<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-2253</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[América Latina en la historia económica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Am. Lat. Hist. Econ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-2253</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-22532025000300009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18232/20073496.1553</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Comercio, instituciones y capital mercantil. La apertura de México en perspectiva (1750-1850)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Trade, Institutions, and Merchant Capital. The opening of Mexico put in perspective (1750-1850)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Commerce, institutions et capital marchand. L'ouverture du Mexique mise en perspective (1750-1850)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bartolomei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Université Côte d&#8217;Azur  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Niza ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-22532025000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-22532025000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-22532025000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En 1821, las nuevas autoridades de un México independiente abolieron el antiguo sistema de Carrera de Indias, que reservaba el comercio exterior del país exclusivamente a los súbditos de la corona española, y proclamaron la "libertad de comercio", lo que significaba que los puertos y plazas del país quedaban abiertos a todas las banderas y mercaderes del mundo. A pesar de su importancia, este acontecimiento ha sido generalmente poco estudiado por la historiografía, que prefiere centrarse en las experiencias previas de apertura de México a lo largo de su historia colonial (privilegios de la South Sea Company, comercio de neutrales, contrabando), o en la nueva "dependencia" en la que se encontró respecto al Reino Unido tras su independencia. Sin embargo, los diversos datos comerciales utilizados aquí para el periodo 1750-1850 son inequívocos: mientras que la naturaleza y el volumen de los productos comerciados entre México y Europa experimentaron pocas modificaciones en las primeras décadas del siglo xix, la configuración general del comercio exterior del país cambió profundamente. A partir de entonces, los nacionales de varios países se encontraron compitiendo en el comercio atlántico de México. Más allá de esta diferencia fundamental, las dos configuraciones comerciales así destacadas convergen en un punto esencial: ninguna de las dos puede leerse como la simple expresión de un proyecto imperial predeterminado ni, en el otro extremo, como el producto de fuerzas comerciales estrictamente autónomas; al contrario, ambas parecen ser el resultado de una estrecha interacción entre dinámicas institucionales y sociales que se determinaron y reforzaron mutuamente.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In 1821, the new authorities of independent Mexico abolished the old system of the Carrera de Indias, which reserved the exclusivity of the country&#8217;s foreign trade to the subjects of the Spanish crown, and proclaimed "freedom of trade", i. e. the opening of the country&#8217;s ports and trade places to all flags and merchants of the world. Despite its importance, this event has generally been little studied by a historiography that prefers to highlight the previous experiences of openness that Mexico had during its colonial history (privileges of Sea South Company, neutral trade, smuggling), or even the new "dependency" it fell into with the United Kingdom after its independence. The trade data mobilised here for the period 1750-1850, however, are clear: While the nature and volume of products traded between Mexico and Europe changed little in the first decades of the nineteenth century, the overall pattern of the country&#8217;s foreign trade did change significantly. Henceforth, nationals of several countries competed in Mexico&#8217;s Atlantic trade. Beyond this fundamental difference, the two commercial configurations thus highlighted are nevertheless similar on one essential point: neither of them can be read as the simple implementation of a predetermined imperial project or, on the contrary, as the strict result of the free play of commercial forces; on the contrary, both appear to be the result of a close interplay between institutional and social dynamics that determine and reinforce each other.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[comercio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Atlántico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[1750-1850]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Carrera de Indias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[imperio informal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[trade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Atlantic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[1750-1850]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Carrera de Indias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[informal empire]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[N16]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[N46]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[N76]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[N66]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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