. These constructs are shown in Table 2. The construct related to spirituality with the largest number of instruments is spiritual care or spiritual care competence, with a total of ten instruments. In general, these scales assess the level of spiritual care or the ability of nurses or other healthcare professionals to provide spiritual care (^{Adib-Hajbaghery & Zehtabchi, 2016}; ^{Benito et al., 2014}; ^{Daaleman et al., 2014}; ^{Guilherme et al., 2020}; ^{Hu et al., 2019}; ^{İpek Çoban et al., 2017}; ^{Kabakci et al., 2022}; ^{Pais et al., 2022}; ^{Pastrana et al., 2021}; ^{Xie et al., 2019}). According to the operational definitions and constructs of these instruments, spiritual care competence is defined as the ability of nurses or health professionals to identify spiritual needs and to plan and implement care plans, activities or interventions that enhance the spiritual dimension of the subject of care (^{Adib-Hajbaghery & Zehtabchi, 2016}; ^{Benito et al., 2014}; ^{Daaleman et al., 2014}; ^{Guilherme et al., 2020}; ^{Hu et al., 2019}; ^{İpek Çoban et al., 2017}; ^{Kabakci et al., 2022}; ^{Pais et al., 2022}; ^{Pastrana et al., 2021}; ^{Wang et al., 2022}; ^{Xie et al., 2019}).

• ^{Adib-Hajbaghery & Zehtabchi, 2016}
  Developing and Validating an Instrument to Assess the Nurses’ Professional Competence in Spiritual Care

  Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2016
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• ^{Benito et al., 2014}
  Development and Validation of a New Tool for the Assessment and Spiritual Care of Palliative Care Patients

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2014
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• ^{Daaleman et al., 2014}
  Development and Preliminary Testing of the Quality of Spiritual Care Scale

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2014
  Daaleman, T. P., Reed, D., Cohen, L. W., & Zimmerman, S. (2014). Development and Preliminary Testing of the Quality of Spiritual Care Scale. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 47(4), 793-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.06.004
• ^{Guilherme et al., 2020}
  Validity evidenceofthe spiritual care competence scale for brazilian undergraduate nursing students

  Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 2020
  Guilherme, C., Fulquini, F., Ribeiro, V., Gadioli, B., Eduardo, A., Caldeira, S., & Carvalho, E. (2020). Validity evidenceofthe spiritual care competence scale for brazilian undergraduate nursing students. Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 24(1), e-1343. https://doi.org/10.5935/1415.2762.20200080
• ^{Hu et al., 2019}
  Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care-giving scale (C-SCGS) in nursing practice

  BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2019
  Hu, Y., Tiew, L. H., & Li, F. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care-giving scale (C-SCGS) in nursing practice. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0662-7
• ^{İpek Çoban et al., 2017}
  Reliability and Validity of the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale in a Turkish Population

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  İpek Çoban, G., Şirin, M., & Yurttaş, A. (2017). Reliability and Validity of the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale in a Turkish Population. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(1), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0086-6
• ^{Kabakci et al., 2022}
  Adaptation into Turkish and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale

  Central European Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 2022
  Kabakci, E. N., & Çelik, N. (2022). Adaptation into Turkish and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale. Central European Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 13(2), 648-656. https://doi.org/10.15452/cejnm.2022.13.0001
• ^{Pais et al., 2022}
  Spirituality and Spiritual Care in Nursing: Validity of the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale in an Indian Context

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2022
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• ^{Pastrana et al., 2021}
  Translation and Validation of the Spanish Version of the Spiritual Care Competence Questionnaire (SCCQ)

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
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• ^{Xie et al., 2019}
  Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale: Psychometric evaluation among cancer patients

  Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2019
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• ^{Adib-Hajbaghery & Zehtabchi, 2016}
  Developing and Validating an Instrument to Assess the Nurses’ Professional Competence in Spiritual Care

  Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2016
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• ^{Benito et al., 2014}
  Development and Validation of a New Tool for the Assessment and Spiritual Care of Palliative Care Patients

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2014
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• ^{Daaleman et al., 2014}
  Development and Preliminary Testing of the Quality of Spiritual Care Scale

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2014
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• ^{Guilherme et al., 2020}
  Validity evidenceofthe spiritual care competence scale for brazilian undergraduate nursing students

  Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 2020
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• ^{Hu et al., 2019}
  Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care-giving scale (C-SCGS) in nursing practice

  BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2019
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• ^{İpek Çoban et al., 2017}
  Reliability and Validity of the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale in a Turkish Population

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
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• ^{Kabakci et al., 2022}
  Adaptation into Turkish and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale

  Central European Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 2022
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• ^{Pais et al., 2022}
  Spirituality and Spiritual Care in Nursing: Validity of the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale in an Indian Context

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2022
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• ^{Pastrana et al., 2021}
  Translation and Validation of the Spanish Version of the Spiritual Care Competence Questionnaire (SCCQ)

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
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• ^{Wang et al., 2022}
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  Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale: Psychometric evaluation among cancer patients

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• ^{Tomás & Rosa, 2021}
  Validation of a Scale of Religious and Spiritual Coping (RCOPE) for the Portuguese Population

  Journal of religion and health, 2021
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• ^{Feng et al., 2021}
  The Chinese Spiritual Coping Scale: Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation

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• ^{González-Rivera & Pagán-Torres, 2018}
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• ^{Tomás & Rosa, 2021}
  Validation of a Scale of Religious and Spiritual Coping (RCOPE) for the Portuguese Population

  Journal of religion and health, 2021
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• ^{Feng et al., 2021}
  The Chinese Spiritual Coping Scale: Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation

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• ^{González-Rivera & Pagán-Torres, 2018}
  Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso

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  Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 2018
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  Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Self-Transcendence Scale Among Very Old People

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  The assessment of spiritual well-being in cancer patients with advanced disease: which are its meaningful dimensions?

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  Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 2020
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• ^{Adib-Hajbaghery & Zehtabchi, 2016}
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  Validity evidenceofthe spiritual care competence scale for brazilian undergraduate nursing students

  Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 2020
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• ^{Adib-Hajbaghery & Zehtabchi 2016}
  Developing and Validating an Instrument to Assess the Nurses’ Professional Competence in Spiritual Care

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• ^{Kabakci & Çelik, 2022}
  Adaptation into Turkish and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale

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  Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale: Psychometric evaluation among cancer patients

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• ^{İpek et al., 2017}
  Reliability and Validity of the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale in a Turkish Population

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• ^{Daaleman et al., 2014}
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  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2014
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• ^{Hu et al., 2019}
  Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care-giving scale (C-SCGS) in nursing practice

  BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2019
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• ^{Pais et al., 2022}
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• ^{Benito et al., 2014}
  Development and Validation of a New Tool for the Assessment and Spiritual Care of Palliative Care Patients

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2014
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  The spiritual engagement instrument

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• ²⁰²¹
  Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0 (ICSG 2.0): Validation of a revised measure of spiritual distress in bereavement

  Death Studies, 2021
  Burke, L. A., Crunk, A. E., Neimeyer, R. A., & Bai, H. (2021). Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0 (ICSG 2.0): Validation of a revised measure of spiritual distress in bereavement. Death Studies, 45(4), 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2019.1627031
• ^{Burke et al., 2014}
  Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief: Development and Validation of a New Measure

  Death Studies, 2013
  Burke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A., Holland, J. M., Dennard, S., Oliver, L., & Shear, M. K. (2013). Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief: Development and Validation of a New Measure. Death Studies, 38(4), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2013.810098
• ^{Burke et al., 2021}
  Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0 (ICSG 2.0): Validation of a revised measure of spiritual distress in bereavement

  Death Studies, 2021
  Burke, L. A., Crunk, A. E., Neimeyer, R. A., & Bai, H. (2021). Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0 (ICSG 2.0): Validation of a revised measure of spiritual distress in bereavement. Death Studies, 45(4), 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2019.1627031
• ^{Nawafleh et al., 2018}
  Measuring the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the spirituality questionnaire among university students in South Jordan

  Applied Nursing Research, 2018
  Nawafleh, H. A., Al Hadid, L. A., Al Momani, M. M., & Al Barmawi, M. (2018). Measuring the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the spirituality questionnaire among university students in South Jordan. Applied Nursing Research, 39, 115-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.11.008
• ^{González-Rivera, Veray- Alicea, et al., 2017}
  Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños

  Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 2017
  González-Rivera, J. A., Quintero-Jiménez, N., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2017). Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 20(1). https://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/repi/article/view/58935
• ^{González-Rivera et al., 2018}
  Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso

  Revista Evaluar, 2018
  González-Rivera, J. A., & Pagán-Torres, O. M. (2018). Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso. Revista Evaluar, 18(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v18.n1.19771
• ^{Schiappacasse Cocio & González Soto, 2016}
  Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos

  Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 2016
  Schiappacasse Cocio, G., & González Soto, P. (2016). Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos. Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 15(3), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gamo.2016.05.004
• ^{Makkar et al., 2021}
  Development of a spirituality measurement scale

  Current Psychology, 2021
  Makkar, S., & Singh, A. K. (2021). Development of a spirituality measurement scale. Current Psychology, 40(3), 1490-1497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0081-7
• ^{Weathers et al., 2020}
  Development and validation of the Spirituality Instrument-27© (SpI-27©) in individuals with chronic illness

  Applied Nursing Research, 2020
  Weathers, E., Coffey, A., McSherry, W., & McCarthy, G. (2020). Development and validation of the Spirituality Instrument-27© (SpI-27©) in individuals with chronic illness. Applied Nursing Research, 56, 151331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151331
• ^{Nawafleh et al., 2018}
  Measuring the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the spirituality questionnaire among university students in South Jordan

  Applied Nursing Research, 2018
  Nawafleh, H. A., Al Hadid, L. A., Al Momani, M. M., & Al Barmawi, M. (2018). Measuring the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the spirituality questionnaire among university students in South Jordan. Applied Nursing Research, 39, 115-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.11.008
• ^{González-Rivera, Veray- Alicea, et al., 2017}
  Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños

  Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 2017
  González-Rivera, J. A., Quintero-Jiménez, N., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2017). Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 20(1). https://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/repi/article/view/58935
• ^{González-Rivera et al., 2018}
  Confirmatory Factorial Analysis of the Personal Spirituality Scale in Puerto Ricans Adults Interacciones

  Interacciones, 2018
  González-Rivera, J., Rosario-Rodríguez, A., & Pagán-Torres, O. (2018). Confirmatory Factorial Analysis of the Personal Spirituality Scale in Puerto Ricans Adults Interacciones. Interacciones, 4(3), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.24016/2018.v4n3.101
• ^{González-Rivera, Quintero- Jiménez, et al., 2017}
  Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños

  Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 2017
  González-Rivera, J. A., Quintero-Jiménez, N., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2017). Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 20(1). https://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/repi/article/view/58935
• ^{Schiappacasse Cocio & González Soto, 2016}
  Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos

  Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 2016
  Schiappacasse Cocio, G., & González Soto, P. (2016). Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos. Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 15(3), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gamo.2016.05.004
• ^{Vespa et al. (2017)}
  Validation of Brief Multidimensional Spirituality/Religiousness Inventory (BMMRS) in Italian Adult Participants and in Participants with Medical Diseases

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  Vespa, A., Giulietti, M. V., Spatuzzi, R., Fabbietti, P., Meloni, C., Gattafoni, P., & Ottaviani, M. (2017). Validation of Brief Multidimensional Spirituality/Religiousness Inventory (BMMRS) in Italian Adult Participants and in Participants with Medical Diseases. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(3), 907-915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0285-9
• ^{Oñate et al. (2015)}
  Propiedades psicométricas de la dimensión espiritualidad de la evaluación multidimensional de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad, 2015
  Oñate, M. E., Resett, S., Sanabria, M. E., & MenghI, M. S. (2015). Propiedades psicométricas de la dimensión espiritualidad de la evaluación multidimensional de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad, VII Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología XXII Jornadas de Investigación XI Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del MERCOSUR. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires. https://www.aacademica.org/000-015/941.pdf
• ^{Oñate et al., 2015}
  Propiedades psicométricas de la dimensión espiritualidad de la evaluación multidimensional de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad, 2015
  Oñate, M. E., Resett, S., Sanabria, M. E., & MenghI, M. S. (2015). Propiedades psicométricas de la dimensión espiritualidad de la evaluación multidimensional de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad, VII Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología XXII Jornadas de Investigación XI Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del MERCOSUR. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires. https://www.aacademica.org/000-015/941.pdf
• ^{Gonçalves et al. 2016}
  Adaptação transcultural e validação da versão brasileira da Treatment Spirituality / Religiosity Scale

  Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 2016
  Gonçalves, A. M. D. S., Santos, M. A. D., Chaves, E. D. C. L., & Pillon, S. C. (2016). Adaptação transcultural e validação da versão brasileira da Treatment Spirituality / Religiosity Scale. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 69(2), 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2016690205i
• ^{Berger et al., 2016}
  The Validation of a Spanish Version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being in Mexican College Students

  The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2016
  Berger, D., Fink, A., Perez Gomez, M. M., Lewis, A., & Unterrainer, H. (2016). The Validation of a Spanish Version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being in Mexican College Students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.9
• ^{Vespa et al., 2017}
  Validation of Brief Multidimensional Spirituality/Religiousness Inventory (BMMRS) in Italian Adult Participants and in Participants with Medical Diseases

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  Vespa, A., Giulietti, M. V., Spatuzzi, R., Fabbietti, P., Meloni, C., Gattafoni, P., & Ottaviani, M. (2017). Validation of Brief Multidimensional Spirituality/Religiousness Inventory (BMMRS) in Italian Adult Participants and in Participants with Medical Diseases. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(3), 907-915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0285-9
• ^{Oñate et al., 2015}
  Propiedades psicométricas de la dimensión espiritualidad de la evaluación multidimensional de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad, 2015
  Oñate, M. E., Resett, S., Sanabria, M. E., & MenghI, M. S. (2015). Propiedades psicométricas de la dimensión espiritualidad de la evaluación multidimensional de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad, VII Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología XXII Jornadas de Investigación XI Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del MERCOSUR. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires. https://www.aacademica.org/000-015/941.pdf
• ^{Gallardo-Peralta et al.,2018}
  Validación de un Índice Breve de Religiosidad y Espiritualidad en personas mayores

  Revista de Psicología, 2018
  Gallardo-Peralta, L. P., Cuadra-Peralta, A., & Veloso-Besio, C. (2018). Validación de un Índice Breve de Religiosidad y Espiritualidad en personas mayores. Revista de Psicología, 27(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2018.50736
• ^{Díaz-Castillo et al., 2021}
  Desarrollo y validación de la Escala Trifactorial de Espiritualidad en personas adultas mayores mexicanas

  Neurama, 2021
  Díaz-Castillo, R., Montero-López Lena, M., González-Escobar, S., & González-Arratia López Fuente, N. I. (2021). Desarrollo y validación de la Escala Trifactorial de Espiritualidad en personas adultas mayores mexicanas. Neurama, 8(1), 39–52. https://www.neurama.es/articulos/15/articulo4.pdf
• ^{Erci, & Aktürk, 2018}
  The System of Belief Inventory: A Validation Study in Turkish Cancer Patients

  Journal of religion and health, 2018
  Erci, B., & Aktürk, Ü. (2018). The System of Belief Inventory: A Validation Study in Turkish Cancer Patients. Journal of religion and health, 57(4), 1237-1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0406-0
• ^{Soósová & Mauer, 2021}
  Psychometrics Properties of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale in Slovak Elderly

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Soósová, M. S., & Mauer, B. (2021). Psychometrics Properties of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale in Slovak Elderly. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(1), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-00994-w
• ^{Wang et al., 2022}
  The experiences of spiritual enlightenment: A mixed-method study of the development of a Spiritual Enlightenment Experience Scale

  Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 2022
  Wang, Q., Zhou, X., & Ng, S. (2022). The experiences of spiritual enlightenment: A mixed-method study of the development of a Spiritual Enlightenment Experience Scale. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 44(3), 175-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/00846724221121686
• ^{Saffari et al., 2017}
  Validation of the Persian version of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) in Pregnant Women: A Proper Tool to Assess Spirituality Related to Mental Health

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  Saffari, M., Amini, H., Sheykh-oliya, Z., Pakpour, A. H., & Koenig, H. G. (2017). Validation of the Persian version of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) in Pregnant Women: A Proper Tool to Assess Spirituality Related to Mental Health. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(6), 2222-2236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0393-1
• ^{Soósová & Mauer, 2021}
  Psychometrics Properties of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale in Slovak Elderly

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Soósová, M. S., & Mauer, B. (2021). Psychometrics Properties of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale in Slovak Elderly. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(1), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-00994-w
• ^{Lo et al., 2016}
  Initial Validation of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale in Chinese Immigrants With Cancer Pain

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2016
  Lo, G., Chen, J., Wasser, T., Portenoy, R., & Dhingra, L. (2016). Initial Validation of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale in Chinese Immigrants With Cancer Pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 51(2), 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.10.002
• ^{Yepes Martinez et al., 2023}
  Validation of the Italian Version of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale Among Psychiatric Patients

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2023
  Yepes Martinez, M. V., Rossi, R., Ciani, M., & Ferrari, C. (2023). Validation of the Italian Version of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale Among Psychiatric Patients. Journal of Religion and Health, 62(3), 2181-2195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01672-9
• ^{Wang et al., 2022}
  The experiences of spiritual enlightenment: A mixed-method study of the development of a Spiritual Enlightenment Experience Scale

  Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 2022
  Wang, Q., Zhou, X., & Ng, S. (2022). The experiences of spiritual enlightenment: A mixed-method study of the development of a Spiritual Enlightenment Experience Scale. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 44(3), 175-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/00846724221121686
• ^{Proyer & Laub, 2017}
  The German-Language Version of the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory-Revised: Adaptation and Initial Validation

  Current Psychology, 2017
  Proyer, R. T., & Laub, N. (2017). The German-Language Version of the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory-Revised: Adaptation and Initial Validation. Current Psychology, 36(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9379-x
• ^{Proyer & Laub, 2017}
  The German-Language Version of the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory-Revised: Adaptation and Initial Validation

  Current Psychology, 2017
  Proyer, R. T., & Laub, N. (2017). The German-Language Version of the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory-Revised: Adaptation and Initial Validation. Current Psychology, 36(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9379-x
• ^{Becerra Canales & Becerra Huaman, 2020}
  Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú

  Enfermería Global, 2020
  Becerra Canales, B., & Becerra Huaman, D. (2020). Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú. Enfermería Global, 19(4), 349-378. https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.417371
• ^{Becerra Canales & Becerra Huaman, 2020}
  Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú

  Enfermería Global, 2020
  Becerra Canales, B., & Becerra Huaman, D. (2020). Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú. Enfermería Global, 19(4), 349-378. https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.417371
• ^{Feng et al., 2019}
  Spiritual Intelligence Scale--Chinese form: Construction and initial validation

  Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 2019
  Feng, M., Xiong, X.-y., & Li, J.-j. (2019). Spiritual Intelligence Scale--Chinese form: Construction and initial validation. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 38(5), 1318–1327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9678-5
• ^{Moeini et al., 2018}
  Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire Among Elders With Chronic Diseases

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2018
  Moeini, B., Zamanian, H., Taheri-Kharameh, Z., Ramezani, T., Saati-Asr, M., Hajrahimian, M., & Amini-Tehrani, M. (2018). Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire Among Elders With Chronic Diseases. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 55(1), 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.08.024
• ^{Zhao et al., 2019}
  Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of spiritual needs questionnaire with 27 items (SpNQ-Ch-27) in cancer patients

  International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 2019
  Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Yao, X., Jiang, L., Hou, M., & Zhao, Q. (2019). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of spiritual needs questionnaire with 27 items (SpNQ-Ch-27) in cancer patients. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(2), 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.03.010
• ^{Moeini et al., 2018)}
  Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire Among Elders With Chronic Diseases

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2018
  Moeini, B., Zamanian, H., Taheri-Kharameh, Z., Ramezani, T., Saati-Asr, M., Hajrahimian, M., & Amini-Tehrani, M. (2018). Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire Among Elders With Chronic Diseases. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 55(1), 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.08.024
• ^{Zhao et al., 2019}
  Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of spiritual needs questionnaire with 27 items (SpNQ-Ch-27) in cancer patients

  International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 2019
  Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Yao, X., Jiang, L., Hou, M., & Zhao, Q. (2019). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of spiritual needs questionnaire with 27 items (SpNQ-Ch-27) in cancer patients. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(2), 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.03.010
• ^{Wu et al., 2016)}
  Development and Validation of the Spiritual Care Needs Inventory for Acute Care Hospital Patients in Taiwan

  Clinical Nursing Research, 2016
  Wu, L., Koo, M., Liao, Y.-C., Chen, Y.-M., & Yeh, D.-C. (2016). Development and Validation of the Spiritual Care Needs Inventory for Acute Care Hospital Patients in Taiwan. Clinical Nursing Research, 25(6), 590-606. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773815579609
• ^{Lin et al., 2015}
  Development and validation of the Chinese Version of Spiritual Interests Related Illness Tool for patients with cancer in Taiwan

  European journal of oncology nursing, 2015
  Lin, Y. L., Rau, K. M., Liu, Y. H., Lin, Y. H., Ying, J., & Kao, C. C. (2015). Development and validation of the Chinese Version of Spiritual Interests Related Illness Tool for patients with cancer in Taiwan. European journal of oncology nursing, 19(5), 589-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2015.03.005
• ^{Elhai et al., 2018}
  Translation and validation of the Hebrew version of the SHALOM Spiritual questionnaire

  Aging & Mental Health, 2018
  Elhai, N., Carmel, S., O’Rourke, N., & Bachner, Y. G. (2018). Translation and validation of the Hebrew version of the SHALOM Spiritual questionnaire. Aging & Mental Health, 22(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1222350
• ^{Elhai et al., 2018}
  Translation and validation of the Hebrew version of the SHALOM Spiritual questionnaire

  Aging & Mental Health, 2018
  Elhai, N., Carmel, S., O’Rourke, N., & Bachner, Y. G. (2018). Translation and validation of the Hebrew version of the SHALOM Spiritual questionnaire. Aging & Mental Health, 22(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1222350
• ^{Elhai et al., 2018}
  Translation and validation of the Hebrew version of the SHALOM Spiritual questionnaire

  Aging & Mental Health, 2018
  Elhai, N., Carmel, S., O’Rourke, N., & Bachner, Y. G. (2018). Translation and validation of the Hebrew version of the SHALOM Spiritual questionnaire. Aging & Mental Health, 22(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1222350
• ^{Głaz, 2021}
  Psychological Analysis of Religiosity and Spirituality: Construction of the Scale of Abandonment by God (SAG)

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Głaz, S. (2021). Psychological Analysis of Religiosity and Spirituality: Construction of the Scale of Abandonment by God (SAG). Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3545–3561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01197-7
• ^{Głaz, 2021}
  Psychological Analysis of Religiosity and Spirituality: Construction of the Scale of Abandonment by God (SAG)

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Głaz, S. (2021). Psychological Analysis of Religiosity and Spirituality: Construction of the Scale of Abandonment by God (SAG). Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3545–3561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01197-7
• ^{Simkin, 2017}
  Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores

  Universitas Psychologica, 2017
  Simkin, H. (2017). Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores. Universitas Psychologica, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-2.aeee
• ^{Simkin, 2017}
  Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores

  Universitas Psychologica, 2017
  Simkin, H. (2017). Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores. Universitas Psychologica, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-2.aeee

Another construct with the largest number of instruments found was spirituality from a theocentric perspective (spirituality/religiosity), with eight instruments (^{Berger et al., 2016}; ^{Erci & Aktürk, 2018}; ^{Gallardo-Peralta et al., 2018}; ^{Gonçalves et al., 2016}; ^{Oñate et al., 2015}; ^{Simkin, 2017}; ^{Vespa et al., 2017}). These scales are striking because they include dimensions such as the connection to God or a higher power and transcendental phenomena such as death (^{Berger et al., 2016}; ^{Díaz-Castillo et al., 2021}; ^{Gallardo-Peralta et al., 2018}; ^{Gonçalves et al., 2016}; ^{Vespa et al., 2017}). Items in these dimensions address the most common religious practices, such as prayer, meditation, fasting, and the reading of sacred books, and would be the empirical indicators of the connection with God.

• ^{Berger et al., 2016}
  The Validation of a Spanish Version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being in Mexican College Students

  The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2016
  Berger, D., Fink, A., Perez Gomez, M. M., Lewis, A., & Unterrainer, H. (2016). The Validation of a Spanish Version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being in Mexican College Students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.9
• ^{Erci & Aktürk, 2018}
  The System of Belief Inventory: A Validation Study in Turkish Cancer Patients

  Journal of religion and health, 2018
  Erci, B., & Aktürk, Ü. (2018). The System of Belief Inventory: A Validation Study in Turkish Cancer Patients. Journal of religion and health, 57(4), 1237-1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0406-0
• ^{Gallardo-Peralta et al., 2018}
  Validación de un Índice Breve de Religiosidad y Espiritualidad en personas mayores

  Revista de Psicología, 2018
  Gallardo-Peralta, L. P., Cuadra-Peralta, A., & Veloso-Besio, C. (2018). Validación de un Índice Breve de Religiosidad y Espiritualidad en personas mayores. Revista de Psicología, 27(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2018.50736
• ^{Gonçalves et al., 2016}
  Adaptação transcultural e validação da versão brasileira da Treatment Spirituality / Religiosity Scale

  Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 2016
  Gonçalves, A. M. D. S., Santos, M. A. D., Chaves, E. D. C. L., & Pillon, S. C. (2016). Adaptação transcultural e validação da versão brasileira da Treatment Spirituality / Religiosity Scale. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 69(2), 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2016690205i
• ^{Oñate et al., 2015}
  Propiedades psicométricas de la dimensión espiritualidad de la evaluación multidimensional de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad, 2015
  Oñate, M. E., Resett, S., Sanabria, M. E., & MenghI, M. S. (2015). Propiedades psicométricas de la dimensión espiritualidad de la evaluación multidimensional de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad, VII Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología XXII Jornadas de Investigación XI Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del MERCOSUR. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires. https://www.aacademica.org/000-015/941.pdf
• ^{Simkin, 2017}
  Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores

  Universitas Psychologica, 2017
  Simkin, H. (2017). Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores. Universitas Psychologica, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-2.aeee
• ^{Vespa et al., 2017}
  Validation of Brief Multidimensional Spirituality/Religiousness Inventory (BMMRS) in Italian Adult Participants and in Participants with Medical Diseases

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  Vespa, A., Giulietti, M. V., Spatuzzi, R., Fabbietti, P., Meloni, C., Gattafoni, P., & Ottaviani, M. (2017). Validation of Brief Multidimensional Spirituality/Religiousness Inventory (BMMRS) in Italian Adult Participants and in Participants with Medical Diseases. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(3), 907-915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0285-9
• ^{Berger et al., 2016}
  The Validation of a Spanish Version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being in Mexican College Students

  The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2016
  Berger, D., Fink, A., Perez Gomez, M. M., Lewis, A., & Unterrainer, H. (2016). The Validation of a Spanish Version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being in Mexican College Students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.9
• ^{Díaz-Castillo et al., 2021}
  Desarrollo y validación de la Escala Trifactorial de Espiritualidad en personas adultas mayores mexicanas

  Neurama, 2021
  Díaz-Castillo, R., Montero-López Lena, M., González-Escobar, S., & González-Arratia López Fuente, N. I. (2021). Desarrollo y validación de la Escala Trifactorial de Espiritualidad en personas adultas mayores mexicanas. Neurama, 8(1), 39–52. https://www.neurama.es/articulos/15/articulo4.pdf
• ^{Gallardo-Peralta et al., 2018}
  Validación de un Índice Breve de Religiosidad y Espiritualidad en personas mayores

  Revista de Psicología, 2018
  Gallardo-Peralta, L. P., Cuadra-Peralta, A., & Veloso-Besio, C. (2018). Validación de un Índice Breve de Religiosidad y Espiritualidad en personas mayores. Revista de Psicología, 27(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2018.50736
• ^{Gonçalves et al., 2016}
  Adaptação transcultural e validação da versão brasileira da Treatment Spirituality / Religiosity Scale

  Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 2016
  Gonçalves, A. M. D. S., Santos, M. A. D., Chaves, E. D. C. L., & Pillon, S. C. (2016). Adaptação transcultural e validação da versão brasileira da Treatment Spirituality / Religiosity Scale. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 69(2), 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2016690205i
• ^{Vespa et al., 2017}
  Validation of Brief Multidimensional Spirituality/Religiousness Inventory (BMMRS) in Italian Adult Participants and in Participants with Medical Diseases

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  Vespa, A., Giulietti, M. V., Spatuzzi, R., Fabbietti, P., Meloni, C., Gattafoni, P., & Ottaviani, M. (2017). Validation of Brief Multidimensional Spirituality/Religiousness Inventory (BMMRS) in Italian Adult Participants and in Participants with Medical Diseases. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(3), 907-915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0285-9

Some instruments assess spirituality as a broad, holistic, multi-dimensional concept. Seven measurement instruments were found that assess spirituality from multiple perspectives and had been validated in different populations. One of the most outstanding features of these instruments is that they have subscales assessing three or more dimensions of spirituality, such as intrapersonal, extrapersonal, and transpersonal connections (^{González-Rivera & Pagán-Torres, 2018}; ^{González-Rivera, Quintero-Jiménez et al., 2017}; ^{González-Rivera, Veray-Alicea, et al., 2017}; ^{Makkar & Singh, 2021}; ^{Nawafleh et al., 2018}; ^{Schiappacasse Cocio & González Soto, 2016}; ^{Weathers et al., 2020}; ^{González-Rivera, et al., 2018}).

• ^{González-Rivera & Pagán-Torres, 2018}
  Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso

  Revista Evaluar, 2018
  González-Rivera, J. A., & Pagán-Torres, O. M. (2018). Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso. Revista Evaluar, 18(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v18.n1.19771
• ^{González-Rivera, Quintero-Jiménez et al., 2017}
  Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños

  Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 2017
  González-Rivera, J. A., Quintero-Jiménez, N., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2017). Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 20(1). https://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/repi/article/view/58935
• ^{González-Rivera, Veray-Alicea, et al., 2017}
  Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños

  Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 2017
  González-Rivera, J. A., Quintero-Jiménez, N., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2017). Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 20(1). https://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/repi/article/view/58935
• ^{Makkar & Singh, 2021}
  Development of a spirituality measurement scale

  Current Psychology, 2021
  Makkar, S., & Singh, A. K. (2021). Development of a spirituality measurement scale. Current Psychology, 40(3), 1490-1497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0081-7
• ^{Nawafleh et al., 2018}
  Measuring the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the spirituality questionnaire among university students in South Jordan

  Applied Nursing Research, 2018
  Nawafleh, H. A., Al Hadid, L. A., Al Momani, M. M., & Al Barmawi, M. (2018). Measuring the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the spirituality questionnaire among university students in South Jordan. Applied Nursing Research, 39, 115-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.11.008
• ^{Schiappacasse Cocio & González Soto, 2016}
  Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos

  Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 2016
  Schiappacasse Cocio, G., & González Soto, P. (2016). Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos. Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 15(3), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gamo.2016.05.004
• ^{Weathers et al., 2020}
  Development and validation of the Spirituality Instrument-27© (SpI-27©) in individuals with chronic illness

  Applied Nursing Research, 2020
  Weathers, E., Coffey, A., McSherry, W., & McCarthy, G. (2020). Development and validation of the Spirituality Instrument-27© (SpI-27©) in individuals with chronic illness. Applied Nursing Research, 56, 151331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151331
• ^{González-Rivera, et al., 2018}
  Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso

  Revista Evaluar, 2018
  González-Rivera, J. A., & Pagán-Torres, O. M. (2018). Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso. Revista Evaluar, 18(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v18.n1.19771

Spirituality as a holistic dimension has conceptually abstract dimensions, such as meaning (^{Deluga et al., 2020}; ^{González-Rivera & Pagán-Torres, 2018}) and self-awareness (^{Weathers et al., 2020}), in some of the instruments reviewed. Spiritual needs are another construct identified (^{Lin et al., 2015};^{Moeini et al., 2018}; ^{Wu et al., 2016}; ^{Zhao et al., 2019}). These instruments are designed for people who require spiritual care. Although identifying spiritual needs can be extremely useful, this review did not identify any scales available in Spanish or validated in Spanish-speaking countries that addressed spiritual needs.

• ^{Deluga et al., 2020}
  Nurses’ spiritual attitudes and involvement—Validation of the Polish version of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List

  PLOS ONE, 2020
  Deluga, A., Dobrowolska, B., Jurek, K., Ślusarska, B., Nowicki, G., & Palese, A. (2020). Nurses’ spiritual attitudes and involvement—Validation of the Polish version of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List. PLOS ONE, 15(9), e0239068. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239068
• ^{González-Rivera & Pagán-Torres, 2018}
  Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso

  Revista Evaluar, 2018
  González-Rivera, J. A., & Pagán-Torres, O. M. (2018). Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso. Revista Evaluar, 18(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v18.n1.19771
• ^{Weathers et al., 2020}
  Development and validation of the Spirituality Instrument-27© (SpI-27©) in individuals with chronic illness

  Applied Nursing Research, 2020
  Weathers, E., Coffey, A., McSherry, W., & McCarthy, G. (2020). Development and validation of the Spirituality Instrument-27© (SpI-27©) in individuals with chronic illness. Applied Nursing Research, 56, 151331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151331
• ^{Lin et al., 2015}
  Development and validation of the Chinese Version of Spiritual Interests Related Illness Tool for patients with cancer in Taiwan

  European journal of oncology nursing, 2015
  Lin, Y. L., Rau, K. M., Liu, Y. H., Lin, Y. H., Ying, J., & Kao, C. C. (2015). Development and validation of the Chinese Version of Spiritual Interests Related Illness Tool for patients with cancer in Taiwan. European journal of oncology nursing, 19(5), 589-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2015.03.005
• ^{Moeini et al., 2018}
  Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire Among Elders With Chronic Diseases

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2018
  Moeini, B., Zamanian, H., Taheri-Kharameh, Z., Ramezani, T., Saati-Asr, M., Hajrahimian, M., & Amini-Tehrani, M. (2018). Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire Among Elders With Chronic Diseases. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 55(1), 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.08.024
• ^{Wu et al., 2016}
  Development and Validation of the Spiritual Care Needs Inventory for Acute Care Hospital Patients in Taiwan

  Clinical Nursing Research, 2016
  Wu, L., Koo, M., Liao, Y.-C., Chen, Y.-M., & Yeh, D.-C. (2016). Development and Validation of the Spiritual Care Needs Inventory for Acute Care Hospital Patients in Taiwan. Clinical Nursing Research, 25(6), 590-606. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773815579609
• ^{Zhao et al., 2019}
  Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of spiritual needs questionnaire with 27 items (SpNQ-Ch-27) in cancer patients

  International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 2019
  Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Yao, X., Jiang, L., Hou, M., & Zhao, Q. (2019). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of spiritual needs questionnaire with 27 items (SpNQ-Ch-27) in cancer patients. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(2), 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.03.010

The definitions provided in the instruments (^{Lin et al., 2015}; ^{Moeini et al., 2018}; ^{Wu et al., 2016}; ^{Zhao et al., 2019}) suggest that spiritual needs are what people must satisfy to fully develop spirituality or any of its dimensions.

• ^{Lin et al., 2015}
  Development and validation of the Chinese Version of Spiritual Interests Related Illness Tool for patients with cancer in Taiwan

  European journal of oncology nursing, 2015
  Lin, Y. L., Rau, K. M., Liu, Y. H., Lin, Y. H., Ying, J., & Kao, C. C. (2015). Development and validation of the Chinese Version of Spiritual Interests Related Illness Tool for patients with cancer in Taiwan. European journal of oncology nursing, 19(5), 589-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2015.03.005
• ^{Moeini et al., 2018}
  Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire Among Elders With Chronic Diseases

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2018
  Moeini, B., Zamanian, H., Taheri-Kharameh, Z., Ramezani, T., Saati-Asr, M., Hajrahimian, M., & Amini-Tehrani, M. (2018). Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire Among Elders With Chronic Diseases. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 55(1), 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.08.024
• ^{Wu et al., 2016}
  Development and Validation of the Spiritual Care Needs Inventory for Acute Care Hospital Patients in Taiwan

  Clinical Nursing Research, 2016
  Wu, L., Koo, M., Liao, Y.-C., Chen, Y.-M., & Yeh, D.-C. (2016). Development and Validation of the Spiritual Care Needs Inventory for Acute Care Hospital Patients in Taiwan. Clinical Nursing Research, 25(6), 590-606. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773815579609
• ^{Zhao et al., 2019}
  Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of spiritual needs questionnaire with 27 items (SpNQ-Ch-27) in cancer patients

  International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 2019
  Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Yao, X., Jiang, L., Hou, M., & Zhao, Q. (2019). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of spiritual needs questionnaire with 27 items (SpNQ-Ch-27) in cancer patients. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(2), 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.03.010

The spiritual and religious experiences construct (^{Lo et al., 2016}; ^{Saffari et al., 2017}; ^{Soósová & Mauer, 2021}; ^{Wang et al., 2022}; ^{Yepes Martinez et al., 2023}) assesses spirituality and religiosity from multiple perspectives, including intrapersonal aspects such as meaning, peace, and faith (^{Saffari et al., 2017}), religiosity (^{Lo et al., 2016}; ^{Soósová & Mauer, 2021}; ^{Yepes Martinez et al., 2023}) and attention to spiritual needs (^{Wang et al., 2022}; ^{Yepes Martinez et al., 2023}).

• ^{Lo et al., 2016}
  Initial Validation of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale in Chinese Immigrants With Cancer Pain

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2016
  Lo, G., Chen, J., Wasser, T., Portenoy, R., & Dhingra, L. (2016). Initial Validation of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale in Chinese Immigrants With Cancer Pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 51(2), 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.10.002
• ^{Saffari et al., 2017}
  Validation of the Persian version of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) in Pregnant Women: A Proper Tool to Assess Spirituality Related to Mental Health

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  Saffari, M., Amini, H., Sheykh-oliya, Z., Pakpour, A. H., & Koenig, H. G. (2017). Validation of the Persian version of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) in Pregnant Women: A Proper Tool to Assess Spirituality Related to Mental Health. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(6), 2222-2236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0393-1
• ^{Soósová & Mauer, 2021}
  Psychometrics Properties of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale in Slovak Elderly

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Soósová, M. S., & Mauer, B. (2021). Psychometrics Properties of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale in Slovak Elderly. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(1), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-00994-w
• ^{Wang et al., 2022}
  The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world

  Psychopharmacology, 2022
  Watts, R., Kettner, H., Geerts, D., Gandy, S., Kartner, L., Mertens, L., Timmermann, C., Nour, M. M., Kaelen, M., Nutt, D., Carhart-Harris, R., & Roseman, L. (2022). The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world. Psychopharmacology, 239(11), 3461-3483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5
• ^{Yepes Martinez et al., 2023}
  Validation of the Italian Version of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale Among Psychiatric Patients

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2023
  Yepes Martinez, M. V., Rossi, R., Ciani, M., & Ferrari, C. (2023). Validation of the Italian Version of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale Among Psychiatric Patients. Journal of Religion and Health, 62(3), 2181-2195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01672-9
• ^{Saffari et al., 2017}
  Validation of the Persian version of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) in Pregnant Women: A Proper Tool to Assess Spirituality Related to Mental Health

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  Saffari, M., Amini, H., Sheykh-oliya, Z., Pakpour, A. H., & Koenig, H. G. (2017). Validation of the Persian version of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) in Pregnant Women: A Proper Tool to Assess Spirituality Related to Mental Health. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(6), 2222-2236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0393-1
• ^{Lo et al., 2016}
  Initial Validation of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale in Chinese Immigrants With Cancer Pain

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2016
  Lo, G., Chen, J., Wasser, T., Portenoy, R., & Dhingra, L. (2016). Initial Validation of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale in Chinese Immigrants With Cancer Pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 51(2), 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.10.002
• ^{Soósová & Mauer, 2021}
  Psychometrics Properties of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale in Slovak Elderly

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Soósová, M. S., & Mauer, B. (2021). Psychometrics Properties of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale in Slovak Elderly. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(1), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-00994-w
• ^{Yepes Martinez et al., 2023}
  Validation of the Italian Version of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale Among Psychiatric Patients

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2023
  Yepes Martinez, M. V., Rossi, R., Ciani, M., & Ferrari, C. (2023). Validation of the Italian Version of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale Among Psychiatric Patients. Journal of Religion and Health, 62(3), 2181-2195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01672-9
• ^{Wang et al., 2022}
  The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world

  Psychopharmacology, 2022
  Watts, R., Kettner, H., Geerts, D., Gandy, S., Kartner, L., Mertens, L., Timmermann, C., Nour, M. M., Kaelen, M., Nutt, D., Carhart-Harris, R., & Roseman, L. (2022). The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world. Psychopharmacology, 239(11), 3461-3483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5
• ^{Yepes Martinez et al., 2023}
  Validation of the Italian Version of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale Among Psychiatric Patients

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2023
  Yepes Martinez, M. V., Rossi, R., Ciani, M., & Ferrari, C. (2023). Validation of the Italian Version of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale Among Psychiatric Patients. Journal of Religion and Health, 62(3), 2181-2195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01672-9

Other constructs assessing spirituality found were religious and spiritual coping (^{Feng et al., 2019}; ^{González-Rivera & Pagán-Torres, 2018}; ^{Tomás & Rosa, 2021}), spiritual and religious attitudes (^{Büssing et al., 2016}; ^{Deluga et al., 2020}), self-transcendence (^{Lundman et al., 2015}; ^{Pena-Gayo et al., 2018}), spiritual distress (^{Simão et al., 2016}), spiritual self-care (^{White & Schim, 2013}), spiritual support (^{Fopka-Kowalczyk et al., 2023}; ^{Levine et al., 2015}), spiritual well-being (^{Agli et al., 2017}; ^{Ahmad et al., 2022}; ^{Deng et al., 2021}; ^{Nooripour et al., 2023}; ^{Rabitti et al., 2020}), spiritual and/or religious engagement (^{Martins et al., 2021}; ^{Roof et al., 2017}), connectedness (^{Watts et al., 2022}), spiritual comfort (^{Pinto et al., 2016}), religious beliefs (^{Gallegos et al., 2021}; ^{Riveros et al., 2018}), spiritual grief (^{Burke et al., 2013}, ²⁰²¹), spiritual and/or religious expressions (^{Proyer & Laub, 2017)}, spiritual intelligence (^{Becerra Canales & Becerra Huaman, 2020}; ^{Feng et al., 2019}), feelings of abandonment by God (^{Głaz, 2021}), and spiritual transcendence (^{Simkin, 2017}).

• ^{Feng et al., 2019}
  Spiritual Intelligence Scale--Chinese form: Construction and initial validation

  Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 2019
  Feng, M., Xiong, X.-y., & Li, J.-j. (2019). Spiritual Intelligence Scale--Chinese form: Construction and initial validation. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 38(5), 1318–1327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9678-5
• ^{González-Rivera & Pagán-Torres, 2018}
  Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso

  Revista Evaluar, 2018
  González-Rivera, J. A., & Pagán-Torres, O. M. (2018). Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso. Revista Evaluar, 18(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v18.n1.19771
• ^{Tomás & Rosa, 2021}
  Validation of a Scale of Religious and Spiritual Coping (RCOPE) for the Portuguese Population

  Journal of religion and health, 2021
  Tomás, C., & Rosa, P. J. (2021). Validation of a Scale of Religious and Spiritual Coping (RCOPE) for the Portuguese Population. Journal of religion and health, 60(5), 3510-3529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01248-z
• ^{Büssing et al., 2016}
  Spiritual and Religious Attitudes in Dealing with Illness in Polish Patients with Chronic Diseases: Validation of the Polish Version of the SpREUK Questionnaire

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2016
  Büssing, A., Franczak, K., & Surzykiewicz, J. (2016). Spiritual and Religious Attitudes in Dealing with Illness in Polish Patients with Chronic Diseases: Validation of the Polish Version of the SpREUK Questionnaire. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9967-3
• ^{Deluga et al., 2020}
  Nurses’ spiritual attitudes and involvement—Validation of the Polish version of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List

  PLOS ONE, 2020
  Deluga, A., Dobrowolska, B., Jurek, K., Ślusarska, B., Nowicki, G., & Palese, A. (2020). Nurses’ spiritual attitudes and involvement—Validation of the Polish version of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List. PLOS ONE, 15(9), e0239068. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239068
• ^{Lundman et al., 2015}
  Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Self-Transcendence Scale Among Very Old People

  Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2015
  Lundman, B., Årestedt, K., Norberg, A., Norberg, C., Fischer, R. S., & Lövheim, H. (2015). Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Self-Transcendence Scale Among Very Old People. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 23(1), 96-111. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.23.1.96
• ^{Pena-Gayo et al., 2018}
  Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Pamela Reed’s Self-Transcendence Scale for the Spanish context

  Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 2018
  Pena-Gayo, A., González-Chordá, V. M., Cervera-Gasch, Á., & Mena-Tudela, D. (2018). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Pamela Reed’s Self-Transcendence Scale for the Spanish context. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 26, https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2750.3058
• ^{Simão et al., 2016}
  Cultural adaptation and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Spiritual Distress Scale

  Journal of clinical nursing, 2016
  Simão, T. P., Lopes Chaves, E.deC., Campos de Carvalho, E., Nogueira, D. A., Carvalho, C. C., Ku, Y. L., & Iunes, D. H. (2016). Cultural adaptation and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Spiritual Distress Scale. Journal of clinical nursing, 25(1-2), 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13060
• ^{White & Schim, 2013}
  Development of a Spiritual Self-Care Practice Scale

  Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2013
  White, M. L., & Schim, S. M. (2013). Development of a Spiritual Self-Care Practice Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 21(3), 450-462. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.21.3.450
• ^{Fopka-Kowalczyk et al., 2023}
  The Spiritual Supporter Scale as a New Tool for Assessing Spiritual Care Competencies in Professionals: Design, Validation, and Psychometric Evaluation

  Journal of religion and health, 2023
  Fopka-Kowalczyk, M., Best, M., & Krajnik, M. (2023). The Spiritual Supporter Scale as a New Tool for Assessing Spiritual Care Competencies in Professionals: Design, Validation, and Psychometric Evaluation. Journal of religion and health, 62(3), 2081–2111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01608-3
• ^{Levine et al., 2015}
  Development and Initial Validation of a Spiritual Support Subscale for the MOS Social Support Survey

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2015
  Levine, E. G., Vong, S., & Yoo, G. J. (2015). Development and Initial Validation of a Spiritual Support Subscale for the MOS Social Support Survey. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(6), 2355-2366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0005-x
• ^{Agli et al., 2017}
  Validation of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Spiritual Well-being (FACIT-Sp12) on French Old People

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  Agli, O., Bailly, N., & Ferrand, C. (2017). Validation of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Spiritual Well-being (FACIT-Sp12) on French Old People. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(2), 464-476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0220-0
• ^{Ahmad et al., 2022}
  The FACIT-Sp spiritual wellbeing scale: a factor analysis in patients with severe and/or life-limiting medical illnesses

  Annals of Palliative Medicine, 2022
  Ahmad, N., Sinaii, N., Panahi, S., Bagereka, P., Serna-Tamayo, C., Shnayder, S., Ameli, R., & Berger, A. (2022). The FACIT-Sp spiritual wellbeing scale: a factor analysis in patients with severe and/or life-limiting medical illnesses. Annals of Palliative Medicine, 11(12), 3663-3673. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-22-692
• ^{Deng et al., 2021}
  Two Factor Structures Possible for the FACIT-Sp in Patients With Heart Failure

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2021
  Deng, L. R., Masters, K. S., Schmiege, S. J., Hess, E., & Bekelman, D. B. (2021). Two Factor Structures Possible for the FACIT-Sp in Patients With Heart Failure. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 62(5), 1034-1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.05.009
• ^{Nooripour et al., 2023}
  Validation of the Spiritual Well-being Scale (SWBS) and its role in Predicting Hope among Iranian Elderly

  Ageing International, 2023
  Nooripour, R., Ghanbari, N., Hosseinian, S., Ronzani, T. M., Hussain, A. J., Ilanloo, H., Majd, M. A., Soleimani, E., Saffarieh, M., & Yaghoob, V. (2023). Validation of the Spiritual Well-being Scale (SWBS) and its role in Predicting Hope among Iranian Elderly. Ageing International, 48(2), 593-611. https://doi-org.ugto.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s12126-022-09492-8
• ^{Rabitti et al., 2020}
  The assessment of spiritual well-being in cancer patients with advanced disease: which are its meaningful dimensions?

  BMC Palliative Care, 2020
  Rabitti, E., Cavuto, S., Iani, L., Ottonelli, S., De Vincenzo, F., & Costantini, M. (2020). The assessment of spiritual well-being in cancer patients with advanced disease: which are its meaningful dimensions? BMC Palliative Care, 19(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-020-0534-2
• ^{Martins et al., 2021}
  Validation of the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) in Portuguese Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemoterapy

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Martins, H., Caldeira, S., Domingues, T., Vieira, M., & Koenig, H. (2021). Validation of the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) in Portuguese Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemoterapy. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3562-3575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01143-z
• ^{Roof et al., 2017}
  The spiritual engagement instrument

  Asian Journal of Business Ethics, 2017
  Roof, R. A., Bocarnea, M. C., & Winston, B. E. (2017). The spiritual engagement instrument. Asian Journal of Business Ethics, 6(2), 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13520-017-0073-y
• ^{Watts et al., 2022}
  The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world

  Psychopharmacology, 2022
  Watts, R., Kettner, H., Geerts, D., Gandy, S., Kartner, L., Mertens, L., Timmermann, C., Nour, M. M., Kaelen, M., Nutt, D., Carhart-Harris, R., & Roseman, L. (2022). The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world. Psychopharmacology, 239(11), 3461-3483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5
• ^{Pinto et al., 2016}
  Cultural adaptation and validation of the Portuguese End of Life Spiritual Comfort Questionnaire in Palliative Care patients

  Porto Biomedical Journal, 2016
  Pinto, S. M. O., Berenguer, S. M. A. C., Martins, J. C. A., & Kolcaba, K. (2016). Cultural adaptation and validation of the Portuguese End of Life Spiritual Comfort Questionnaire in Palliative Care patients. Porto Biomedical Journal, 1(4), 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbj.2016.08.003
• ^{Gallegos et al., 2021}
  Modified and Validated Version of the System of Beliefs Inventory (SBI-15R) in a Sample of Inhabitants from Arequipa City (Peru)

  nternational Journal of Latin American Religions, 2021
  Gallegos, W. L. A., Loayza, A. E., Rivera, R., & Cohello, A. L. N. (2021). Modified and Validated Version of the System of Beliefs Inventory (SBI-15R) in a Sample of Inhabitants from Arequipa City (Peru). International Journal of Latin American Religions, 5(2), 501-518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41603-021-00139-1
• ^{Riveros et al., 2018}
  Inventario de sistema de creencias (SBI-15 R) en Colombia: estructura factorial y confiabilidad en población universitaria y en pacientes crónicos

  Revista Colombiana de Enfermería, 2018
  Riveros, F., Bernal, L., Bohórquez, D., Vinaccia, S., & Quiceno, M. (2018). Inventario de sistema de creencias (SBI-15 R) en Colombia: estructura factorial y confiabilidad en población universitaria y en pacientes crónicos. Revista Colombiana de Enfermería, 17, 13-20. https://doi.org/10.18270/rce.v17i13.2103
• ^{Burke et al., 2013}
  Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief: Development and Validation of a New Measure

  Death Studies, 2013
  Burke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A., Holland, J. M., Dennard, S., Oliver, L., & Shear, M. K. (2013). Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief: Development and Validation of a New Measure. Death Studies, 38(4), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2013.810098
• ²⁰²¹
  Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0 (ICSG 2.0): Validation of a revised measure of spiritual distress in bereavement

  Death Studies, 2021
  Burke, L. A., Crunk, A. E., Neimeyer, R. A., & Bai, H. (2021). Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0 (ICSG 2.0): Validation of a revised measure of spiritual distress in bereavement. Death Studies, 45(4), 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2019.1627031
• ^{Proyer & Laub, 2017)}
  The German-Language Version of the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory-Revised: Adaptation and Initial Validation

  Current Psychology, 2017
  Proyer, R. T., & Laub, N. (2017). The German-Language Version of the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory-Revised: Adaptation and Initial Validation. Current Psychology, 36(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9379-x
• ^{Becerra Canales & Becerra Huaman, 2020}
  Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú

  Enfermería Global, 2020
  Becerra Canales, B., & Becerra Huaman, D. (2020). Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú. Enfermería Global, 19(4), 349-378. https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.417371
• ^{Feng et al., 2019}
  Spiritual Intelligence Scale--Chinese form: Construction and initial validation

  Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 2019
  Feng, M., Xiong, X.-y., & Li, J.-j. (2019). Spiritual Intelligence Scale--Chinese form: Construction and initial validation. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 38(5), 1318–1327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9678-5
• ^{Głaz, 2021}
  Psychological Analysis of Religiosity and Spirituality: Construction of the Scale of Abandonment by God (SAG)

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Głaz, S. (2021). Psychological Analysis of Religiosity and Spirituality: Construction of the Scale of Abandonment by God (SAG). Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3545–3561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01197-7
• ^{Simkin, 2017}
  Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores

  Universitas Psychologica, 2017
  Simkin, H. (2017). Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores. Universitas Psychologica, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-2.aeee

Of the 22 concepts related to spirituality, four were found to lack clear operational definitions in the psychometric studies reviewed. Most of these studies presented multiple theoretical definitions of spirituality and religiosity, highlighting both the differences between constructs and their shared defining characteristics. However, many of these studies lacked a precise definition of the phenomenon they aimed to measure using a solid theoretical or empirical reference, revealing a possible conceptual confusion between the construct of spirituality and emerging concepts such as spiritual and religious attitudes, spiritual support, spiritual comfort and religious beliefs.

We identified three concepts that might seem similar: spiritual distress, spiritual pain, and feelings of abandonment by God. While the definition of these concepts suggests that people may experience a loss in their relationship with God or a transpersonal disconnection at some point, they are distinguished by their conceptual boundaries. Spiritual pain is linked to grief, whereas spiritual distress focuses on an internal conflict related to beliefs and values. Conversely, feelings of abandonment by God refer to the perception of a temporary separation from God for no clear reason. However, this feeling is part of the process of spiritual growth.

Although most of the concepts are understandable, most of the definitions found in psychometric studies are not consistent with the dimensions of the instruments used. Moreover, in many studies involving the translation and cultural adaptation of instruments to measure spirituality, the researcher’s original definition of the instrument was not clarified, making it difficult to conduct an exhaustive analysis of the validity of the construct in these contexts.

The populations in which the instruments were validated were primarily adults of all ages (^{Burke et al., 2021}; ^{Elhai et al., 2018}; ^{Feng et al., 2019}; ^{Gallegos et al., 2021}; ^{González-Rivera & Pagán-Torres, 2018}; ^{González-Rivera, Quintero-Jiménez, et al., 2017}; ^{González-Rivera, Veray-Alicea, et al., 2017}; ^{Lin et al., 2015}; ^{Lundman et al., 2015}; ^{Oñate et al., 2015}; ^{Pena-Gayo et al., 2018}; ^{Proyer & Laub, 2017}; ^{Roof et al., 2017}; ^{Tomás & Rosa, 2021}; ^{Wang et al., 2022}; ^{Watts et al., 2022}; ^{Wu et al., 2016}), healthcare professionals (^{Becerra-Partida et al., 2019}; ^{Pastrana et al., 2021}) such as nurses (^{Adib-Hajbaghery & Zehtabchi, 2016}; ^{Deluga et al., 2020}; ^{Hu et al., 2019}; ^{Kang et al., 2022}; ^{Pais et al., 2022}), university students (^{Berger et al., 2016; Głaz, 2021}; ^{González-Rivera & Pagán-Torres, 2018}; ^{Guilherme et al., 2020}; ^{Makkar & Singh, 2021}; ^{Nawafleh et al., 2018}; ^{Riveros et al., 2018}; ^{Simkin et al., 2017}) , nursing students (^{Fopka-Kowalczyk et al., 2023}; ^{Gonçalves et al., 2016}; ^{Guilherme et al., 2020}; ^{İpek Çoban et al., 2017}), and people diagnosed with cancer (^{Erci & Aktürk, 2018}; ^{Lo et al., 2016}; ^{Martins et al., 2021}; ^{Pinto et al., 2016}; ^{Schiappacasse Cocio & González Soto, 2016}; ^{Simão et al., 2016; Xie et al., 2019}; ^{Zhao et al., 2021}).

• ^{Burke et al., 2021}
  Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0 (ICSG 2.0): Validation of a revised measure of spiritual distress in bereavement

  Death Studies, 2021
  Burke, L. A., Crunk, A. E., Neimeyer, R. A., & Bai, H. (2021). Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0 (ICSG 2.0): Validation of a revised measure of spiritual distress in bereavement. Death Studies, 45(4), 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2019.1627031
• ^{Elhai et al., 2018}
  Translation and validation of the Hebrew version of the SHALOM Spiritual questionnaire

  Aging & Mental Health, 2018
  Elhai, N., Carmel, S., O’Rourke, N., & Bachner, Y. G. (2018). Translation and validation of the Hebrew version of the SHALOM Spiritual questionnaire. Aging & Mental Health, 22(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1222350
• ^{Feng et al., 2019}
  Spiritual Intelligence Scale--Chinese form: Construction and initial validation

  Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 2019
  Feng, M., Xiong, X.-y., & Li, J.-j. (2019). Spiritual Intelligence Scale--Chinese form: Construction and initial validation. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 38(5), 1318–1327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9678-5
• ^{Gallegos et al., 2021}
  Modified and Validated Version of the System of Beliefs Inventory (SBI-15R) in a Sample of Inhabitants from Arequipa City (Peru)

  nternational Journal of Latin American Religions, 2021
  Gallegos, W. L. A., Loayza, A. E., Rivera, R., & Cohello, A. L. N. (2021). Modified and Validated Version of the System of Beliefs Inventory (SBI-15R) in a Sample of Inhabitants from Arequipa City (Peru). International Journal of Latin American Religions, 5(2), 501-518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41603-021-00139-1
• ^{González-Rivera & Pagán-Torres, 2018}
  Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso

  Revista Evaluar, 2018
  González-Rivera, J. A., & Pagán-Torres, O. M. (2018). Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso. Revista Evaluar, 18(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v18.n1.19771
• ^{González-Rivera, Quintero-Jiménez, et al., 2017}
  Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños

  Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 2017
  González-Rivera, J. A., Quintero-Jiménez, N., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2017). Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 20(1). https://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/repi/article/view/58935
• ^{González-Rivera, Veray-Alicea, et al., 2017}
  Desarrollo, validación y descripción teórica de la escala de espiritualidad personal en una muestra de adultos en Puerto Rico

  Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 2017
  González-Rivera, J. A., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2017). Desarrollo, validación y descripción teórica de la escala de espiritualidad personal en una muestra de adultos en Puerto Rico. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 28(2), 388-404.
• ^{Lin et al., 2015}
  Development and validation of the Chinese Version of Spiritual Interests Related Illness Tool for patients with cancer in Taiwan

  European journal of oncology nursing, 2015
  Lin, Y. L., Rau, K. M., Liu, Y. H., Lin, Y. H., Ying, J., & Kao, C. C. (2015). Development and validation of the Chinese Version of Spiritual Interests Related Illness Tool for patients with cancer in Taiwan. European journal of oncology nursing, 19(5), 589-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2015.03.005
• ^{Lundman et al., 2015}
  Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Self-Transcendence Scale Among Very Old People

  Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2015
  Lundman, B., Årestedt, K., Norberg, A., Norberg, C., Fischer, R. S., & Lövheim, H. (2015). Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Self-Transcendence Scale Among Very Old People. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 23(1), 96-111. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.23.1.96
• ^{Oñate et al., 2015}
  Propiedades psicométricas de la dimensión espiritualidad de la evaluación multidimensional de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad, 2015
  Oñate, M. E., Resett, S., Sanabria, M. E., & MenghI, M. S. (2015). Propiedades psicométricas de la dimensión espiritualidad de la evaluación multidimensional de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad, VII Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología XXII Jornadas de Investigación XI Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del MERCOSUR. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires. https://www.aacademica.org/000-015/941.pdf
• ^{Pena-Gayo et al., 2018}
  Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Pamela Reed’s Self-Transcendence Scale for the Spanish context

  Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 2018
  Pena-Gayo, A., González-Chordá, V. M., Cervera-Gasch, Á., & Mena-Tudela, D. (2018). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Pamela Reed’s Self-Transcendence Scale for the Spanish context. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 26, https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2750.3058
• ^{Proyer & Laub, 2017}
  The German-Language Version of the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory-Revised: Adaptation and Initial Validation

  Current Psychology, 2017
  Proyer, R. T., & Laub, N. (2017). The German-Language Version of the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory-Revised: Adaptation and Initial Validation. Current Psychology, 36(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9379-x
• ^{Roof et al., 2017}
  The spiritual engagement instrument

  Asian Journal of Business Ethics, 2017
  Roof, R. A., Bocarnea, M. C., & Winston, B. E. (2017). The spiritual engagement instrument. Asian Journal of Business Ethics, 6(2), 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13520-017-0073-y
• ^{Tomás & Rosa, 2021}
  Validation of a Scale of Religious and Spiritual Coping (RCOPE) for the Portuguese Population

  Journal of religion and health, 2021
  Tomás, C., & Rosa, P. J. (2021). Validation of a Scale of Religious and Spiritual Coping (RCOPE) for the Portuguese Population. Journal of religion and health, 60(5), 3510-3529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01248-z
• ^{Wang et al., 2022}
  The experiences of spiritual enlightenment: A mixed-method study of the development of a Spiritual Enlightenment Experience Scale

  Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 2022
  Wang, Q., Zhou, X., & Ng, S. (2022). The experiences of spiritual enlightenment: A mixed-method study of the development of a Spiritual Enlightenment Experience Scale. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 44(3), 175-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/00846724221121686
• ^{Watts et al., 2022}
  The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world

  Psychopharmacology, 2022
  Watts, R., Kettner, H., Geerts, D., Gandy, S., Kartner, L., Mertens, L., Timmermann, C., Nour, M. M., Kaelen, M., Nutt, D., Carhart-Harris, R., & Roseman, L. (2022). The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world. Psychopharmacology, 239(11), 3461-3483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5
• ^{Wu et al., 2016}
  Development and Validation of the Spiritual Care Needs Inventory for Acute Care Hospital Patients in Taiwan

  Clinical Nursing Research, 2016
  Wu, L., Koo, M., Liao, Y.-C., Chen, Y.-M., & Yeh, D.-C. (2016). Development and Validation of the Spiritual Care Needs Inventory for Acute Care Hospital Patients in Taiwan. Clinical Nursing Research, 25(6), 590-606. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773815579609
• ^{Becerra-Partida et al., 2019}
  Depresión en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 del programa Diabet IMSS en Guadalajara, Jalisco, México

  Revista CONAMED, 2019
  Depresión en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 del programa Diabet IMSS en Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
• ^{Pastrana et al., 2021}
  Translation and Validation of the Spanish Version of the Spiritual Care Competence Questionnaire (SCCQ)

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Pastrana, T., Frick, E., Krikorian, A., Ascencio, L., Galeazzi, F., & Büssing, A. (2021). Translation and Validation of the Spanish Version of the Spiritual Care Competence Questionnaire (SCCQ). Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3621-3639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01402-7
• ^{Adib-Hajbaghery & Zehtabchi, 2016}
  Developing and Validating an Instrument to Assess the Nurses’ Professional Competence in Spiritual Care

  Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2016
  Adib-Hajbaghery, M., & Zehtabchi, S. (2016). Developing and Validating an Instrument to Assess the Nurses’ Professional Competence in Spiritual Care. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 24(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.24.1.15
• ^{Deluga et al., 2020}
  Nurses’ spiritual attitudes and involvement—Validation of the Polish version of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List

  PLOS ONE, 2020
  Deluga, A., Dobrowolska, B., Jurek, K., Ślusarska, B., Nowicki, G., & Palese, A. (2020). Nurses’ spiritual attitudes and involvement—Validation of the Polish version of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List. PLOS ONE, 15(9), e0239068. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239068
• ^{Hu et al., 2019}
  Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care-giving scale (C-SCGS) in nursing practice

  BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2019
  Hu, Y., Tiew, L. H., & Li, F. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care-giving scale (C-SCGS) in nursing practice. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0662-7
• ^{Kang et al., 2022}
  Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale: Validation Among Nurses Who Care for Patients With Life-Threatening Illnesses in South Korea

  Journal of hospice and palliative nursing,, 2022
  Kang, K. A., Taylor, E. J., & Chun, J. (2022). Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale: Validation Among Nurses Who Care for Patients With Life-Threatening Illnesses in South Korea. Journal of hospice and palliative nursing, https://doi.org/10.1097/NJH.0000000000000895. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1097/NJH.0000000000000895
• ^{Pais et al., 2022}
  Spirituality and Spiritual Care in Nursing: Validity of the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale in an Indian Context

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2022
  Pais, N., Suresh, S., & DCunha, S. (2022). Spirituality and Spiritual Care in Nursing: Validity of the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale in an Indian Context. Journal of Religion and Health, 62, 2131-2143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01634-1
• ^{Berger et al., 2016;}
  The Validation of a Spanish Version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being in Mexican College Students

  The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2016
  Berger, D., Fink, A., Perez Gomez, M. M., Lewis, A., & Unterrainer, H. (2016). The Validation of a Spanish Version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being in Mexican College Students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.9
• ^{Głaz, 2021}
  Psychological Analysis of Religiosity and Spirituality: Construction of the Scale of Abandonment by God (SAG)

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Głaz, S. (2021). Psychological Analysis of Religiosity and Spirituality: Construction of the Scale of Abandonment by God (SAG). Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3545–3561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01197-7
• ^{González-Rivera & Pagán-Torres, 2018}
  Confirmatory Factorial Analysis of the Personal Spirituality Scale in Puerto Ricans Adults Interacciones

  Interacciones, 2018
  González-Rivera, J., Rosario-Rodríguez, A., & Pagán-Torres, O. (2018). Confirmatory Factorial Analysis of the Personal Spirituality Scale in Puerto Ricans Adults Interacciones. Interacciones, 4(3), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.24016/2018.v4n3.101
• ^{Guilherme et al., 2020}
  Validity evidenceofthe spiritual care competence scale for brazilian undergraduate nursing students

  Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 2020
  Guilherme, C., Fulquini, F., Ribeiro, V., Gadioli, B., Eduardo, A., Caldeira, S., & Carvalho, E. (2020). Validity evidenceofthe spiritual care competence scale for brazilian undergraduate nursing students. Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 24(1), e-1343. https://doi.org/10.5935/1415.2762.20200080
• ^{Makkar & Singh, 2021}
  Development of a spirituality measurement scale

  Current Psychology, 2021
  Makkar, S., & Singh, A. K. (2021). Development of a spirituality measurement scale. Current Psychology, 40(3), 1490-1497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0081-7
• ^{Nawafleh et al., 2018}
  Measuring the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the spirituality questionnaire among university students in South Jordan

  Applied Nursing Research, 2018
  Nawafleh, H. A., Al Hadid, L. A., Al Momani, M. M., & Al Barmawi, M. (2018). Measuring the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the spirituality questionnaire among university students in South Jordan. Applied Nursing Research, 39, 115-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.11.008
• ^{Riveros et al., 2018}
  Inventario de sistema de creencias (SBI-15 R) en Colombia: estructura factorial y confiabilidad en población universitaria y en pacientes crónicos

  Revista Colombiana de Enfermería, 2018
  Riveros, F., Bernal, L., Bohórquez, D., Vinaccia, S., & Quiceno, M. (2018). Inventario de sistema de creencias (SBI-15 R) en Colombia: estructura factorial y confiabilidad en población universitaria y en pacientes crónicos. Revista Colombiana de Enfermería, 17, 13-20. https://doi.org/10.18270/rce.v17i13.2103
• ^{Simkin et al., 2017}
  Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores

  Universitas Psychologica, 2017
  Simkin, H. (2017). Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores. Universitas Psychologica, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-2.aeee
• ^{Fopka-Kowalczyk et al., 2023}
  The Spiritual Supporter Scale as a New Tool for Assessing Spiritual Care Competencies in Professionals: Design, Validation, and Psychometric Evaluation

  Journal of religion and health, 2023
  Fopka-Kowalczyk, M., Best, M., & Krajnik, M. (2023). The Spiritual Supporter Scale as a New Tool for Assessing Spiritual Care Competencies in Professionals: Design, Validation, and Psychometric Evaluation. Journal of religion and health, 62(3), 2081–2111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01608-3
• ^{Gonçalves et al., 2016}
  Adaptação transcultural e validação da versão brasileira da Treatment Spirituality / Religiosity Scale

  Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 2016
  Gonçalves, A. M. D. S., Santos, M. A. D., Chaves, E. D. C. L., & Pillon, S. C. (2016). Adaptação transcultural e validação da versão brasileira da Treatment Spirituality / Religiosity Scale. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 69(2), 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2016690205i
• ^{Guilherme et al., 2020}
  Validity evidenceofthe spiritual care competence scale for brazilian undergraduate nursing students

  Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 2020
  Guilherme, C., Fulquini, F., Ribeiro, V., Gadioli, B., Eduardo, A., Caldeira, S., & Carvalho, E. (2020). Validity evidenceofthe spiritual care competence scale for brazilian undergraduate nursing students. Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 24(1), e-1343. https://doi.org/10.5935/1415.2762.20200080
• ^{İpek Çoban et al., 2017}
  Reliability and Validity of the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale in a Turkish Population

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  İpek Çoban, G., Şirin, M., & Yurttaş, A. (2017). Reliability and Validity of the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale in a Turkish Population. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(1), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0086-6
• ^{Erci & Aktürk, 2018}
  The System of Belief Inventory: A Validation Study in Turkish Cancer Patients

  Journal of religion and health, 2018
  Erci, B., & Aktürk, Ü. (2018). The System of Belief Inventory: A Validation Study in Turkish Cancer Patients. Journal of religion and health, 57(4), 1237-1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0406-0
• ^{Lo et al., 2016}
  Initial Validation of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale in Chinese Immigrants With Cancer Pain

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2016
  Lo, G., Chen, J., Wasser, T., Portenoy, R., & Dhingra, L. (2016). Initial Validation of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale in Chinese Immigrants With Cancer Pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 51(2), 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.10.002
• ^{Martins et al., 2021}
  Validation of the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) in Portuguese Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemoterapy

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Martins, H., Caldeira, S., Domingues, T., Vieira, M., & Koenig, H. (2021). Validation of the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) in Portuguese Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemoterapy. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3562-3575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01143-z
• ^{Pinto et al., 2016}
  Cultural adaptation and validation of the Portuguese End of Life Spiritual Comfort Questionnaire in Palliative Care patients

  Porto Biomedical Journal, 2016
  Pinto, S. M. O., Berenguer, S. M. A. C., Martins, J. C. A., & Kolcaba, K. (2016). Cultural adaptation and validation of the Portuguese End of Life Spiritual Comfort Questionnaire in Palliative Care patients. Porto Biomedical Journal, 1(4), 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbj.2016.08.003
• ^{Schiappacasse Cocio & González Soto, 2016}
  Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos

  Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 2016
  Schiappacasse Cocio, G., & González Soto, P. (2016). Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos. Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 15(3), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gamo.2016.05.004
• ^{Simão et al., 2016;}
  Cultural adaptation and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Spiritual Distress Scale

  Journal of clinical nursing, 2016
  Simão, T. P., Lopes Chaves, E.deC., Campos de Carvalho, E., Nogueira, D. A., Carvalho, C. C., Ku, Y. L., & Iunes, D. H. (2016). Cultural adaptation and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Spiritual Distress Scale. Journal of clinical nursing, 25(1-2), 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13060
• ^{Xie et al., 2019}
  Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale: Psychometric evaluation among cancer patients

  Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2019
  Xie, H., Taylor, E. J., Li, M., Wang, Y., & Liang, T. (2019). Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale: Psychometric evaluation among cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(5-6), 939-946. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14711
• ^{Zhao et al., 2021}
  Mass hysteria attack rates in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis

  Journal of International Medical Research, 2021
  Zhao, G., Cheng, Q., Dong, X., & Xie, L. (2021). Mass hysteria attack rates in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Journal of International Medical Research, 49(12). https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605211039812

Of all the studies reviewed, only 11% (n = 7) measured content validity with a panel of experts (^{Adib-Hajbaghery & Zehtabchi, 2016}; ^{Gallegos et al., 2021}; ^{Guilherme et al., 2020}; ^{Hu et al., 2019}; ^{Wu et al., 2013}; ^{Xie et al., 2019}), usually comprising nurses, theologians, psychologists, and priests. The number of experts ranged from five to 20.

• ^{Adib-Hajbaghery & Zehtabchi, 2016}
  Developing and Validating an Instrument to Assess the Nurses’ Professional Competence in Spiritual Care

  Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2016
  Adib-Hajbaghery, M., & Zehtabchi, S. (2016). Developing and Validating an Instrument to Assess the Nurses’ Professional Competence in Spiritual Care. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 24(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.24.1.15
• ^{Gallegos et al., 2021}
  Modified and Validated Version of the System of Beliefs Inventory (SBI-15R) in a Sample of Inhabitants from Arequipa City (Peru)

  nternational Journal of Latin American Religions, 2021
  Gallegos, W. L. A., Loayza, A. E., Rivera, R., & Cohello, A. L. N. (2021). Modified and Validated Version of the System of Beliefs Inventory (SBI-15R) in a Sample of Inhabitants from Arequipa City (Peru). International Journal of Latin American Religions, 5(2), 501-518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41603-021-00139-1
• ^{Guilherme et al., 2020}
  Validity evidenceofthe spiritual care competence scale for brazilian undergraduate nursing students

  Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 2020
  Guilherme, C., Fulquini, F., Ribeiro, V., Gadioli, B., Eduardo, A., Caldeira, S., & Carvalho, E. (2020). Validity evidenceofthe spiritual care competence scale for brazilian undergraduate nursing students. Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 24(1), e-1343. https://doi.org/10.5935/1415.2762.20200080
• ^{Hu et al., 2019}
  Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care-giving scale (C-SCGS) in nursing practice

  BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2019
  Hu, Y., Tiew, L. H., & Li, F. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care-giving scale (C-SCGS) in nursing practice. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0662-7
• ^{Wu et al., 2013}
  Persistent Organic Pollutants and Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Analysis in the Nurses’ Health Study and Meta-analysis

  Environmental Health Perspectives, 2013
  Wu, H., Bertrand, K. A., Choi, A. L., Hu, F. B., Laden, F., Grandjean, P., & Sun, Q. (2013). Persistent Organic Pollutants and Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Analysis in the Nurses’ Health Study and Meta-analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(2), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205248
• ^{Xie et al., 2019}
  Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale: Psychometric evaluation among cancer patients

  Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2019
  Xie, H., Taylor, E. J., Li, M., Wang, Y., & Liang, T. (2019). Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale: Psychometric evaluation among cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(5-6), 939-946. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14711

Ninety-seven per cent of the studies reviewed (n = 61) measured construct validity using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, or model fit indices, as shown in Table 3. Convergent construct validity was only measured in one instrument (^{Schiappacasse Cocio & González Soto, 2016}).

• ^{Schiappacasse Cocio & González Soto, 2016}
  Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos

  Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 2016
  Schiappacasse Cocio, G., & González Soto, P. (2016). Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos. Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 15(3), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gamo.2016.05.004

• ^{Adib-Hajbaghery & Zehtabchi,}
  Developing and Validating an Instrument to Assess the Nurses’ Professional Competence in Spiritual Care

  Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2016
  Adib-Hajbaghery, M., & Zehtabchi, S. (2016). Developing and Validating an Instrument to Assess the Nurses’ Professional Competence in Spiritual Care. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 24(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.24.1.15
• ²⁰¹⁶
  Developing and Validating an Instrument to Assess the Nurses’ Professional Competence in Spiritual Care

  Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2016
  Adib-Hajbaghery, M., & Zehtabchi, S. (2016). Developing and Validating an Instrument to Assess the Nurses’ Professional Competence in Spiritual Care. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 24(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.24.1.15
• ^{Agli et al., 2017}
  Validation of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Spiritual Well-being (FACIT-Sp12) on French Old People

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  Agli, O., Bailly, N., & Ferrand, C. (2017). Validation of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Spiritual Well-being (FACIT-Sp12) on French Old People. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(2), 464-476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0220-0
• ^{Ahmad et al., 2022}
  The FACIT-Sp spiritual wellbeing scale: a factor analysis in patients with severe and/or life-limiting medical illnesses

  Annals of Palliative Medicine, 2022
  Ahmad, N., Sinaii, N., Panahi, S., Bagereka, P., Serna-Tamayo, C., Shnayder, S., Ameli, R., & Berger, A. (2022). The FACIT-Sp spiritual wellbeing scale: a factor analysis in patients with severe and/or life-limiting medical illnesses. Annals of Palliative Medicine, 11(12), 3663-3673. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-22-692
• ^{Becerra Canales & Becerra}
  Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú

  Enfermería Global, 2020
  Becerra Canales, B., & Becerra Huaman, D. (2020). Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú. Enfermería Global, 19(4), 349-378. https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.417371
• ^{Huaman, 2020}
  Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú

  Enfermería Global, 2020
  Becerra Canales, B., & Becerra Huaman, D. (2020). Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú. Enfermería Global, 19(4), 349-378. https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.417371
• ^{Benito et al., 2014}
  Development and Validation of a New Tool for the Assessment and Spiritual Care of Palliative Care Patients

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2014
  Benito, E., Oliver, A., Galiana, L., Barreto, P., Pascual, A., Gomis, C., & Barbero, J. (2014). Development and Validation of a New Tool for the Assessment and Spiritual Care of Palliative Care Patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 47(6), 1008-1018.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.06.018
• ^{Berger et al., 2016}
  The Validation of a Spanish Version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being in Mexican College Students

  The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2016
  Berger, D., Fink, A., Perez Gomez, M. M., Lewis, A., & Unterrainer, H. (2016). The Validation of a Spanish Version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being in Mexican College Students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.9
• ^{Burke et al., 2014}
  Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief: Development and Validation of a New Measure

  Death Studies, 2013
  Burke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A., Holland, J. M., Dennard, S., Oliver, L., & Shear, M. K. (2013). Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief: Development and Validation of a New Measure. Death Studies, 38(4), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2013.810098
• ^{Burke et al., 2021}
  Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0 (ICSG 2.0): Validation of a revised measure of spiritual distress in bereavement

  Death Studies, 2021
  Burke, L. A., Crunk, A. E., Neimeyer, R. A., & Bai, H. (2021). Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0 (ICSG 2.0): Validation of a revised measure of spiritual distress in bereavement. Death Studies, 45(4), 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2019.1627031
• ^{Büssing et al., 2016}
  Spiritual and Religious Attitudes in Dealing with Illness in Polish Patients with Chronic Diseases: Validation of the Polish Version of the SpREUK Questionnaire

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2016
  Büssing, A., Franczak, K., & Surzykiewicz, J. (2016). Spiritual and Religious Attitudes in Dealing with Illness in Polish Patients with Chronic Diseases: Validation of the Polish Version of the SpREUK Questionnaire. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9967-3
• ^{Schiappacasse Cocio &}
  Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos

  Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 2016
  Schiappacasse Cocio, G., & González Soto, P. (2016). Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos. Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 15(3), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gamo.2016.05.004
• ^{González Soto, 2016}
  Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos

  Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 2016
  Schiappacasse Cocio, G., & González Soto, P. (2016). Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos. Gaceta Mexicana de Oncología, 15(3), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gamo.2016.05.004
• ^{Daaleman et al., 2014}
  Development and Preliminary Testing of the Quality of Spiritual Care Scale

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2014
  Daaleman, T. P., Reed, D., Cohen, L. W., & Zimmerman, S. (2014). Development and Preliminary Testing of the Quality of Spiritual Care Scale. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 47(4), 793-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.06.004
• ^{Deluga et al., 2020}
  Nurses’ spiritual attitudes and involvement—Validation of the Polish version of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List

  PLOS ONE, 2020
  Deluga, A., Dobrowolska, B., Jurek, K., Ślusarska, B., Nowicki, G., & Palese, A. (2020). Nurses’ spiritual attitudes and involvement—Validation of the Polish version of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List. PLOS ONE, 15(9), e0239068. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239068
• ^{Deng et al., 2021}
  Two Factor Structures Possible for the FACIT-Sp in Patients With Heart Failure

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2021
  Deng, L. R., Masters, K. S., Schmiege, S. J., Hess, E., & Bekelman, D. B. (2021). Two Factor Structures Possible for the FACIT-Sp in Patients With Heart Failure. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 62(5), 1034-1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.05.009
• ^{Pais et al., 2022}
  Spirituality and Spiritual Care in Nursing: Validity of the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale in an Indian Context

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2022
  Pais, N., Suresh, S., & DCunha, S. (2022). Spirituality and Spiritual Care in Nursing: Validity of the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale in an Indian Context. Journal of Religion and Health, 62, 2131-2143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01634-1
• ^{Díaz-Castillo et al., 2021}
  Desarrollo y validación de la Escala Trifactorial de Espiritualidad en personas adultas mayores mexicanas

  Neurama, 2021
  Díaz-Castillo, R., Montero-López Lena, M., González-Escobar, S., & González-Arratia López Fuente, N. I. (2021). Desarrollo y validación de la Escala Trifactorial de Espiritualidad en personas adultas mayores mexicanas. Neurama, 8(1), 39–52. https://www.neurama.es/articulos/15/articulo4.pdf
• ^{Elhai et al., 2018}
  Translation and validation of the Hebrew version of the SHALOM Spiritual questionnaire

  Aging & Mental Health, 2018
  Elhai, N., Carmel, S., O’Rourke, N., & Bachner, Y. G. (2018). Translation and validation of the Hebrew version of the SHALOM Spiritual questionnaire. Aging & Mental Health, 22(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1222350
• ^{Erci & Aktürk, 2018}
  The System of Belief Inventory: A Validation Study in Turkish Cancer Patients

  Journal of religion and health, 2018
  Erci, B., & Aktürk, Ü. (2018). The System of Belief Inventory: A Validation Study in Turkish Cancer Patients. Journal of religion and health, 57(4), 1237-1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0406-0
• ^{Feng et al., 2019}
  Spiritual Intelligence Scale--Chinese form: Construction and initial validation

  Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 2019
  Feng, M., Xiong, X.-y., & Li, J.-j. (2019). Spiritual Intelligence Scale--Chinese form: Construction and initial validation. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 38(5), 1318–1327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9678-5
• ^{Feng et al., 2021}
  The Chinese Spiritual Coping Scale: Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation

  Journal of religion and health, 2021
  Feng, J., Li, Y., Sun, Y., Wang, L., Qi, W., Wang, K. T., & Xue, Y. (2021). The Chinese Spiritual Coping Scale: Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation. Journal of religion and health, 60(1), 458–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00970-z
• ^{Fopka et al., 2023}
  The Spiritual Supporter Scale as a New Tool for Assessing Spiritual Care Competencies in Professionals: Design, Validation, and Psychometric Evaluation

  Journal of religion and health, 2023
  Fopka-Kowalczyk, M., Best, M., & Krajnik, M. (2023). The Spiritual Supporter Scale as a New Tool for Assessing Spiritual Care Competencies in Professionals: Design, Validation, and Psychometric Evaluation. Journal of religion and health, 62(3), 2081–2111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01608-3
• ^{Gallardo-Peralta et al., 2018}
  Validación de un Índice Breve de Religiosidad y Espiritualidad en personas mayores

  Revista de Psicología, 2018
  Gallardo-Peralta, L. P., Cuadra-Peralta, A., & Veloso-Besio, C. (2018). Validación de un Índice Breve de Religiosidad y Espiritualidad en personas mayores. Revista de Psicología, 27(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2018.50736
• ^{Gallegos et al., 2021}
  Modified and Validated Version of the System of Beliefs Inventory (SBI-15R) in a Sample of Inhabitants from Arequipa City (Peru)

  nternational Journal of Latin American Religions, 2021
  Gallegos, W. L. A., Loayza, A. E., Rivera, R., & Cohello, A. L. N. (2021). Modified and Validated Version of the System of Beliefs Inventory (SBI-15R) in a Sample of Inhabitants from Arequipa City (Peru). International Journal of Latin American Religions, 5(2), 501-518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41603-021-00139-1
• ^{Głaz, 2021}
  Psychological Analysis of Religiosity and Spirituality: Construction of the Scale of Abandonment by God (SAG)

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Głaz, S. (2021). Psychological Analysis of Religiosity and Spirituality: Construction of the Scale of Abandonment by God (SAG). Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3545–3561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01197-7
• ^{Gonçalves et al., 2016}
  Adaptação transcultural e validação da versão brasileira da Treatment Spirituality / Religiosity Scale

  Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 2016
  Gonçalves, A. M. D. S., Santos, M. A. D., Chaves, E. D. C. L., & Pillon, S. C. (2016). Adaptação transcultural e validação da versão brasileira da Treatment Spirituality / Religiosity Scale. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 69(2), 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2016690205i
• ^{González-Rivera, Veray-Alicea,}
  Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños

  Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 2017
  González-Rivera, J. A., Quintero-Jiménez, N., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2017). Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 20(1). https://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/repi/article/view/58935
• ^{et al., 2017}
  Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños

  Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 2017
  González-Rivera, J. A., Quintero-Jiménez, N., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2017). Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 20(1). https://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/repi/article/view/58935
• ^{González-Rivera, Quintero-}
  Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños

  Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 2017
  González-Rivera, J. A., Quintero-Jiménez, N., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2017). Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 20(1). https://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/repi/article/view/58935
• ^{Jiménez et al., 2017}
  Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños

  Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 2017
  González-Rivera, J. A., Quintero-Jiménez, N., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2017). Adaptación y validación de la escala de espiritualidad de delaney en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 20(1). https://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/repi/article/view/58935
• ^{González-Rivera et al., 2018}
  Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso

  Revista Evaluar, 2018
  González-Rivera, J. A., & Pagán-Torres, O. M. (2018). Desarrollo y Validación de un instrumento para medir Estrategias de Afrontamiento Religioso. Revista Evaluar, 18(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v18.n1.19771
• ^{González-Rivera & Pagán-}
  Confirmatory Factorial Analysis of the Personal Spirituality Scale in Puerto Ricans Adults Interacciones

  Interacciones, 2018
  González-Rivera, J., Rosario-Rodríguez, A., & Pagán-Torres, O. (2018). Confirmatory Factorial Analysis of the Personal Spirituality Scale in Puerto Ricans Adults Interacciones. Interacciones, 4(3), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.24016/2018.v4n3.101
• ^{Torres, 2018}
  Confirmatory Factorial Analysis of the Personal Spirituality Scale in Puerto Ricans Adults Interacciones

  Interacciones, 2018
  González-Rivera, J., Rosario-Rodríguez, A., & Pagán-Torres, O. (2018). Confirmatory Factorial Analysis of the Personal Spirituality Scale in Puerto Ricans Adults Interacciones. Interacciones, 4(3), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.24016/2018.v4n3.101
• ^{Guilherme et al., 2020}
  Validity evidenceofthe spiritual care competence scale for brazilian undergraduate nursing students

  Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 2020
  Guilherme, C., Fulquini, F., Ribeiro, V., Gadioli, B., Eduardo, A., Caldeira, S., & Carvalho, E. (2020). Validity evidenceofthe spiritual care competence scale for brazilian undergraduate nursing students. Reme: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 24(1), e-1343. https://doi.org/10.5935/1415.2762.20200080
• ^{İpek Çoban et al., 2017}
  Reliability and Validity of the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale in a Turkish Population

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  İpek Çoban, G., Şirin, M., & Yurttaş, A. (2017). Reliability and Validity of the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale in a Turkish Population. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(1), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0086-6
• ^{Hu et al., 2019}
  Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care-giving scale (C-SCGS) in nursing practice

  BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2019
  Hu, Y., Tiew, L. H., & Li, F. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care-giving scale (C-SCGS) in nursing practice. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0662-7
• ^{Kabakci et al., 2022}
  Adaptation into Turkish and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale

  Central European Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 2022
  Kabakci, E. N., & Çelik, N. (2022). Adaptation into Turkish and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale. Central European Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 13(2), 648-656. https://doi.org/10.15452/cejnm.2022.13.0001
• ^{Kang et al., 2022}
  Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale: Validation Among Nurses Who Care for Patients With Life-Threatening Illnesses in South Korea

  Journal of hospice and palliative nursing,, 2022
  Kang, K. A., Taylor, E. J., & Chun, J. (2022). Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale: Validation Among Nurses Who Care for Patients With Life-Threatening Illnesses in South Korea. Journal of hospice and palliative nursing, https://doi.org/10.1097/NJH.0000000000000895. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1097/NJH.0000000000000895
• ^{Levine et al., 2015}
  Development and Initial Validation of a Spiritual Support Subscale for the MOS Social Support Survey

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2015
  Levine, E. G., Vong, S., & Yoo, G. J. (2015). Development and Initial Validation of a Spiritual Support Subscale for the MOS Social Support Survey. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(6), 2355-2366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0005-x
• ^{Ling et al., 2015}
  Development and validation of the Chinese Version of Spiritual Interests Related Illness Tool for patients with cancer in Taiwan

  European journal of oncology nursing, 2015
  Lin, Y. L., Rau, K. M., Liu, Y. H., Lin, Y. H., Ying, J., & Kao, C. C. (2015). Development and validation of the Chinese Version of Spiritual Interests Related Illness Tool for patients with cancer in Taiwan. European journal of oncology nursing, 19(5), 589-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2015.03.005
• ^{Lo et al., 2016}
  Initial Validation of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale in Chinese Immigrants With Cancer Pain

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2016
  Lo, G., Chen, J., Wasser, T., Portenoy, R., & Dhingra, L. (2016). Initial Validation of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale in Chinese Immigrants With Cancer Pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 51(2), 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.10.002
• ^{Lundman et al., 2015}
  Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Self-Transcendence Scale Among Very Old People

  Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2015
  Lundman, B., Årestedt, K., Norberg, A., Norberg, C., Fischer, R. S., & Lövheim, H. (2015). Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Self-Transcendence Scale Among Very Old People. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 23(1), 96-111. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.23.1.96
• ^{Makkar & Singh, 2021}
  Development of a spirituality measurement scale

  Current Psychology, 2021
  Makkar, S., & Singh, A. K. (2021). Development of a spirituality measurement scale. Current Psychology, 40(3), 1490-1497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0081-7
• ^{Martins et al., 2021}
  Validation of the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) in Portuguese Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemoterapy

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Martins, H., Caldeira, S., Domingues, T., Vieira, M., & Koenig, H. (2021). Validation of the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) in Portuguese Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemoterapy. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3562-3575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01143-z
• ^{Moeini et al., 2018}
  Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire Among Elders With Chronic Diseases

  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2018
  Moeini, B., Zamanian, H., Taheri-Kharameh, Z., Ramezani, T., Saati-Asr, M., Hajrahimian, M., & Amini-Tehrani, M. (2018). Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire Among Elders With Chronic Diseases. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 55(1), 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.08.024
• ^{Nawafleh et al., 2018}
  Measuring the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the spirituality questionnaire among university students in South Jordan

  Applied Nursing Research, 2018
  Nawafleh, H. A., Al Hadid, L. A., Al Momani, M. M., & Al Barmawi, M. (2018). Measuring the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the spirituality questionnaire among university students in South Jordan. Applied Nursing Research, 39, 115-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.11.008
• ^{Nooripour et al., 2023}
  Validation of the Spiritual Well-being Scale (SWBS) and its role in Predicting Hope among Iranian Elderly

  Ageing International, 2023
  Nooripour, R., Ghanbari, N., Hosseinian, S., Ronzani, T. M., Hussain, A. J., Ilanloo, H., Majd, M. A., Soleimani, E., Saffarieh, M., & Yaghoob, V. (2023). Validation of the Spiritual Well-being Scale (SWBS) and its role in Predicting Hope among Iranian Elderly. Ageing International, 48(2), 593-611. https://doi-org.ugto.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s12126-022-09492-8
• ^{Pinto et al., 2016}
  Cultural adaptation and validation of the Portuguese End of Life Spiritual Comfort Questionnaire in Palliative Care patients

  Porto Biomedical Journal, 2016
  Pinto, S. M. O., Berenguer, S. M. A. C., Martins, J. C. A., & Kolcaba, K. (2016). Cultural adaptation and validation of the Portuguese End of Life Spiritual Comfort Questionnaire in Palliative Care patients. Porto Biomedical Journal, 1(4), 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbj.2016.08.003
• ^{Oñate et al., 2015}
  Propiedades psicométricas de la dimensión espiritualidad de la evaluación multidimensional de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad, 2015
  Oñate, M. E., Resett, S., Sanabria, M. E., & MenghI, M. S. (2015). Propiedades psicométricas de la dimensión espiritualidad de la evaluación multidimensional de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad, VII Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología XXII Jornadas de Investigación XI Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del MERCOSUR. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires. https://www.aacademica.org/000-015/941.pdf
• ^{Pastrana et al., 2021}
  Translation and Validation of the Spanish Version of the Spiritual Care Competence Questionnaire (SCCQ)

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Pastrana, T., Frick, E., Krikorian, A., Ascencio, L., Galeazzi, F., & Büssing, A. (2021). Translation and Validation of the Spanish Version of the Spiritual Care Competence Questionnaire (SCCQ). Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3621-3639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01402-7
• ^{Pena-Gayo et al., 2018}
  Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Pamela Reed’s Self-Transcendence Scale for the Spanish context

  Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 2018
  Pena-Gayo, A., González-Chordá, V. M., Cervera-Gasch, Á., & Mena-Tudela, D. (2018). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Pamela Reed’s Self-Transcendence Scale for the Spanish context. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 26, https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2750.3058
• ^{Proyer & Laub, 2017}
  The German-Language Version of the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory-Revised: Adaptation and Initial Validation

  Current Psychology, 2017
  Proyer, R. T., & Laub, N. (2017). The German-Language Version of the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory-Revised: Adaptation and Initial Validation. Current Psychology, 36(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9379-x
• ^{Rabitti et al., 2020}
  The assessment of spiritual well-being in cancer patients with advanced disease: which are its meaningful dimensions?

  BMC Palliative Care, 2020
  Rabitti, E., Cavuto, S., Iani, L., Ottonelli, S., De Vincenzo, F., & Costantini, M. (2020). The assessment of spiritual well-being in cancer patients with advanced disease: which are its meaningful dimensions? BMC Palliative Care, 19(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-020-0534-2
• ^{Riveros et al., 2018}
  Inventario de sistema de creencias (SBI-15 R) en Colombia: estructura factorial y confiabilidad en población universitaria y en pacientes crónicos

  Revista Colombiana de Enfermería, 2018
  Riveros, F., Bernal, L., Bohórquez, D., Vinaccia, S., & Quiceno, M. (2018). Inventario de sistema de creencias (SBI-15 R) en Colombia: estructura factorial y confiabilidad en población universitaria y en pacientes crónicos. Revista Colombiana de Enfermería, 17, 13-20. https://doi.org/10.18270/rce.v17i13.2103
• ^{Roof et al., 2017}
  The spiritual engagement instrument

  Asian Journal of Business Ethics, 2017
  Roof, R. A., Bocarnea, M. C., & Winston, B. E. (2017). The spiritual engagement instrument. Asian Journal of Business Ethics, 6(2), 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13520-017-0073-y
• ^{Saffari et al., 2017}
  Validation of the Persian version of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) in Pregnant Women: A Proper Tool to Assess Spirituality Related to Mental Health

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  Saffari, M., Amini, H., Sheykh-oliya, Z., Pakpour, A. H., & Koenig, H. G. (2017). Validation of the Persian version of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) in Pregnant Women: A Proper Tool to Assess Spirituality Related to Mental Health. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(6), 2222-2236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0393-1
• ^{Simão et al., 2016}
  Cultural adaptation and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Spiritual Distress Scale

  Journal of clinical nursing, 2016
  Simão, T. P., Lopes Chaves, E.deC., Campos de Carvalho, E., Nogueira, D. A., Carvalho, C. C., Ku, Y. L., & Iunes, D. H. (2016). Cultural adaptation and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Spiritual Distress Scale. Journal of clinical nursing, 25(1-2), 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13060
• ^{Simkin, 2017}
  Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores

  Universitas Psychologica, 2017
  Simkin, H. (2017). Adaptación y Validación al español de la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES): la trascendencia espiritual en el modelo de los cinco factores. Universitas Psychologica, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-2.aeee
• ^{Soósová et al., 2021}
  Psychometrics Properties of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale in Slovak Elderly

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2021
  Soósová, M. S., & Mauer, B. (2021). Psychometrics Properties of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale in Slovak Elderly. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(1), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-00994-w
• ^{Tomás & Rosa, 2021}
  Validation of a Scale of Religious and Spiritual Coping (RCOPE) for the Portuguese Population

  Journal of religion and health, 2021
  Tomás, C., & Rosa, P. J. (2021). Validation of a Scale of Religious and Spiritual Coping (RCOPE) for the Portuguese Population. Journal of religion and health, 60(5), 3510-3529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01248-z
• ^{Vespa et al., 2017}
  Validation of Brief Multidimensional Spirituality/Religiousness Inventory (BMMRS) in Italian Adult Participants and in Participants with Medical Diseases

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2017
  Vespa, A., Giulietti, M. V., Spatuzzi, R., Fabbietti, P., Meloni, C., Gattafoni, P., & Ottaviani, M. (2017). Validation of Brief Multidimensional Spirituality/Religiousness Inventory (BMMRS) in Italian Adult Participants and in Participants with Medical Diseases. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(3), 907-915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0285-9
• ^{Wan et al., 2022}
  The experiences of spiritual enlightenment: A mixed-method study of the development of a Spiritual Enlightenment Experience Scale

  Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 2022
  Wang, Q., Zhou, X., & Ng, S. (2022). The experiences of spiritual enlightenment: A mixed-method study of the development of a Spiritual Enlightenment Experience Scale. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 44(3), 175-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/00846724221121686
• ^{Watts et al., 2022}
  The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world

  Psychopharmacology, 2022
  Watts, R., Kettner, H., Geerts, D., Gandy, S., Kartner, L., Mertens, L., Timmermann, C., Nour, M. M., Kaelen, M., Nutt, D., Carhart-Harris, R., & Roseman, L. (2022). The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world. Psychopharmacology, 239(11), 3461-3483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5
• ^{Weathers et al., 2020}
  Development and validation of the Spirituality Instrument-27© (SpI-27©) in individuals with chronic illness

  Applied Nursing Research, 2020
  Weathers, E., Coffey, A., McSherry, W., & McCarthy, G. (2020). Development and validation of the Spirituality Instrument-27© (SpI-27©) in individuals with chronic illness. Applied Nursing Research, 56, 151331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151331
• ^{White & Schim, 2013}
  Development of a Spiritual Self-Care Practice Scale

  Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2013
  White, M. L., & Schim, S. M. (2013). Development of a Spiritual Self-Care Practice Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 21(3), 450-462. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.21.3.450
• ^{Wu et al., 2016}
  Development and Validation of the Spiritual Care Needs Inventory for Acute Care Hospital Patients in Taiwan

  Clinical Nursing Research, 2016
  Wu, L., Koo, M., Liao, Y.-C., Chen, Y.-M., & Yeh, D.-C. (2016). Development and Validation of the Spiritual Care Needs Inventory for Acute Care Hospital Patients in Taiwan. Clinical Nursing Research, 25(6), 590-606. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773815579609
• ^{Xie et al., 2019}
  Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale: Psychometric evaluation among cancer patients

  Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2019
  Xie, H., Taylor, E. J., Li, M., Wang, Y., & Liang, T. (2019). Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale: Psychometric evaluation among cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(5-6), 939-946. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14711
• ^{Yepes et al., 2023}
  Validation of the Italian Version of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale Among Psychiatric Patients

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2023
  Yepes Martinez, M. V., Rossi, R., Ciani, M., & Ferrari, C. (2023). Validation of the Italian Version of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale Among Psychiatric Patients. Journal of Religion and Health, 62(3), 2181-2195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01672-9
• ^{Zhao et al., 2019}
  Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of spiritual needs questionnaire with 27 items (SpNQ-Ch-27) in cancer patients

  International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 2019
  Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Yao, X., Jiang, L., Hou, M., & Zhao, Q. (2019). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of spiritual needs questionnaire with 27 items (SpNQ-Ch-27) in cancer patients. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(2), 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.03.010

Among the instruments with construct validity testing, we found an average of three factors, ranging from one to six, with an average of 61% of total explained variance, ranging from 42.3% to 95.9%. Of the instruments, 84.3% (n = 54) reported overall reliability using Cronbach’s alpha, with a range of 0.71 to 0.98.

This review identified 64 research studies assessing spirituality from different theoretical and philosophical points of view and perspectives, including those specific to a particular population. The various constructs that can arise from spirituality or deal with the spiritual dimension of a human being are usually extremely abstract and often difficult to understand due to the nature of the phenomenon (^{Fuentes, 2018}). Some characteristics theorists have identified about spirituality should be highlighted, such as the fact that it is subjective and individual and develops differently in each person (^{Sarrazin Martínez, 2021}).

• ^{Fuentes, 2018}
  La Religiosidad y la Espiritualidad ¿Son conceptos teóricos independientes?

  Revista de Psicología, 2018
  Fuentes, L. del C. (2018). La Religiosidad y la Espiritualidad ¿Son conceptos teóricos independientes? Revista de Psicología, 14(28), 109-119. https://erevistas.uca.edu.ar/index.php/RPSI/article/view/1742
• ^{Sarrazin Martínez, 2021}
  La relación entre religión, espiritualidad y salud: una revisión crítica desde las ciencias sociales

  Hallazgos,, 2021
  Sarrazin Martínez, J. P. (2021). La relación entre religión, espiritualidad y salud: una revisión crítica desde las ciencias sociales. Hallazgos, https://doi.org/10.15332/2422409x.5232

This level of abstraction of the phenomenon gives it interpretive richness, enabling it to be evaluated from multiple theoretical perspectives. Among the psychometric studies, three approaches were identified in the definitions of spirituality or an emerging concept of this phenomenon. The first is a homocentric approach, where humans connect and relate to their environment, finding purpose or meaning in their lives through these connections. The second is a theocentric approach, in which humans establish a relationship with God, a higher power, or a mystical element, finding fulfillment and their life’s purpose in it. The third is a mixed vision, which does not separate the different connections humans establish. All these approaches enable humans to transcend their lives. These findings were expected given the nature of the phenomenon, since spirituality favors a connection with the variables of the being at an intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal level (^{Fuentes, 2018}; ^{López-Tarrida et al., 2020}), which in turn leads the person to transcend (^{Reed, 2018}, ²⁰²¹).

• ^{Fuentes, 2018}
  La Religiosidad y la Espiritualidad ¿Son conceptos teóricos independientes?

  Revista de Psicología, 2018
  Fuentes, L. del C. (2018). La Religiosidad y la Espiritualidad ¿Son conceptos teóricos independientes? Revista de Psicología, 14(28), 109-119. https://erevistas.uca.edu.ar/index.php/RPSI/article/view/1742
• ^{López-Tarrida et al., 2020}
  Cuidando con sentido: la atención de lo espiritual en la práctica clínica desde la perspectiva del profesional

  Revista Española de Salud Pública, 2020
  López-Tarrida, Á. C, Ruiz-Romero, V., & González-Martín, T. (2020). Cuidando con sentido: la atención de lo espiritual en la práctica clínica desde la perspectiva del profesional. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 94, 202001002. Recuperado en 08 de enero de 2025, de http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1135-57272020000100083&lng=es&tlng=es.
• ^{Reed, 2018}
  Theoryof self-transcendence

  Middle Range Theory for Nursing, 2018
  Reed, P. G. (2018). Theoryof self-transcendence. In: M. J. Smith, & P. Liehr (Eds.), Middle Range Theory for Nursing, 4th Edition, Vol. 3, pp. 119-145. Springer Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826159922.0007
• ²⁰²¹
  Self-Transcendence: Moving from Spiritual Disequilibrium to Well-Being Across the Cancer Trajectory

  Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 2021
  Reed, P. G. (2021). Self-Transcendence: Moving from Spiritual Disequilibrium to Well-Being Across the Cancer Trajectory. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 37(5), 151212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2021.151212

Spiritual needs are one of the constructs enabling us to assess spirituality in people who are ill. Identifying spiritual needs can be helpful in healthcare practice. It is because it facilitates the identification of challenges in religious or intra- and intrapersonal practices that it can be useful for hospitalized people or those with health problems (^{Morales-Ramón & Ojeda-Vargas, 2014}; ^{Pérez-García, 2016}). However, nursing practice would be limited if only spiritual needs of a religious nature were addressed (^{Morales-Ramón & Ojeda-Vargas, 2014}; ^{Muñoz Devesa et al., 2014}).

• ^{Morales-Ramón & Ojeda-Vargas, 2014}
  El cuidado espiritual como una oportunidad de cuidado y trascendencia en la atención de enfermería

  Salud en Tabasco, 2014
  Morales-Ramón, F., & Ojeda-Vargas, M. G. (2014). El cuidado espiritual como una oportunidad de cuidado y trascendencia en la atención de enfermería. Salud en Tabasco, 20(3), 94-97.
• ^{Pérez-García, 2016}
  Enfermería y necesidades espirituales en el paciente con enfermedad en etapa terminal

  Enfermería: Cuidados Humanizados, 2016
  Pérez-García, E. (2016). Enfermería y necesidades espirituales en el paciente con enfermedad en etapa terminal. Enfermería: Cuidados Humanizados, 5(2), 41-45.
• ^{Morales-Ramón & Ojeda-Vargas, 2014}
  El cuidado espiritual como una oportunidad de cuidado y trascendencia en la atención de enfermería

  Salud en Tabasco, 2014
  Morales-Ramón, F., & Ojeda-Vargas, M. G. (2014). El cuidado espiritual como una oportunidad de cuidado y trascendencia en la atención de enfermería. Salud en Tabasco, 20(3), 94-97.
• ^{Muñoz Devesa et al., 2014}
  La Enfermería y los cuidados del sufrimiento espiritual

  Index de Enfermería, 2014
  Muñoz Devesa, A., Morales Moreno, I., Bermejo Higuera, J. C., & Galán González Serna, J. M. (2014). La Enfermería y los cuidados del sufrimiento espiritual. Index de Enfermería, 23(3), 153-156. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1132-12962014000200008

Among the multiple constructs of spirituality, religious practices or rituals and theocentric belief systems are part of the transpersonal dimension of spirituality in believers. Although these two constructs closely related in some ways, they are theoretically quite different (^{Sarrazin Martínez, 2021}). Instruments assessing religiosity as part of spirituality are therefore useful for religious populations.

• ^{Sarrazin Martínez, 2021}
  La relación entre religión, espiritualidad y salud: una revisión crítica desde las ciencias sociales

  Hallazgos,, 2021
  Sarrazin Martínez, J. P. (2021). La relación entre religión, espiritualidad y salud: una revisión crítica desde las ciencias sociales. Hallazgos, https://doi.org/10.15332/2422409x.5232

A total of 54 different instruments assessed spirituality from multiple components, theories, and philosophical perspectives. This could be because spiritual care is becoming increasingly requested at institutions due to the implementation of human caring models in clinical practice (^{Soto-Rubio et al., 2020}). Nurses and other health professionals are therefore becoming more aware and knowledgeable about this phenomenon, as reported by (^{Sarrazin Martínez, 2021}).

• ^{Soto-Rubio et al., 2020}
  Responding to the Spiritual Needs of Palliative Care Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Test the Effectiveness of the Kibo Therapeutic Interview

  Frontiers in Psychology, 2020
  Soto-Rubio, A., Perez-Marin, M., Rudilla, D., Galiana, L., Oliver, A., Fombuena, M., & Barreto, P. (2020). Responding to the Spiritual Needs of Palliative Care Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Test the Effectiveness of the Kibo Therapeutic Interview. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01979
• ^{Sarrazin Martínez, 2021}
  La relación entre religión, espiritualidad y salud: una revisión crítica desde las ciencias sociales

  Hallazgos,, 2021
  Sarrazin Martínez, J. P. (2021). La relación entre religión, espiritualidad y salud: una revisión crítica desde las ciencias sociales. Hallazgos, https://doi.org/10.15332/2422409x.5232

However, in several of the instruments found, there is evidence of a lack of conceptual clarity in the constructs assessed, making it difficult to understand the empirical indicators. This can also be observed in the similarity of items found in instruments assessing spirituality from different constructs.

Given the nature of the phenomenon, a lack of conceptual clarity is common in studies conducted since the 1990s. A previous review on spirituality questionnaires, conducted by ^{de Jager Meezenbroek et al. (2012)}, reported that the items in the questionnaires analyzed were not as clear or appropriate for practice. Therefore, although numerous scales, inventories, and instruments exist to measure spirituality, exploring, assessing, and approaching spirituality in clinical practice is complex (^{López-Tarrida et al., 2020}), especially when the constructs in the instruments are unclear.

• ^{de Jager Meezenbroek et al. (2012)}
  Measuring Spirituality as a Universal Human Experience: A Review of Spirituality Questionnaires

  Journal of Religion and Health, 2012
  de Jager Meezenbroek, E., Garssen, B., van den Berg, M., van Dierendonck, D., Visser, A., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Measuring Spirituality as a Universal Human Experience: A Review of Spirituality Questionnaires. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(2), 336-354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-010-9376-1
• ^{López-Tarrida et al., 2020}
  Cuidando con sentido: la atención de lo espiritual en la práctica clínica desde la perspectiva del profesional

  Revista Española de Salud Pública, 2020
  López-Tarrida, Á. C, Ruiz-Romero, V., & González-Martín, T. (2020). Cuidando con sentido: la atención de lo espiritual en la práctica clínica desde la perspectiva del profesional. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 94, 202001002. Recuperado en 08 de enero de 2025, de http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1135-57272020000100083&lng=es&tlng=es.

^{Waltz et al. (2017)} suggest that the first step a researcher should take when designing instruments, is conceptual operationalization, in which attributes, characteristics and dimensions are defined to distinguish the concept being assessed from others that could be considered synonyms. Conceptual inaccuracy has been one of the most common flaws in instruments assessing attributes of spirituality. This could be due to the lack of fit between the dimensions of the instruments and the conceptual definition of the phenomenon that is to be measured. It was clear from most psychometric studies that the conceptual definition was not consistent with the instrument or its dimensions. Although a conceptual definition of spirituality was given in the introduction section of many of the studies included in this review, the dimensions of the validated instrument were not known until the material and methods section. The defining characteristics enable concepts to be differentiated, thereby establishing a conceptual delimitation. These elements are known as dimensions or factors, and items are grouped according to these defining characteristics, dimensions, or factors, thereby measuring the concept intended to be evaluated (^{Waltz et al., 2017}). The lack of a clear link between the conceptual definition and the dimensions of the instrument can therefore limit accuracy in measuring the phenomenon.

• ^{Waltz et al. (2017)}
  Measurement in Nursing and Health Research, 2017
  Waltz, C., Strickland, O., & Lenz, E. (2017). Measurement in Nursing and Health Research (5th ed.). Springer Publishing Company, New York. https://www.springerpub.com/measurement-in-nursing-and-health-research-9780826170613.html
• ^{Waltz et al., 2017}
  Measurement in Nursing and Health Research, 2017
  Waltz, C., Strickland, O., & Lenz, E. (2017). Measurement in Nursing and Health Research (5th ed.). Springer Publishing Company, New York. https://www.springerpub.com/measurement-in-nursing-and-health-research-9780826170613.html

In this review, three types of validity (content, construct, and criterion) were measured for the Spiritual Caregiving Scale (^{Hu et al., 2019}), and only seven studies measured content validity. Content validity is a logical judgment attempting to determine whether items reflect the content domain being measured by assessing clarity, coherence, relevance, and (^{Urrutia Egaña et al., 2014}).

• ^{Hu et al., 2019}
  Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care-giving scale (C-SCGS) in nursing practice

  BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2019
  Hu, Y., Tiew, L. H., & Li, F. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care-giving scale (C-SCGS) in nursing practice. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0662-7
• ^{Urrutia Egaña et al., 2014}
  Métodos óptimos para determinar validez de contenido

  Educación Médica Superior, 2014
  Urrutia Egaña, M., Barrios Araya, S., Gutiérrez Núñez, M., & Mayorga Camus, M. (2014). Métodos óptimos para determinar validez de contenido. Educación Médica Superior, 28(3), 547-558. https://ems.sld.cu/index.php/ems/article/view/301

Construct validity was the most frequently reported aspect in the measurement instruments reviewed. A total of 73% of the studies used Bartlett’s test of sphericity and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure to verify sampling adequacy for factor analysis. The KMO test shows the degree to which each variable can be predicted by the other variables. This statistic must be calculated before running the correlation matrices for factor analysis, and the criterion that KMO must be equal to or greater than 0.8 must be met (^{Pizarro Romero & Martínez Mora, 2020}).

• ^{Pizarro Romero & Martínez Mora, 2020}
  Análisis factorial exploratorio mediante el uso de las medidas de adecuación muestral kmo y esfericidad de bartlett para determinar factores principales

  Journal of Science and Research, 2020
  Pizarro Romero, K. P., & Martínez Mora, O. M. (2020). Análisis factorial exploratorio mediante el uso de las medidas de adecuación muestral kmo y esfericidad de bartlett para determinar factores principales. Journal of Science and Research, 5, 903-924. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4453224

Bartlett’s test of sphericity indicates whether a correlation matrix is suitable for factor analysis, for which it must be < 0.5 (^{López-Aguado & Gutiérrez-Provecho, 2019}). Factor analysis can then be performed. The grouping of items into factors in the pilot test confirms the concept or construct being measured by empirically dividing these groupings into dimensions (^{Lloret-Segura et al., 2014}). To ensure accurate assessment, it is essential to clearly define the unique qualities and characteristics that differentiate the concept from others.

• ^{López-Aguado & Gutiérrez-Provecho, 2019}
  Cómo realizar e interpretar un análisis factorial exploratorio utilizando SPSS

  REIRE Revista d’Innovaciói Recerca en Educació, 2019
  López-Aguado, M., & Gutiérrez-Provecho, L. (2019). Cómo realizar e interpretar un análisis factorial exploratorio utilizando SPSS. REIRE Revista d’Innovaciói Recerca en Educació, 12(2), https://doi.org/10.1344/reire2019.12.227057
• ^{Lloret-Segura et al., 2014}
  El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio de los Ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada

  Anales de Psicología, 2014
  Lloret-Segura, Susana, Ferreres-Traver, Adoración, Hernández-Baeza, Ana, & Tomás-Marco, Inés. (2014). El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio de los Ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1151-1169. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361

Certain aspects must be considered for an adequate interpretation of our results. Although our systematic search to identify the articles included in this review was not restricted by geographic region or language of publication, we cannot guarantee that we have managed to retrieve all the manuscripts on the psychometric properties of instruments evaluated spirituality, which is a limitation of this type of studies.

Despite this limitation, advantages of the present review include the fact that we searched for studies in six different electronic databases, enabling us to summarize the available evidence on the topic of interest from a larger number of studies than previous reviews. Moreover, unlike other reviews, we included information on instruments to assess spirituality among different population groups. Furthermore, researchers read and evaluated the articles to ensure an appropriate and scientifically rigorous selection, and the evaluation was conducted in phases.

In conclusion, since spirituality can be measured from multiple perspectives, concepts, and theoretical points of reference, numerous constructs have been created. Although the level of conceptual abstraction of this phenomenon provides a richness of interpretation, in practice this can cause confusion.

The need for greater clarity in certain constructs in spirituality scales is evinced by the similarity of items across instruments. There is often a lack of clarity between the conceptual operationalization and wording of the categories and empirical indicators.

Most of the studies included in this review only measured the construct validity of instruments to assess spirituality, ignoring content and criterion validity. The absence of holistic validation could restrict the precision and applicability of the measurements made, thus limiting their usefulness in various research contexts or practical applications.

The reliability of the measurement instruments analyzed in this review ranged from 0.7 to 0.98. This wide range of reliability indicates sharp differences in the consistency and stability of the measurements obtained through these instruments. Despite the variability, it is important to note that most instruments demonstrate levels of reliability that can be considered acceptable in terms of internal consistency and reproducibility of results. However, it should be noted that reliability alone does not guarantee the validity of measurements, as precision and consistency may not necessarily determine the accuracy of what is being measured.