<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-3364</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Therya]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Therya]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-3364</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Mexicana de Mastozoología A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-33642017000100045</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12933/therya-17-444</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hunters´ landscape accessibility and daily activity of ungulates in Yasuní Biosphere Reserve, Ecuador]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salvador]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí Facultad de Ciencias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>45</fpage>
<lpage>52</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-33642017000100045&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-33642017000100045&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-33642017000100045&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Ungulates are one of the most important groups in terrestrial ecosystems across the tropics. Also, ungulates are an important source of protein for people who inhabit tropical forests, and numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of hunting on the size of ungulate populations. However, little is known about other potential effects of hunting on these species. This study aims to analyze the effect of landscape accessibility to hunters on the daily activities of ungulates in Yasuní Biosphere Reserve, a protected area located in the Amazon region of Ecuador. We compared activity patterns (i. e., distribution of hours of activity along the day) and activity levels (i. e., proportion of hours of the day that an animal is active) for five ungulate species (white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari, collared peccary Pecari tajacu, red brocket deer Mazama americana, brown brocket deer M. nemorivaga, and tapir Tapirus terrestris) in four sites differing in the degree of access to hunters. To this end, in each of the four study areas, a grid of camera traps was placed within a polygon of approximately 100 km2; traps operated continuously for three to four consecutive months. We recorded the date and time of detection for each species. Daily activity patterns and activity levels were estimated with kernel density analysis for circular data. Our work included a total of 9,506 effective trapping days for the four study sites, resulting in 1,063 separate records of the five ungulate species. In the four study areas, the brown brocket deer and the two species of peccaries concentrated their activity in daytime hours. The red brocket deer was most active in twilight hours, and the tapir was primarily nocturnal. At sites most accessible to hunters, the activity patterns of the collared peccary included a higher proportion of nighttime hours. The red brocket deer also seemed to increase the proportion of nighttime hours of its daily activity. The overall daily activity level was higher in the site with higher accessibility, but was statistically significant only for the collared peccary and the red brocket deer. Our findings include moderate statistically significant evidence suggesting that the access of hunters to the landscape influences the daily activity of ungulates in Yasuní. One species that is clearly affected by the access of hunters is the collared peccary, which becomes more nocturnal and increases its nighttime hours of activity when accessibility to hunters is higher. When our results are compared with other studies, it is evident that the species may display different behavioral responses to hunting, and that these responses may vary with the scale of analysis. This study was limited by sample sizes, which did not allow performing comprehensive analyses for all five species. To further understand the effects of hunting and other human activities on animal behavior, additional studies specifically designed for this purpose should be conducted.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Los ungulados constituyen uno de los grupos de mayor importancia en los ecosistemas terrestres de los trópicos. Adicionalmente, los ungulados son una fuente importante de proteína para los habitantes de los bosques tropicales y existen algunos estudios que evalúan el impacto de la cacería en el tamaño de las poblaciones de estas especies. Sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre otros efectos que la cacería puede tener en los ungulados. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la accesibilidad de cazadores al paisaje en la actividad diaria de los ungulados en la Reserva de Biosfera Yasuní, un área natural protegida localizada en la región amazónica de Ecuador. Se comparó los patrones de actividad (i. e., distribución de horas de actividad en el día) y niveles de actividad (i. e., proporción de horas del día que un animal está activo) de cinco especies de ungulados (pecarí de labios blancos Tayassu pecari, pecarí de collar Pecari tajacu, venado colorado Mazama americana, venado marrón Mazama nemorivaga y tapir Tapirus terrestris) en cuatro sitios con diferente grado de accesibilidad de cazadores al paisaje. Para este propósito, en cada sitio se estableció una grilla de cámaras trampa en un polígono de aproximadamente 100 km2, y que funcionó continuamente de tres a cuatro meses consecutivos. Para cada especie se registró su fecha y hora de detección. Los patrones y niveles de actividad diaria se estimaron por medio de un análisis de densidad de kernel para datos circulares. El esfuerzo total del presente trabajo fue de 9,506 días efectivos de muestreo entre los cuatro sitios de estudio que resultó en 1,063 registros independientes de las cinco especies de ungulados. En los cuatro sitios estudiados, el venado marrón y ambas especies de pecarí concentraron su actividad en la mañana. El venado colorado fue más activo en los crepúsculos y el tapir fue principalmente nocturno. En los sitios con mayor acceso de cazadores, el patrón de actividad del pecarí de collar incluyó una mayor proporción de horas de la noche. El venado colorado también pareció incrementar la proporción de horas nocturnas en su actividad diaria. En general, el nivel de actividad diaria fue más alto en el sitio de mayor acceso aunque estadísticamente significativo únicamente para el pecarí de collar y el venado colorado. Nuestro estudio encuentra pocas evidencias estadísticamente significativas de que la accesibilidad de cazadores al paisaje tiene un efecto en la actividad diaria de los ungulados en Yasuní. Una especie que muestra efectos claros es el pecarí de collar, que incrementa sus horas de actividad cuando la accesibilidad de cazadores al paisaje aumenta. Por medio de comparar nuestros resultados con otros estudios, observamos que la cacería puede tener efectos diferentes en el comportamiento de las especies, y que además, estos resultados pueden variar según la escala de análisis. Es importante notar que este estudio estuvo limitado por los tamaños de muestra que no permitieron realizar los mismos análisis para todas las especies. Para conocer a más profundidad los efectos de la cacería y otras actividades humanas en el comportamiento animal, sugerimos realizar más estudios específicamente diseñados para este propósito.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[activity level]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[activity pattern]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[circadian activity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[kernel analyses]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mazama americana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mazama nemorivaga]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pecari tajacu]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Tapirus terrestris]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Tayassu pecari]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[actividad circadiana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis de kernel]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Mazama americana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Mazama nemorivaga]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nivel de actividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[patrón de actividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pecari tajacu]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Tapires terrestris]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Tayassu pecari]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Wildlife Research]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<page-range>517-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
