<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-7743</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ingeniería, investigación y tecnología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Ing. invest. y tecnol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-7743</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ingeniería]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-77432024000100001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/fi.25940732e.2024.25.1.001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The sinkholes and their appearance in the karstic zones]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Los socavones y su aparición en los suelos de zonas kársticas]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallegos-Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gustavo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escalera-Chávez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Milka E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leal-Vaca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio César]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Media ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Media ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guanajuato Departamento de Ingeniería Civil ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro División de Estudios de Posgrado de la Facultad de Ingeniería ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-77432024000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-77432024000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-77432024000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: The objective of this work is to study the sudden appearance of a sinkhole in the town of Los Ángeles, belonging to the municipality of Rioverde, SLP, to prevent damage to the patrimony of the families and the infrastructure of the city. The research work consisted of 6 stages: Stage 1, a site visit to gather information about the place and obtain the impressions of the neighbors of the area of analysis (street crossing); Stage 2, sought to verify the topography of the site and locate the sources or bodies of water; Stage 3, consisted in the exploration using the manual dynamic penetrometer (MDP) and the recovery of the integral and unaltered sampling of the site; Stage 4, included the development of conventional geotechnical tests for the characterization of the soils present, determine their moisture profile, as well as determine the possibility of dispersion, suffusion, and collapse. In Stage 5, the stress distribution in the subsoil was modeled and in Stage 6, the conclusions are presented. Through the MDP, an infiltration point was identified at the intersection of the streets of the study site, a frustoconical hollow with a depth of 2.80 m, with an upper diameter of 0.80 m and a lower diameter of approximately 2.00 m, was located. The depth of the GWL in the water extraction wells in the area is 12 m, and the soil of the place has low Penetration Resistance up to a depth of 4.80 m. Subterranean conduits were identified that branch off in different directions, predominantly in a northeasterly direction. The stratigraphic profile of the place corresponds to the following sequence of five strata found at a maximum explored depth of 6.00 m; the first layer is an inorganic clay of low plasticity (CL), and from the second to the fifth layer there is inorganic silts of low compressibility (ML). The second stratum is an intermediate-grade dispersive soil, with appreciable strength and little deformation at its natural moisture content, however, when hydrated it experiences a slight propensity to collapse and is susceptible to erosion.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la aparición repentina de un socavón en la localidad de Los Ángeles, perteneciente al municipio de Rioverde, SLP, con objeto de prevenir el daño al patrimonio de las familias y a la infraestructura de la ciudad. El trabajo de investigación constó de 6 etapas: la Etapa 1 consistió en realizar una visita al sitio para recabar información del lugar y obtener las impresiones de los vecinos. La Etapa 2 buscó verificar la topografía del lugar y ubicar las fuentes de humedecimiento o cuerpos de agua. La Etapa 3 consistió en la exploración mediante el Penetrómetro Dinámico Manual y la recuperación del muestreo integral e inalterado del sitio. La Etapa 4 comprendió el desarrollo de ensayes geotécnicos convencionales para la caracterización de los suelos presentes, determinar su perfil de humedad, así como determinar la posibilidad de dispersión, tubificación y colapso. En la Etapa 5 se modeló la distribución de los esfuerzos en el subsuelo y en la Etapa 6 se presentaron las conclusiones alcanzadas. Mediante el PDM se identificó un punto de infiltración en la intersección de las calles citadas, en donde se localizó una oquedad con un diámetro superior de 0.80 m, un diámetro inferior de aproximadamente 2.00 m y una profundidad de 2.80 m; la profundidad del NAF en los pozos de extracción de agua de la zona es de 12 m, el suelo del lugar presenta baja Resistencia a la Penetración hasta la profundidad de 4.80 m. Se identificaron conductos vacíos en el subsuelo en la dirección noreste. Además, en el lugar se encontró un perfil de suelo constituido por cinco estratos; el primer estrato es una Arcilla inorgánica de baja plasticidad (CL), y desde el segundo hasta el quinto estrato se presenta un Limo inorgánico de baja compresibilidad (ML), respectivamente.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sinkhole]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hand-held dynamic penetrometer]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[loess soils]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[collapse]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dispersion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tubing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[caverns]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Socavón]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[penetrómetro dinámico manual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[suelos loéssico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[colapso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dispersión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tubificación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cavernas]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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