<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-4298</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Botanical Sciences]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bot. sci]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-4298</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Botánica de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-42982025000100139</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17129/botsci.3572</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Extended phylogenetic analysis and morphology of the Iresine cassiniiformis - I. hartmanii alliance (Amaranthaceae) reveals two further geographically distinct species]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores-Olvera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hilda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Freie Universität Berlin Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Berlin ]]></addr-line>
<country>Alemania</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Biología Departamento de Botánica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Ciudad de México]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>103</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>139</fpage>
<lpage>159</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-42982025000100139&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-42982025000100139&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-42982025000100139&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract:  Background: Shrubs recognized as I. hartmanii were known from the northern Mexican deserts, whereas I. cassiniiformis is considered to occur throughout the Mexican highlands. Morphologically similar individuals were reported under both names also south beyond the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to Guatemala.  Question: Are I. hartmanii and I. cassiniiformis distinct species, or do they represent widespread taxa exhibiting clinal variation due to adaptation along a gradient spanning desert to evergreen tropical forest?  Taxon: Amaranthaceae, Iresine.  Study site: Mexico and Central America.  Method: Field and herbarium work, molecular phylogenetics, morphology, palynology, distribution mapping.  Results:  Plastid and nuclear phylogenetic trees suggest a complex speciation scenario in Iresine, revealing new lineages in the mountains of Chiapas, Oaxaca and Guatemala that also differ by morphological characters. Iresine cassiniiformis appears monophyletic and occurs in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt whereas I. hartmanii comprises a core clade of individuals confined to the northern deserts. Specimens morphologically intermediate to I. cassiniiformis, and part of the I. hartmanii species clade in nrITS, occur directly south of the desert zone, either representing ancestral types in the speciation of I. hartmanii or introgression from I. cassiniiformis.  Conclusion:  Our results underscore the importance of an integrative taxonomy approach including molecular phylogenetics and morphology with a dense sampling of putative species from throughout the geographical range in order to arrive at explicit hypotheses on species limits. Here this supports the description and naming of two new species.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:  Antecedentes: Mientras que Iresine hartmanii se conoce de los desiertos del norte de México e I. cassiniiformis de las partes altas mexicanas, se reportan bajo ambos nombres individuos morfológicamente similares al sur desde el Istmo de Tehuantepec hasta Guatemala.  Pregunta:  ¿Son especies distintas I. hartmanii e I. cassiniiformis? ¿Representan un taxón de amplia distribución con variación clinal debida a adaptación al gradiente desde los desiertos hasta los bosques tropicales perennifolios?  Taxon: Amaranthaceae, Iresine.  Sitio de estudio: México y Centroamérica  Método: Trabajo de campo y herbario, filogenia molecular, morfología, palinología, mapeo de distribución.  Resultados:  Árboles filogenéticos del plastidio y nucleares sugieren un escenario complejo de especiación en Iresine revelando nuevos linajes en montañas de Chiapas, Oaxaca y Guatemala, que difieren en morfología. Iresine cassiniiformis se recupera como monofilético distribuida en el Faja Volcánica Transmexicana. Los individuos de I. hartmanii se anidan en un clado núcleo con haplotipos de los plastidios que se distribuyen en los desiertos del norte de México. El nrITS agrupa a los especímenes morfológicamente intermedios de I. cassiniiformis y parte del clado de I. hartmanii, distribuidos al sur de la zona desértica, ya sea representando tipos ancestrales de la especiación en I. hartmanii o como resultado de introgresión con I. cassiniiformis.  Conclusiones:  Se destaca la importancia de la taxonomía integrativa al incluir una filogenia molecular y morfología con muestreo del rango de distribución de especies putativas para obtener hipótesis explícitas sobre límites de especies. Este enfoque apoya la descripción de dos especies nuevas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mesoamerica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[molecular phylogeny]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sampling]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[species delimitation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[taxon concept]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Mesoamérica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[filogenia molecular]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[muestreo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[delimitación de especies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[concepto de taxon]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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