Producción de metano utilizando residuos cunícolas

Methane production using rabbit residues

O. Teniza-García¹'², M.M. Solís-Oba*, M.E. Pérez-López³, J.M. González-Prieto⁴ y R. Valencia-Vázquez⁵

¹ IPN, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, C.P. 90700, México.

³ Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Sigma 119 Durango, C.P. 34220, México.

⁴ Centro de Biotecnología Genómica. Boulevard del Maestro s/n esq. Elías Piña, Cd. Reynosa, Tamaulipas, C.P. 88710, México.

⁵ Instituto Tecnológico de Durango. Boulevard Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote. Durango, Dgo. C.P. 3408, México.

Recibido 7 de Abril de 2014
Aceptado 31 de Mayo de 2015

Resumen

En las granjas cunícolas de Tlaxcala se obtienen dos residuos: una mezcla de aserrín, estiércol y orina de conejo (R₁) proveniente del criadero y las vísceras (R₂) proveniente del proceso de matanza. En este trabajo fue evaluada la digestión anaerobia de dichos residuos para definir las condiciones bajo las cuales se puedan utilizar como fuente de energía alternativa. La producción de metano fue valorada en cuatro etapas, la primera fue la digestión de R₁ y R₂ inoculados con estiércol de vaca (A), cerdo (B) y cabra (C), para seleccionar el par residuo-estiércol a utilizar. En la etapa dos fue considerado el tratamiento de mayor producción de metano de la etapa uno y se evaluó el ajuste de: pH a 7.2 y/o la relación C/N a 23/1; en la etapa tres se evaluó el impacto de dos valores de temperatura (ambiente y 37°C) y dos fuentes de carbono (paja de avena y aserrín), así como la adición de micronutrientes (etapa 4) sobre la producción de biogas. Se encontró que la digestión anaeróbica de las vísceras de conejo con 10% de estiércol de cabra generó la mayor producción de biogas con 71 % de metano; lo cual fue logrado al ajustar los parámetros de proceso (pH a 7.2, relación C/N a 23/1, temperatura de 37°C y adición de micronutrientes). El análisis estadístico mostró que la temperatura es el parámetro que tuvo el mayor efecto sobre la producción de metano, la adición de micronutrientes influyó en reducir el tiempos para obtener biogás con al menos 45% de metano (mínimo para ser considerado combustible), y la sustitución de paja de avena por aserrín no tuvo efecto significativo en la producción de biogas y metano.

Abstract

At the rabbit farms of Tlaxcala, Mexico two residues are produced: a mixture of ^rawdustt with rabbit: manure and urine (R₁) from the hatchery area, and the viscera (R₂) from the slaughter process. In this work, the anaerobic digestion (AD) process of such residues was evaluated to define the conditions at which they can be used to produce an alternative energy source. Methane content of the biogas produced was assessed in four stages. The first stage was the co-digestion of R₁ and R₂ inoculated with different manures: cow (A), pig (B) and goat (C), in order to select the residue-manure pair to be used. At stage two, the treatment which performed better at the previous stage was selected to evaluate the effect of pH adjustment to 7.2 and/or a C/N ratio to 23/1; during the third stage, it was evaluated the impact of internal temperature (ambient temperature and 37°C) and the addition of two carbon sources (oat straw and sawdust) on the methane content of the biogas produced; and finally, at stage four, the addition of micronutrients (step 4) over methane production was assessed. It was found that anaerobic digestion of rabbit entrails inoculated with 10% of goat manure generated the highest production of biogas with a 71% methane content; which was achieved by adjusting the process parameters (pH 7.2, C/N ratio to 23/1, internal temperature to 37°C and addition of micronutrients). Statistical analyses showed that temperature was the parameter that had the greatest effect on the methane content of the produced biogas; adding micronutrients reduced the lag-phase and helped to achieve 45% of methane in the biogas (minimal value required to be flammable); and, replacing sawdust by oat straw had no significant effect on the production of biogas or methane content.

Key words: rabbit manure, internal organs, methane production, biogas, co-digestion.

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Agradecimientos

El presente proyecto se llevó a cabo gracias al financiamiento otorgado por el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), a la propuesta número 138741 de la convocatoria de Proyectos de Investigación, Desarrollo o de Innovación Tecnológica 2010. El primer autor agradece al CONACYT por la beca 175787 y al Instituto Politécnico Nacional por las becas PIFI de los proyectos SIP20110337, 20113440, 20120992 y 20130635.

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