<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-654X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Estudios de Asia y África]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Estud. Asia Áfr.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-654X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-654X2015000300621</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Mem y cookie: la cocina colonial en Malasia y Singapur]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mem and Cookie: The Colonial Kitchen in Malaysia and Singapore]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leong-Salobir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cecilia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arriola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carmen]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Wollongong Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Australia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>621</fpage>
<lpage>650</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-654X2015000300621&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-654X2015000300621&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-654X2015000300621&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este trabajo examina el surgimiento de una cocina colonial distintiva en las colonias británicas de Malasia y Singapur desde finales del siglo XIX. La cocina colonial evolucionó con el tiempo y fue una combinación de prácticas culinarias derivadas de costumbres alimentarias europeas y asiáticas, muchas de las cuales llegaron de la India colonial. Al igual que en India, esta aculturación se desarrolló debido a la dependencia de los colonizadores de sus sirvientes domésticos para la preparación de la comida. Aunque los sirvientes domésticos (como los cocineros, localmente conocidos como cookie) eran generalmente representados en las narrativas coloniales como sucios, deshonestos y faltos de inteligencia, fueron ellos los responsables de la preparación de los alimentos para la familia. El papel de los cocineros asiáticos en el hogar colonial fue más crucial de lo que deja ver la imagen negativa transmitida por los colonizadores británicos y otros historiadores. Aunque la mem (abreviación de memsahib, que significa señora de la casa) se reservó el rol de supervisar el manejo de la casa, fue la contribución física de los sirvientes domésticos lo que la posibilitó para cumplir esa función. El gran número de sirvientes empleados le permitió a la mem administrar sin problemas el hogar colonial como el dominio privado y, a la vez, como el lugar oficial para las tareas del imperio. La mem, como señora de la casa, decidió sobre los rituales y las tareas que definieron el espacio colonial como el hogar y como el bastión del imperialismo blanco. En contraste, fue el conocimiento local de los cocineros lo que procuró los alimentos. La mayoría de las cocinas estuvieron diseñadas de acuerdo con los requerimientos de los sirvientes, y los cocineros se encargaron de toda la preparación y cocinaron usualmente platillos locales. El argumento es que si no fuera por la contribución de los sirvientes, las mems habrían tenido que trabajar más arduamente. En efecto, el quehacer de los sirvientes no sólo eximió a los blancos del trabajo, sino que además ayudó a modelar la cultura colonial, a pesar de los esfuerzos de los británicos por mantenerse socialmente distintos. La cocina colonial no se habría desarrollado con dichas características distintivas sin las habilidades y el conocimiento local de los cocineros asiáticos. En este artículo se emplea una variedad de fuentes primarias para investigar las funciones y la representación de la mem y de los cocineros locales. Se utilizan libros de cocina y manuales domésticos de los siglos XIX y XX, tanto de Gran Bretaña como de las colonias, para investigar la representación de la relación memsahib-sirviente. Estas publicaciones no sólo catalogaron a los sirvientes nativos como indignos, sino que además intentaron enseñar a los colonizadores cómo no comportarse de maneras que podrían ser vistas como inapropiadas. La imagen peyorativa de los sirvientes en el hogar colonial y el grado en el que los europeos dependían de su servicio fueron características de las contradicciones de la vida colonial. La evidencia de los libros de cocina y de las guías domésticas indica que la cocina colonial incluía platillos híbridos de curry, mulligatawny, kedgeree, trozos de pollo, pish pash y el inimitable almuerzo de tiffin. Los periódicos coloniales publicados en las colonias también han sido utilizados para analizar la vida social de los colonizadores, especialmente en las cenas formales, donde los cocineros locales preparaban banquetes en clubes coloniales. Los diarios y los documentales sobre reminiscencias fueron herramientas para articular la identidad de la buena esposa colonial y perpetuaron prejuicios raciales contra los sirvientes. Finalmente, también fueron analizadas para este trabajo las respuestas a cuestionarios enviados a los británicos que residían en las colonias.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This paper examines the emergence of a distinctive colonial cuisine in the British colonies of Malaysia and Singapore beginning in the late nineteenth century. This colonial cuisine evolved over time and was a combination of culinary practices derived from European and Asian foodways, much of which came from colonial India. As in India, this acculturation developed through the reliance of colonizers on their domestic servants for food preparation. While domestic servants (as cooks, or known locally as &#8220;cookie&#8221;) were generally represented as dirty, dishonest and lacking in intelligence according to colonial narratives, they were responsible for the preparation of food for the family. Asian cooks in the colonial home played a much more crucial role than the negative image painted of them by British colonizers and other historians. While the mem (short for memsahib, meaning mistress) held the supervisory role of the household, it was the physical contribution of the domestic servants that enabled her to fulfill this function. The large number of servants employed enabled the mem to make the colonial home move seamlessly between the private domain of the home and the official venue for the empire&#8217;s tasks. The mem as the head of the household decided on the rituals and tasks that defined the colonial space as home, and as a bastion of white imperialism. In contrast, it was the cooks&#8217; local knowledge that procured food. Most kitchens were fashioned according to the requirements of the servants and the cooks did all the cooking, usually preparing local dishes. The argument is that, had it not been for the servants&#8217; input, the mems would have had to work harder. As it was, the work of the servants not only saved white labour, it helped shape colonial culture, despite the Britons&#8217; best efforts to keep themselves socially distant. Colonial cuisine would not have developed with such distinctive features without the skills and local knowledge of the Asian cooks. This paper employs a variety of primary sources to investigate the roles and representation of mem and local cooks. Cookbooks and household manuals of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries from both Britain and the colonies are used to investigate the representation of the memsahib-servant relationship. These publications not only typecast native servants as unworthy but attempted to teach colonizers how to avoid behaving in ways that could be seen as inappropriate. The pejorative image of servants in the colonial home and the dependence of Europeans on their services were characteristic of the contradictions of colonial life. Evidence from cookbooks and household guides indicate that colonial cuisine included the hybrid dishes of curry, mulligatawny, kedgeree, chicken chop, pish pash as well as the inimitable meal of tiffin. Colonial newspapers published in the colonies have also been used to analyze the social life of colonizers, particularly on formal dinners where local cooks prepared feasts at colonial clubs. Diaries and travelogues on reminiscences also became tools in articulating the identity of the good colonial wife and perpetuated racial prejudices against servants. Responses from questionnaires sent to Britons who resided in the colonies were also analyzed for this paper.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cocinero]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cocina colonial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[libros de cocina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Asia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sirvientes]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[A Thirty-Five years&#8217; Resident]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Indian Cookery Book: A Practical Handbook to the Kitchen in India, Adapted to the Three Presidencies; Containing Original and Approved Recipes in Every Department of Indian Cookery; Recipes for Summer Beverages and Home-Made Liqueurs Medicinal and Other Recipes; Together with a Variety of Things Worth Knowing]]></source>
<year>1869</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Calcuta ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wyman & Co.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alatas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Syed]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Myth of the Lazy Native: A Study of the Image of the Malays, Filipinos and Javanese from the 16th to the 20th Century and Its Function in the Ideology of Colonial Capitalism]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Frank Cass]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allan Newton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lillian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[More Exquisite when Past]]></source>
<year></year>
<page-range>5-6</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Library, Royal Commonwealth Society Collection]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anónimo]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What to tell the Cook; Or the Native Cook&#8217;s Assistant, Being a Choice Collection of Receipts for Indian Cookery, Pastry, etc., etc.]]></source>
<year>1910</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrás ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Higginbothams Ld.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banerjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Men, Women, and Domestics Articulating Middle-Class Identity in Colonial Bengal]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva Delhi ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banerji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Eating India: An Odyssey into the Food and Culture of the Land of Spices]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva Delhi ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Penguin Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Housekeeping and Life in the Malayan Rubber]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berry Hart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alice]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Blackwood&#8217;s Magazine]]></source>
<year>1927</year>
<volume>CCXXI</volume>
<numero>MCCCXXXIX</numero>
<issue>MCCCXXXIX</issue>
<page-range>598-613</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bradley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Household Book for Tropical Colonies]]></source>
<year>1948</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brownfoot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Janice]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Memsahibs in Colonial Malaya: A Study of European Wives in a British Colony and Protectorate, 1900-1940]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Callanet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hilary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Incorporated Wife]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<page-range>186-210</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Croom Helm]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Raj at Table. A Culinary History of the British in India]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Faber & Faber]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bush]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender and Empire: The Twentieth Century]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Philippa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gender and Empire]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<page-range>77-111</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Butcher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The British in Malaya, 1880-1941: The Social History of a European Community in Colonial South-East Asia]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Kuala Lumpur ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cameron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Our Tropical Possessions in Malayan India]]></source>
<year>1965</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Kuala Lumpur ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaudhuri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nupur]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Shawls, Jewelry, Curry, and Rice in Victorian Britain]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaudhuri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nupur]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strobel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margaret]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<page-range>231-46</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bloomington ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Indiana University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sidney]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chee-Beng]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Food and Foodways in Asia: Resource, Tradition and Cooking]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collingham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Imperial Bodies: The Physical Experience of the Raj, c. 1800-1947]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Polity]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collingham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Curry: A Biography]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chatto & Windus]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delap]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lucy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Knowing Their Place: Domestic Service in Twentieth Century Britain]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duncan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sara Jeannette]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Simple Adventures of a Memsahib]]></source>
<year>1909</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Thomas Nelson & Sons]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[E. S. P.]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8216;What&#8217; and &#8216;How&#8217; or What Shall We Have? And How Shall We Have It?]]></source>
<year>1904</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Calcuta-Shimla, Thacker ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Spink & Co.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Falconer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Woodsmoke and Temple Flowers: Memories of Malaya]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Edimburgo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Pentland Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferguson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Priscilla Parkhurst]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gudgeon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. W. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Peeps at Many Lands: British North Borneo]]></source>
<year>1912</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Adam y Charles Black]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hankin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nigel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hanklyn-Janklin: A Stranger&#8217;s Rumble-Tumble Guide to Some Words, Customs and Guiddities Indian and Indo-British]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva Delhi ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tara Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hubbard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Malayan Cookery Book]]></source>
<year>1930</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Singapur ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Rickard Limited]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Humble]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nicola]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Culinary Pleasures: Cookbooks and the Transformation of British Food]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Faber and Faber]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hutton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wendy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Singapore Food, a Treasury of More Than 200 Time-Tested Recipes]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Singapur ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Time Books International]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kennedy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dane]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Islands of White: Settler Society and Culture in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Durham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Duke University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ketab]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Indian Dishes for English Tables]]></source>
<year>1902</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chapman y Hall]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knipp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Raffles Hotel Cookbook]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Singapur ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hotel Raffles]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leong-Salobir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cecilia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Food Culture in Colonial Asia: A Taste of Empire]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Light]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mrs. Woolf and the Servants]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Penguin Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Locher-Scholten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Summer Dresses and Canned Food, European Women and Western Lifestyles in the Indies, 1900-1942]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nordholt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Henk Schulte]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Outward Appearances: Dressing State and Society in Indonesia]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<page-range>151-80</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Leiden ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[KITLV Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Colonial Constructions of Masculinity: Transforming Aboriginal Australian Men into &#8216;House-boys&#8217;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martinez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lowrie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claire]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gender &amp; History]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>305-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mckie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. C. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[This was Singapore]]></source>
<year>1942</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Sydney ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Angus & Robertson]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mennel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[B. Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Metcalf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berkeley ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mintz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sidney W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Culture, and the Past]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boston ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Beacon Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Black and White Amahs of Malaya]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ooi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Keat Gin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>263</numero>
<issue>263</issue>
<page-range>69-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Owen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sri]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Missunderstanding Food Traditions]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[sriowen.com, s.a.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[George L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rickshaw Reporter]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Singapur ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Eastern Universities Press Sdn. Bhd.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pegge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Forme of Cury: A Roll of Ancient English Cookery Compiled, About A. D. 1390]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pratt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ambrose]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Magical Malaya]]></source>
<year>1931</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Melbourne ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Robertson y Mullens Ltd.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Procida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mary A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Married to the Empire: Gender, Politics and Imperialism in India, 1883-1947]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Manchester ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Manchester University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Colonial Table: Food, Culture and Dutch Identity in Colonial Indonesia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Protschky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Australian Journal of Politics and History]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>346-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pryer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ada]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Decade in Borneo]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Leicester University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Peter&#8217;s Backburner Number 1: The Trail to Kedgeree]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reeves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hobgoblin Magazine]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>3- 25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shennan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margaret]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Out in the Midday Sun: The British in Malaya 1880-1960]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Murray]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Malayan Landscape]]></source>
<year>1957</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Michael Joseph Ltd.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gardiner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook: Giving the Duties of Mistress and Servants the General Management of the House and Prcultigenscal Recipes for Cooking in All Its Branches]]></source>
<year>1898</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[William Heinemann]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Ladies&#8217; Committee, F. I. N. S. Women&#8217;s Workshop</collab>
<source><![CDATA[A Friend in Need. English-Tamil Cookery Book]]></source>
<year>1950</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrás ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turnbull]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. Mary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A History of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Allen & Unwin]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[White]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eileen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[First Things First: The Great British Breakfast]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilson C.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anne]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Eating with the Victorians]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Stroud ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sutton Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woodcock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[George]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The British in the Far East]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Weidenfeld y Nicolson]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woodville Harrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cuthbert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An Illustrated Guide to the Federated Malay States]]></source>
<year>1911</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Malay States Information Agency]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yap]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hainanese in the Restaurant and Catering Business]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas T. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Chinese Dialect Groups: Traits and Trades]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<page-range>78-90</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Singapur ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Opinion Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yule]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Henry]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Spice-Box of Etymological Curiosities and Colourful Expressions]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hertfordshire ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wordsworth Editions Ltd.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
