<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2444-054X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Cirugía y cirujanos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Cir. cir.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2444-054X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Mexicana de Cirugía A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2444-054X2025000400003</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/ciru.23000005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Índice de lactato/albúmina como predictor de mortalidad en sepsis abdominal]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Lactate/albumin index as mortality predictor in abdominal sepsis]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bugarin-Arellano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suárez-Carreón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Bernal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Noelia E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paulina García de]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Ojeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuentes-Orozco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Clotilde]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Departamento de Cirugía General Departamento de Cirugía General ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guadalajara ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente Unidad de Investigación Biomédica 02 ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guadalajara ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>361</fpage>
<lpage>366</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2444-054X2025000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2444-054X2025000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2444-054X2025000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Objetivo: Evaluar el valor predictivo del índice lactato/albúmina (ILA) para mortalidad en pacientes con sepsis abdominal ingresados a la unidad de terapia intensiva (UTI).  Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico de prueba diagnóstica. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de sepsis abdominal ingresados a la UTI. Se calculó el ILA en las primeras 24 horas de su ingreso a la UTI para evaluar su valor pronóstico para mortalidad.  Resultados: Se incluyeron 85 pacientes con diagnóstico de sepsis abdominal, cuyas principales causas fueron secundarias a trauma abdominal cerrado con lesión de víscera hueca en 22 (26%) y pancreatitis aguda grave en 21 (25%). Se calculó el ILA con un punto de corte de 1.04 como predictor de mortalidad para sepsis abdominal, con sensibilidad del 90.6%, especificidad del 72.5%, valor predictivo positivo del 66.5% y valor predictivo negativo del 92.75%.  Conclusiones: El ILA puede ser útil en pacientes con sepsis abdominal como un marcador pronóstico de mortalidad rápido, fácil y económico, en comparación con otras escalas que requieren múltiples valores para su aplicación.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Objective: To evaluate the predictive value of the lactate/albumin ratio (LAR) for mortality in patients with abdominal sepsis admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).  Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study to validate the diagnostic test for abdominal sepsis. Patients over 18 years old with a diagnosis of abdominal sepsis admitted to the ICU. The LAR was calculated in the first 24 hours of admission to the ICU to evaluate its prognostic value for mortality.  Results: We included 85 patients diagnosed with abdominal sepsis. The main causes of abdominal sepsis are secondary to closed abdominal trauma with hollow organ injury in 22 patients (26%) and severe acute pancreatitis in 21 (25%) patients. The LAR was calculated with a cut-off point of 1.04 as a predictor of mortality for abdominal sepsis, with 90.6% sensitivity, 72.5% specificity, 66.5% positive predictive value and 92.75% negative predictive value.  Conclusions: The LAR may be useful in patients with abdominal sepsis as a quick, easy, and inexpensive prognostic marker of mortality, compared to other scales that require multiple values for their performance.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sepsis abdominal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Mortalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Índice lactato/albúmina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Abdominal sepsis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mortality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Albumin-lactate index]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hecker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reichert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ReußCJ]]></surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmoch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riedel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schneck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intra-abdominal sepsis:new definitions and current clinical standards]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Langenbecks Arch Surg]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>404</volume>
<page-range>257-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Napolitano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sepsis 2018:definitions and guideline changes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Surg Infect]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>117-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bou Chebl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jamali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sabra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Safa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berbari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lactate/albumin ratio as a predictor of in-hospital mortality in septic patients presenting to the emergency department]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Med]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>550182</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shadvar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nader-Djalal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vahed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanaie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iranpour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahmoodpoor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of lactate/albumin ratio to lactate and lactate clearance for predicting outcomes in patients with septic shock admitted to intensive care unit:an observational study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sci Rep]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>13047</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prognostic value of lactate levels and lactate clearance in sepsis and septic shock with initial hyperlactatemia:a retrospective cohort study according to the Sepsis-3 definitions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medicine]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>100</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beigmohammadi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amoozadeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rezaei Motlagh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahimi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maghsoudloo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jafarnejad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mortality predictive value of APACHE II and SOFA scores in COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can Respir J]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>2022</volume>
<page-range>5129314</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chebl R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Assaf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kattouf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haidar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdeldaem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The prognostic value of the lactate/albumin ratio for predicting mortality in septic patients presenting to the emergency department:a prospective study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Med]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>2268-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basile-Filho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menegueti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicolini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodrigues LA de]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nunes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The use of APACHE II, SOFA, SAPS 3, C-reactive protein/albumin ratio, and lactate to predict mortality of surgical critically ill patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medicine]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>98</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lichtenauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wernly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ohnewein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Franz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kabisch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muessig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The lactate/albumin ratio:a valuable tool for risk stratification in septic patients admitted to ICU]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Mol Sci]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>1893</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Correlation of lactate/albumin ratio level to organ failure and mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>271-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gharipour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Razavi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gharipour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mukasa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lactate/albumin ratio:an early prognostic marker in critically ill patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Emerg Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>2088-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shadvar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nader-Djalal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vahed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanaie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iranpour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahmoodpoor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of lactate/albumin ratio to lactate and lactate clearance for predicting outcomes in patients with septic shock admitted to intensive care unit:an observational study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sci Rep]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>13047</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moustafa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Antonios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdellatif]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hussain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Association of lactate/albumin ratio level to organ failure and mortality in severe sepsis in a pediatric intensive care unit in Egypt]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Turk J Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>691-701</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical value of the lactate/albumin ratio and lactate/albumin ratio ×age score in the assessment of prognosis in patients with sepsis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Med]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>732410</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin-Loeches]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Timsit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Waele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sartelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kerrigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical controversies in abdominal sepsis. Insights for critical care settings]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>53-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weinberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klompas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rhee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What is the utility of measuring lactate levels in patients with sepsis and septic shock?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semin Respir Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<page-range>650-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Procalcitonin:where are we now?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Clin]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>23-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gulhar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jialal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Physiology, acute phase reactants]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[StatPearls]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Treasure Island (FL) ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[StatPearls Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prognostic accuracy of the serum lactate level, the SOFA score and the qSOFA score for mortality among adults with sepsis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bakker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Postelnicu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mukherjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lactate:where are we now?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Clin]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>115-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cakir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ozkocak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lactate/abumin ratio is more effective than lactate or albumin alone in predicting clinical outcomes in intensive care patients with sepsis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand J Clin Lab Invest]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>225-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khwannimit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhurayanontachai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vattanavanit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of the accuracy of three early warning scores with SOFA score for predicting mortality in adult sepsis and septic shock patients admitted to intensive care unit]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Heart Lung]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>240-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yoo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bae]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Using the lactate-to-albumin ratio to predict mortality in patients with sepsis or septic shock:a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>1743-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hwang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ryoo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prognostic value of the lactate/albumin ratio for predicting 28-day mortality in critically ill sepsis patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Shock]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<page-range>545-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smuszkiewicz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jawie&#324;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szrama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lubarska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kusza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Admission lactate concentration, base excess, and alactic base excess predict the 28-day inward mortality in shock patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Med]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>11</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
