1405-7425 1405-7425 S1405-74252025000100016 10.22185/24487147.2025.120.16 México Mexico 00 12 2025 00 12 2025 31 120

2021 20 2 2 2014 2009 2007 39-61 Banco Mundial 2023 Banco Mundial 2024 BBVA Research 2018 BBVA Research 2023 2011 BID 2023 2020 2009 25 25 125-53 CEPAL 2019 2001 103 4 4 954-67 2010 36 1 1 149-61 CONAPO 2023 Congressional Research Service 2022 2023 58 1 1 19-48 2005 26 8 8 1269-84 2018 39 2 2 163-81 1992 27 2 2 3-42 1996 30 2 2 423-44 2010 2006 GAO 2022 2023 9 18 18 45-65 2019 Gobierno del Estado de Oaxaca 2020 INEGI 2020 International Crisis Group 2018 1989 2023 2021 6 11 11 81-107 2008 23 60 60 93-119 2011 2022 4 4 86-103 2022 OIM 2021 OIM 2023 2017 4 1 1 31-45 2021 19 19 211-41 2006 6 6 3-44 2003 2003 2007 2011 2019 45 8 8 1258-74 1992 30 2 2 127-53 2019 34 85 85 143-68 2020 Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores 2023 2018 1996 62 2 2 397-418 The White House 2023 U.S. Custom Border Protection (USCBP) 2023 United States Government Accountability Office and Grover 2019 USCBP 2022 2009 28 47 47 117-32 2008 World Economic Forum 2023 2012 13 13 47-66