<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-1146</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín médico del Hospital Infantil de México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Med. Hosp. Infant. Mex.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-1146</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Salud, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-11462024000600311</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/bmhim.24000053</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Scientific evidence in the management of traumatic brain injury in pediatrics: ibero-American academy of pediatric neurology]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evidencia científica en manejo del traumatismo craneal en pediatria: Academia Iberoamericana de Neurología Pediátrica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vidaurre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alcy R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Neurológico Pediátrico Neuroesperanza y Centro Pediátrico Crecer Pediatría Neurológica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Ohio Pediatría Neurológica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ohio ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Boston Pediatría Neurológica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Boston ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<fpage>311</fpage>
<lpage>318</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-11462024000600311&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-11462024000600311&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-11462024000600311&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common problem in Latin America and affects many children. Research has advanced, but international publications do not necessarily reflect our reality. For this reason, the Ibero-American Academy of Pediatric Neurology (AINP) formed a committee to review the available evidence, evaluate it, and decide how it could be applied in our region. Articles were searched in different databases and those corresponding to original works were selected, preferably those that received the best qualifications according to the 2011 version of Oxford Levels of Evidence. The main findings are the need to develop a trauma team available throughout the pediatric level III emergency, early monitoring of intracranial pressure, and multimodal monitoring as methods to improve outcomes. We concluded that much remains to be done and more evidence is needed, but more organization is required to provide specialized resources in the emergency care of these patients.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El traumatismo craneano (TC) es un problema frecuente en América Latina y afecta a muchos niños. La investigación ha avanzado pero las publicaciones internacionales no necesariamente toman en cuenta nuestra realidad. En tal virtud la Academia Iberoamericana de Neurologia Pediatrica (AINP) formo un comité para revisar la evidencia disponible, calificarla y decidir cómo se podía aplica en nuestra región. Se buscaron artículos en distintas bases de datos y se seleccionaron aquellos correspondientes a trabajos originales de preferencia los cuales recibieron calificación de acuerdo a los niveles de evidencia de Oxford versión 2011. Los resultados más importantes son la necesidad de desarrollar un equipo de trauma disponible en toda emergencia pediátrica de III nivel, la monitorización temprana de la presión intracraneana y el monitoreo multimodal como métodos para mejorar los pronósticos. Se concluye que falta mucho por hacer, y más evidencia es necesaria pero más organización es necesaria en proveer recursos especializados en la atención de emergencia de estos pacientes.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cranial Trauma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Concussion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Management]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Children]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Adolescents]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Treatment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Trauma Craneano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Concusión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Manejo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Niños]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Adolescentes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Tratamiento]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pediatric severe traumatic brain injury : updated management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Korean Neurosurg Soc]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<page-range>354-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caraballo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campistol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Neuropediatría:Fundamentos Prácticos]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Médica Panamericana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balenciaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Traumatismo Craneal]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gelineau-Morel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zinkus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Pichon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pediatric head trauma:a review and update]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Rev]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>468-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Araki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yokota]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pediatric traumatic brain injury:characteristic features, diagnosis, and management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<page-range>82-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wintermark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anzai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsiouris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whitlow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[ACR Head Injury Institute. Imaging evidence and recommendations for traumatic brain injury:conventional neuroimaging techniques]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Am Coll Radiol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrazzano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosario]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wisniewski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shafi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siefkes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Use of magnetic resonance imaging in severe pediatric traumatic brain injury:assessment of current practice]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurosurg Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>471-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lindberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stence]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grubenhoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mirsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Feasibility and accuracy of fast MRI versus CT for traumatic brain injury in young children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatrics]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>144</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buttram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcia-Filion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Youssfi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dalton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Computed tomography vs magnetic resonance imaging for identifying acute lesions in pediatric traumatic brain injury]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hosp Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>79-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crombé]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benhamed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dabadie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fauconnier-Fatus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risk factors associated with traumatic brain injury and implementation of guidelines for requesting computed tomography after head trauma among children in France]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA Netw Open]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>6</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reuter-Rice]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christoferson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Critical update on the third edition of the guidelines for managing severe traumatic brain injury in children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kochanek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tasker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Totten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Selden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guidelines for the management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury, third edition:update of the brain trauma foundation Guidelines, executive summary]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neurosurgery]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>84</volume>
<page-range>1169-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kochanek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tasker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vavilala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury:2019 consensus and guidelines-based algorithm for first and second tier therapies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>269-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hutchison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kochanek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tasker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vavilala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Differences in medical therapy goals for children with severe traumatic brain injury-an international study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>811-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Birrer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helmick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuemann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hunter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wisniewski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Semon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Management:Evidence Based Medicine Guideline]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kochanek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ashwal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bratton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guidelines for the acute medical management of severe traumatic brain injury in infants, children, and adolescents--second edition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>Suppl 1</numero>
<issue>Suppl 1</issue>
<page-range>S1-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kochanek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tasker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Totten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Selden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guidelines for the management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury, third edition:update of the brain trauma foundation guidelines]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>S Suppl 1</numero>
<issue>S Suppl 1</issue>
<page-range>S1-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grinspan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ZM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nellis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Early use of antiseizure medication in mechanically ventilated traumatic brain injury cases:a retrospective pediatric health information system database study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>202</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>90-100</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al Jayyousi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hazaimeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freitekh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sawan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jbarah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Anti-epileptic Prophylaxis for Early or Late Post-traumatic Seizures in Children with Traumatic Brain Injury:A Systematic Review (P13-1.009)]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<page-range>4610</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[United States ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lippincott Williams and Wilkins]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ST]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abend]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bleck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chapman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Drislane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Emerson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Consensus statement on continuous EEG in critically ill adults and children, part I:indications:indications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Neurophysiol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>87-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeWitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greene]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Srivastava]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riva-Cambrin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nance]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Functional outcome after intracranial pressure monitoring for children with severe traumatic brain injury]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>171</volume>
<page-range>965-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alkhoury]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kyriakides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intracranial pressure monitoring in children with severe traumatic brain injury:national trauma data bank-based review of outcomes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA Surg]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>149</volume>
<page-range>544-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller Ferguson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kochanek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luther]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wisniewski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intracranial hypertension and cerebral hypoperfusion in children with severe traumatic brain injury:thresholds and burden in accidental and abusive insults]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>444-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mehta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kochanek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tyler-Kabara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wisniewski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Relationship of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure with outcome in young children after severe traumatic brain injury]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dev Neurosci]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>413-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chiu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghajar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenfield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Age-specific cerebral perfusion pressure thresholds and survival in children and adolescents with severe traumatic brain injury]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>62-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raikot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Polites]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Current management of pediatric traumatic brain injury]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semin Pediatr Surg]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>151215</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Totten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Reilly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ullman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hawryluk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neurosurgery]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<page-range>6-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roumeliotis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pettersen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crevier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Emeriaud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hyperosmolar therapy in pediatric traumatic brain injury:a retrospective study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Childs Nerv Syst]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>2363-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harrigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hypertonic saline in paediatric traumatic brain injury:a review of nine years'experience with 23.4% hypertonic saline as standard hyperosmolar therapy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anaesth Intensive Care]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>204-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vavilala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kernic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kannan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wainwright]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acute care clinical indicators associated with discharge outcomes in children with severe traumatic brain injury]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<page-range>2258-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Welch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wallendorf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kharasch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ED]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leonard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doctor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pineda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fentanyl and midazolam are ineffective in reducing episodic intracranial hypertension in severe pediatric traumatic brain injury]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>809-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferguson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kochanek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bayir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effectiveness of pharmacological therapies for intracranial hypertension in children with severe traumatic brain injury-results from an automated data collection system time-synched to drug administration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>236-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Andrade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paiva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Amorim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueiredo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Almeida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Continuous ventricular cerebrospinal fluid drainage with intracranial pressure monitoring for management of posttraumatic diffuse brain swelling]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arq Neuropsiquiatr]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>79-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Curry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hollingworth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellenbogen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vavilala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incidence of hypo-and hypercarbia in severe traumatic brain injury before and after 2003 pediatric guidelines]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>141-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McSharry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erickson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schibler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Slater]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hypothermia for traumatic brain injury in children-A phase II randomized controlled trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>1458-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tasker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vonberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ulano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ED]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akhondi-Asl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Updating evidence for using hypothermia in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury:conventional and Bayesian meta-analytic perspectives]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>355-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crompton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lubomirova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cotlarciuc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Han]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Meta-analysis of therapeutic hypothermia for traumatic brain injury in adult and pediatric patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<page-range>575-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mellion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellsworth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riva-Cambrin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Metzger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High-dose barbiturates for refractory intracranial hypertension in children with severe traumatic brain injury]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>239-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenfeld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arabi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ponsford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patient outcomes at twelve months after early decompressive craniectomy for diffuse traumatic brain injury in the randomized DECRA clinical trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurotrauma]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>810-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hutchinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kolias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Timofeev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corteen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Czosnyka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Timothy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trial of decompressive craniectomy for traumatic intracranial hypertension]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>375</volume>
<page-range>1119-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
