<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-8224</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Anuario de letras. Lingüística y filología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Anu. let. lingüíst. filol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-8224</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-82242025000100205</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19130/iifl.adel.2025.13.1.00x328sw37</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El surgimiento de las variedades americanas del español, el portugués y el francés: elementos para un estudio comparativo]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Emergence of the American Varieties of Spanish, Portuguese, and French: Elements for a Comparative Study]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calvo del Olmo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Aff">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>205</fpage>
<lpage>236</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-82242025000100205&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-82242025000100205&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-82242025000100205&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El presente texto traza un panorama general de los procesos que llevaron a la implantación de tres lenguas románicas (español, portugués y francés) en vastas áreas de América desde una perspectiva comparativa. Para ello, articulamos estudios clásicos con otros de publicación reciente pertenecientes a las tradiciones académicas de estas tres lenguas, asumiendo así un enfoque bibliográfico en la investigación. Focalizamos nuestra atención en las interacciones entre los colonizadores europeos, los pueblos indígenas y las poblaciones africanas en el Nuevo Mundo como tres factores que determinaron el surgimiento y las características de las variedades vernáculas trasplantadas. Asimismo, discutimos las fases y la cronología de los procesos de koineización y nativización de esos tres idiomas durante el periodo colonial. De este modo, pretendemos esbozar un cuadro comparativo coherente más allá de la diversidad de los contextos, describir patrones comunes, debatir sus diferencias y apuntar posibles límites y direcciones para investigaciones futuras. Con todo ello, esperamos formular un diálogo entre la historia del español americano, el portugués brasileño y el francés de Canadá y del Caribe, como capítulos cardinales de la historia general de la familia neolatina.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The aim of this paper is to provide a comparative overview of the processes that established three Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, and French) in vast areas of the Americas. To this end, we bring together classic and recently published studies in the literatures of these languages, taking a bibliographic approach. We focus our attention on the interactions between European colonizers, indigenous peoples, and African populations in the New World as three main factors that determined the emergence and characteristics of the transplanted vernacular varieties. We also discuss the phases and chronology of the processes of koineization and nativization of these three languages in the colonial period. We attempt to sketch a coherent comparative picture across the diversity of contexts, describe common patterns, discuss differences, and point to possible limits and directions for future research. In doing so, we hope to initiate a dialogue regarding the histories of Amer­ican Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, and Canadian and Caribbean French in the history of the Neo-Latin family.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[lenguas románicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[historia externa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[español americano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[portugués brasileño]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[francés canadiense]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Romance languages]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[external history]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[American Spanish]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Brazilian Portuguese]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Canadian French]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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