<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-654X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Estudios de Asia y África]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Estud. Asia Áfr.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-654X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-654X2025000200102</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24201/eaa.v60i2.e2919</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Imperios en el crepúsculo: las relaciones sino-españolas (1864-1912), el nacimiento de un modelo de forma sin fondo]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Empires in the Twilight: Sino-Spanish Relations (1864-1912), the Birth of a Content-Less Formal Pattern]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raúl]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guanjie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Niu]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Deporte y Estudios Interdisciplinares ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Renmin de China Facultad de Historia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Beijing ]]></addr-line>
<country>China</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-654X2025000200102&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-654X2025000200102&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-654X2025000200102&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Se describen las relaciones entre China y España desde su establecimiento formal en 1864 hasta la caída de la dinastía Qing en 1912, con base en los documentos que sobre España conservó el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores Qing, custodiados en The First Historical Archives of China, que recogen las comunicaciones diplomáticas entre el gobierno central chino y las instituciones españolas, así como los informes interdepartamentales chinos centrados en España. Se identifican las dinámicas relevantes de aquellas relaciones y se caracterizan como de forma y sin fondo, pues concedían un excesivo peso a las cuestiones protocolarias y mostraban la absoluta debilidad de ambos países en lo político y lo económico. España para China era una nación amistosa pero irrelevante, mientras que China para España no pasaba de ser un gasto suntuario, mas no excesivo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: The relations between China and Spain from their formal establishment in 1864 until the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912 are described on the basis of documents about Spain kept by the Qing Ministry of Foreign Affairs in The First Historical Archives of China, which collect diplomatic communications between the Chinese central government and Spanish institutions, as well as Chinese interdepartmental reports focusing on Spain. The relevant dynamics of these relations are identified and characterized as very formal but without deep content. Excessive emphasis has been placed on protocol issues, demonstrating the absolute weakness of the political and economic ties between both countries. For China, Spain was a friendly but irrelevant nation, while for Spain, China was nothing more than a luxury expense, but an affordable one.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[España]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[China]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[legación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Waiwubu]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diplomacia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Spain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[China]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[legation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Waiwubu]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[diplomacy]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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