<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-718X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[El trimestre económico]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[El trimestre econ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-718X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-718X2024000400765</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20430/ete.v91i364.2584</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El trabajo informal en los Estados Unidos: informalización, inmigración y emprendimiento en el trabajo]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Informal work in the United States: Informalization, immigration, and entrepreneurship at work]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tilly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chris]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de California  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Los Ángeles ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>91</volume>
<numero>364</numero>
<fpage>765</fpage>
<lpage>807</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-718X2024000400765&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-718X2024000400765&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-718X2024000400765&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El trabajo informal -es decir, el trabajo que por lo demás es legal pero no está protegido por las leyes laborales estándar ni los programas de seguridad social que cubren el resto del trabajo- está muy extendido en los Estados Unidos, y la informalización -o sea, el desplazamiento del empleo hacia la informalidad- aún más. Estimaciones recientes de la participación en el trabajo &#8220;extraoficial&#8221; alcanzan a 36% de la población adulta, y dos tercios de una muestra de trabajadores con salarios bajos habían experimentado violaciones de la legislación laboral en la semana anterior. El empleo informal representa sobre todo a los migrantes trasnacionales. Las acciones de múltiples actores contribuyen a éste. Los empresarios estadunidenses participan en la informalización mediante la &#8220;fisuración&#8221; de los empleos, al dividirlos en estatutos menos protegidos. Los gobiernos nacionales, regionales y locales del país contribuyen a configurar el grado de informalización mediante la aplicación (o su falta) de la legislación laboral, las políticas sobre migración y otras acciones. Los grupos de trabajadores vulnerables recurren al empleo informal o al autoempleo como estrategia de supervivencia, mientras que los trabajadores más acomodados se autoemplean para ganar autonomía, flexibilidad o autorrealización. Las respuestas colectivas y organizativas de grupos de trabajadores, principalmente mediante organizaciones de la sociedad civil conocidas como &#8220;centros de trabajadores&#8221;, han ido en aumento. Este artículo ofrece una revisión exhaustiva y un debate conceptual de lo que sabemos sobre el trabajo informal en los Estados Unidos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Informal work, labor that is otherwise legal but is not protected by the standard labor laws and social insurance programs that cover other work, is widespread in the United States, and informalization, which means shifting of employment toward informality, even more so. Recent estimates of participation in &#8220;off the books&#8221; work run as high as 36% of the adult population, and two-thirds of a sample of low-wage workers had experienced employment law violations in the previous week. Informal employment over-represents transnational migrants. Actions by multiple actors contribute to informal employment. U. S. employers engage in informalization via the &#8220;fissuring&#8221; of jobs, splitting them into less protected statuses. The country&#8217;s national, regional, and local states help shape the degree of informalization by their implementation (or not) of employment law, policies on migration, and other actions. Vulnerable groups of workers pursue informal employment or self-employment as a survival strategy, whereas better-off workers self-employ to gain autonomy, flexibility, or fulfillment. Collective, organizing responses by groups of workers, primarily through civil society organizations known as &#8220;worker centers&#8221;, have been growing. This article offers a comprehensive review and a conceptual discussion of what we know about informal work in the United States.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[informalización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trabajo informal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[migración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[organización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Informalization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[informal work]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[migration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[organizing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[United States]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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