<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-249X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[J. Mex. Chem. Soc]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-249X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Química de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-249X2005000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Tropospheric Ozone Prediction in Mexico City]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garfias Vázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margarita]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Audry Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garfias y Ayala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Química ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>2</fpage>
<lpage>9</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-249X2005000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-249X2005000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-249X2005000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Two techniques are applied to forecast time series for the hourly ozone measured at Pedregal's recording station of the Automatic Network for Environmental Monitoring (RAMA for its acronym in Spanish) located in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. The techniques have been widely applied since last century: the autoregressive (AR) and the method of delays in an embedded space. The predicted values by the autoregressive method are somewhat less precise than those forecasted by the embedded space method, as presented below. It is intended to predict the maximum ozone daily concentration in advance to be able to alert the citizenship or for taking appropriate control measures. In this presentation, the models have as main limitation to be based only on the ozone time series; more robust models should take into consideration meteorological variables to increase precision. If it is roughly considered only the series formed by the hourly ozone series from January to May 1999; the series of daily ozone maxima have an standard deviation of around 0.05 ppm of ozone. In the most precise -the embedded space method- shown at the end of the article, the error standard deviation between predicted and real maximum daily ozone data is around 0.027 ppm of ozone, which shortens the gap, considering the total of the ozone maximum as a normal distribution.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se aplican dos técnicas para el pronóstico de series en el tiempo para el caso de la serie formada por las lecturas de ozono horario en la estación de Pedregal de la Red Automática de Monitoreo Ambiental (RAMA) en el Valle de México. Estas técnicas han sido usadas desde el siglo pasado; el modelo autorregresivo (AR) y el método para series caóticas. Los valores pronosticados por el modelo caótico son más precisos que el modelo autorregresivo. Se pretende pronosticar los valores máximos de concentración de ozono durante el día. Sin embargo, se requiere estudiar las variantes que tienen estos modelos para tener mayor precisión en el pronóstico, de manera que sea de utilidad práctica para tomar medidas preventivas pertinentes. En esta exposición los algoritmos tienen como principal carencia usar sólo el contaminante ozono en la serie del tiempo, dado que modelos más complejos deberán considerar variables meteorológicas que mejoren la precisión del pronóstico. Así a grosso modo, si se considera la serie formada por los máximos diarios de ozono en el período estudiado (enero a mayo de 1999) la desviación estándar es de 0.05 ppm de ozono en la variante más precisa del modelo caótico que se muestra al final del artículo, la desviación estándar del error entre los valores máximos pronosticados y los valores reales es de alrededor de 0.027 ppm de ozono, lo que acorta la banda de valores pronosticados a algo más de la mitad, considerando el total de los máximos diarios como una distribución normal.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ozone measurements]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico City]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[autoregresive method]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[embedded space method]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Medidas de ozono]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ciudad de México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelo autorregresivo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelo caótico]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Article</font></p>  	    <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Tropospheric Ozone Prediction in Mexico City</b></font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Margarita Garfias V&aacute;zquez, Javier Audry S&aacute;nchez,* and Francisco Javier Garfias y Ayala</b></font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Facultad de Qu&iacute;mica, Universidad Nacional Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac&aacute;n 14510. M&eacute;xico, D.F.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Received September 26, 2004    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>   Accepted December 14, 2004</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="verdana"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> Two techniques are applied to forecast time series for the hourly ozone measured at Pedregal's recording station of the Automatic Network for Environmental Monitoring (RAMA for its acronym in Spanish) located in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. The techniques have been widely applied since last century: the autoregressive (AR) and the method of delays in an embedded space. The predicted values by the autoregressive method are somewhat less precise than those forecasted by the embedded space method, as presented below. It is intended to predict the maximum ozone daily concentration in advance to be able to alert the citizenship or for taking appropriate control measures. In this presentation, the models have as main limitation to be based only on the ozone time series; more robust models should take into consideration meteorological variables to increase precision. If it is roughly considered only the series formed by the hourly ozone series from January to May 1999; the series of daily ozone maxima have an standard deviation of around 0.05 ppm of ozone. In the most precise &#151;the embedded space method&#151; shown at the end of the article, the error standard deviation between predicted and real maximum daily ozone data is around 0.027 ppm of ozone, which shortens the gap, considering the total of the ozone maximum as a normal distribution.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> <b>Key words:</b> Ozone measurements, Mexico City, autoregresive method, embedded space method.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se aplican dos t&eacute;cnicas para el pron&oacute;stico de series en el tiempo para el caso de la serie formada por las lecturas de ozono horario en la estaci&oacute;n de Pedregal de la Red Autom&aacute;tica de Monitoreo Ambiental (RAMA) en el Valle de M&eacute;xico. Estas t&eacute;cnicas han sido usadas desde el siglo pasado; el modelo autorregresivo (AR) y el m&eacute;todo para series ca&oacute;ticas. Los valores pronosticados por el modelo ca&oacute;tico son m&aacute;s precisos que el modelo autorregresivo. Se pretende pronosticar los valores m&aacute;ximos de concentraci&oacute;n de ozono durante el d&iacute;a. Sin embargo, se requiere estudiar las variantes que tienen estos modelos para tener mayor precisi&oacute;n en el pron&oacute;stico, de manera que sea de utilidad pr&aacute;ctica para tomar medidas preventivas pertinentes. En esta exposici&oacute;n los algoritmos tienen como principal carencia usar s&oacute;lo el contaminante ozono en la serie del tiempo, dado que modelos m&aacute;s complejos deber&aacute;n considerar variables meteorol&oacute;gicas que mejoren la precisi&oacute;n del pron&oacute;stico. As&iacute; a <i>grosso modo,</i> si se considera la serie formada por los m&aacute;ximos diarios de ozono en el per&iacute;odo estudiado (enero a mayo de 1999) la desviaci&oacute;n est&aacute;ndar es de 0.05 ppm de ozono en la variante m&aacute;s precisa del modelo ca&oacute;tico que se muestra al final del art&iacute;culo, la desviaci&oacute;n est&aacute;ndar del error entre los valores m&aacute;ximos pronosticados y los valores reales es de alrededor de 0.027 ppm de ozono, lo que acorta la banda de valores pronosticados a algo m&aacute;s de la mitad, considerando el total de los m&aacute;ximos diarios como una distribuci&oacute;n normal. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b> Medidas de ozono, Ciudad de M&eacute;xico, modelo autorregresivo, modelo ca&oacute;tico.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/jmcs/v49n1/v49n1a1.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1.&nbsp;Garfias, F.J.; D&iacute;az, L. <i>Gasolinas Oxigenadas: La Experiencia mexicana,</i> 1<sup>a</sup>. 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