<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-249X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[J. Mex. Chem. Soc]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-249X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Química de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-249X2005000300006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Exploring the Liquefied Petroleum Gas - Ozone Relation in Guadalajara, Mexico, by Smog Chamber Experiments]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaimes-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandoval-Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zambrano-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Angel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo Dirección Ejecutiva de Investigación Programa de Investigación en Medio Ambiente y Seguridad]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>292</fpage>
<lpage>297</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-249X2005000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-249X2005000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-249X2005000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[It has been hypothesized that liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) emissions can increase substantially the formation of ozone (O3) in the ambient air. We tested experimentally such hypothesis in Guadalajara's downtown by captive-air irradiation (CAI) techniques. During November 1997-January, 1998, morning ambient air samples were confined in outdoor smog chambers and subjected to the following treatments: 35% addition of commercial LPG or one out of two mixtures of major LPG compounds (propane/butane: 70/30% or 60/40%), 50% dilution of total volatile hydrocarbons (VOCs), and 50% dilution of LPG associated VOCs (C2-C4). Captive and untreated morning ambient air served as experimental control. This experiment ran under ambient sunlight and temperature. Chamber O3 was measured hourly from 08:00-18:00h, and the maximum O3 concentration (O3max) was used for treatment comparisons. Daily O3 profiles within the control chambers and in open ambient air were fairly similar, though O3max was consistently higher in the chambers. Only the 50% dilution of total volatile hydrocarbons (VOCs) had a significant effect on O3max, which decreased by 16% on average. These results indicate that high O3 levels in Guadalajara can not be explained by LPG emissions. A supplementary experiment with captive clean air added with commercial LPG or the same propane/butane mixtures showed that O3 formation was less favoured by the 70/30% mixture.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se ha planteado como hipótesis que las emisiones del Gas Licuado del Petróleo (GLP) al aire ambiente, pueden incrementar sustancialmente la fomación de ozono (O3). Se probó experimentalmente esta hipótesis en el centro de la ciudad de Guadalajara, Jal., utilizando la técnica de Irradiación en Aire Cautivo (CAI). Durante noviembre de 1997 y enero de 1998, muestras de aire ambiente matutino fueron alimentadas a cámaras de esmog exteriores y se sometieron a los siguientes tratamientos: una adición de 35% de GLP comercial, 35% de adición de mezcla sintética 70/30 de propano/butano y 35% de adición de mezcla también sintética 60/40 de propano/butano, 50% de dilución del total de los hidrocarburos volátiles (VOCs) y 50% de dilución de compuestos asociados al GLP. Aire ambiente matutino no tratado sirvió como control experimental. Este experimento se llevó a cabo bajo condiciones ambientales de luz solar (radiación) y temperatura. El ozono en las cámaras fue medido cada hora de la 08:00-18:00h y la concentración máxima de ozono (O3max) se usó para el tratamiento de las comparaciones. Los perfiles diarios de ozono dentro de la cámara de control y en el aire ambiente fueron muy similares, aunque el O3max fue consistentemente más alto en las cámaras. Solo la dilución de los hidrocarburos volátiles totales tuvo un efecto significante en el O3max, el cual disminuyó alrededor del 16% en promedio. Estos resultados indican que los altos niveles de ozono en la ciudad de Guadalajara, Jal. no están asociados a las emisiones de GLP. Un experimento adicional con aire limpio (aire cero), adicionado con LPG comercial o las mismas mezclas de propano/butano mostraron que la formación de ozono fue menos favorecida por la mezcla 70/30.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Smog chamber experiments]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ozone]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[air quality and liquefied petroleum gas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Experimentos en cámaras de esmog]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ozono]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Calidad del Aire y gas licuado del petróleo]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Article </font></p>  	    <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Exploring the Liquefied Petroleum Gas &#45; Ozone Relation in Guadalajara, Mexico, by Smog Chamber Experiments</b></font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Jos&eacute; Luis Jaimes&#45;L&oacute;pez,<sup>1</sup>* Julio Sandoval&#45;Fern&aacute;ndez<sup>2</sup> and Angel Zambrano&#45;Garc&iacute;a<sup>1</sup></b></font></p> 	    <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup><i>1</i></sup><i>&nbsp;Programa de Investigaci&oacute;n en Medio Ambiente y Seguridad. Direcci&oacute;n Ejecutiva de Investigaci&oacute;n. Instituto Mexicano del Petr&oacute;leo. Eje Central L&aacute;zaro C&aacute;rdenas No. 152, Col, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, CP: 07730, Tel. (0155) 9175&#45;6756, Fax: (0155) 9175&#45;6749, </i>E&#45;mail: <a href="mailto:jjaimes@imp.mx" target="_blank">jjaimes@imp.mx</a></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup><i>2</i></sup><i>&nbsp;Escuela Superior de Ingenier&iacute;a Qu&iacute;mica e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo L&oacute;pez Mateos, Edif. 8, 2o. Piso, M&eacute;xico, D. F.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 22 de Noviembre del 2004.     <br>  Aceptado el 29 de septiembre del 2005.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> It has been hypothesized that liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) emissions can increase substantially the formation of ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) in the ambient air. We tested experimentally such hypothesis in Guadalajara's downtown by captive&#45;air irradiation (CAI) techniques. During November 1997&#45;January, 1998, morning ambient air samples were confined in outdoor smog chambers and subjected to the following treatments: 35% addition of commercial LPG or one out of two mixtures of major LPG compounds (propane/butane: 70/30% or 60/40%), 50% dilution of total volatile hydrocarbons (VOCs), and 50% dilution of LPG associated VOCs (C2&#45;C4). Captive and untreated morning ambient air served as experimental control. This experiment ran under ambient sunlight and temperature. Chamber O<sub>3</sub> was measured hourly from 08:00&#45;18:00h, and the maximum O<sub>3</sub> concentration (O<sub>3max</sub>) was used for treatment comparisons. Daily O<sub>3</sub> profiles within the control chambers and in open ambient air were fairly similar, though O<sub>3max</sub> was consistently higher in the chambers. Only the 50% dilution of total volatile hydrocarbons (VOCs) had a significant effect on O<sub>3max</sub>, which decreased by 16% on average. These results indicate that high O<sub>3</sub> levels in Guadalajara can not be explained by LPG emissions. A supplementary experiment with captive clean air added with commercial LPG or the same propane/butane mixtures showed that O<sub>3</sub> formation was less favoured by the 70/30% mixture. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Key words:</b> Smog chamber experiments, ozone, air quality and liquefied petroleum gas.</font></p>      <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> Se ha planteado como hip&oacute;tesis que las emisiones del Gas Licuado del Petr&oacute;leo (GLP) al aire ambiente, pueden incrementar sustancialmente la fomaci&oacute;n de ozono (O<sub>3</sub>). Se prob&oacute; experimentalmente esta hip&oacute;tesis en el centro de la ciudad de Guadalajara, Jal., utilizando la t&eacute;cnica de Irradiaci&oacute;n en Aire Cautivo (CAI). Durante noviembre de 1997 y enero de 1998, muestras de aire ambiente matutino fueron alimentadas a c&aacute;maras de esmog exteriores y se sometieron a los siguientes tratamientos: una adici&oacute;n de 35% de GLP comercial, 35% de adici&oacute;n de mezcla sint&eacute;tica 70/30 de propano/butano y 35% de adici&oacute;n de mezcla tambi&eacute;n sint&eacute;tica 60/40 de propano/butano, 50% de diluci&oacute;n del total de los hidrocarburos vol&aacute;tiles (VOCs) y 50% de diluci&oacute;n de compuestos asociados al GLP. Aire ambiente matutino no tratado sirvi&oacute; como control experimental. Este experimento se llev&oacute; a cabo bajo condiciones ambientales de luz solar (radiaci&oacute;n) y temperatura. El ozono en las c&aacute;maras fue medido cada hora de la 08:00&#45;18:00h y la concentraci&oacute;n m&aacute;xima de ozono (O<sub>3max</sub>) se us&oacute; para el tratamiento de las comparaciones. Los perfiles diarios de ozono dentro de la c&aacute;mara de control y en el aire ambiente fueron muy similares, aunque el O<sub>3max</sub> fue consistentemente m&aacute;s alto en las c&aacute;maras. Solo la diluci&oacute;n de los hidrocarburos vol&aacute;tiles totales tuvo un efecto significante en el O<sub>3max</sub>, el cual disminuy&oacute; alrededor del 16% en promedio. Estos resultados indican que los altos niveles de ozono en la ciudad de Guadalajara, Jal. no est&aacute;n asociados a las emisiones de GLP. Un experimento adicional con aire limpio (aire cero), adicionado con LPG comercial o las mismas mezclas de propano/butano mostraron que la formaci&oacute;n de ozono fue menos favorecida por la </font><font face="verdana" size="2">mezcla 70/30.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b> Experimentos en c&aacute;maras de esmog, Ozono, Calidad del Aire y gas licuado del petr&oacute;leo.</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="../pdf/jmcs/v49n3/v49n3a6.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>         <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgement</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The present study was financed by PEMEX&#45;GAS and PETROQUIMICA BASICA (project DOA/7107). We also thank the IMP Atmospheric Chemistry laboratory (Mexico City) for analysing VOCs for this study.</font></p> 	    <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1.&nbsp;Carter, P. L. W. Status of Research on VOCs Reactivity in the United States, First US&#45;Forman Workshop on the Photochemical Ozone Problems and its Control. 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