<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-0471</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Madera y bosques]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Madera bosques]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-0471</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Ecología A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-04712019000100219</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21829/myb.2019.2511690</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Wood identification and acoustic analysis of three original Aztec teponaztli musical instruments]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Identificación de la madera y análisis acústico de tres teponaztlis, instrumentos musicales aztecas originales]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariano]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintanar-Isaías]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orduña-Bustamante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Felipe]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olmedo-Vera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bertina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaramillo-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Teresa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Ciencias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Departamento de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Iztapalapa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Museo Nacional de Antropología  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-04712019000100219&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-04712019000100219&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-04712019000100219&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT: Teponaztlis exhibited in Mexico&#8217;s Anthropology Museum are the most emblematic items among Aztec musical instruments. The purpose of this research was twofold: to correctly identify the wood used to manufacture three of the most important instruments of their kind and to perform an acoustic analysis to determine relevant acoustic and musical parameters of these instruments. Wood identification consisted in comparing some anatomical features of teponaztlis to those of known species from a wood collection and other sources. Multivariate analysis shows that species are separated by the percentage of uniseriate and partially biseriate rays at one hand and by fibre wall thickness at the other hand. The results show that the genus Dalbergia was used for these instruments, and the analysis suggests proximity of teponaztlis to Dalbergia palo-escrito, and to D. granadillo. The acoustic analysis was based on digital sound recordings of the instruments played with the under-side cavity closed or open. Results show that musical intervals between the two low and high pitch tones of the instruments are from slightly below a major third, to slightly above a fifth. Tones produced with the under-side cavity closed are slightly shorter in duration, and stronger, in comparison when it is open. Playing one of the two tones faintly produces sound from the other, and also from the sides of the instrument, especially with the under-side cavity open. The musical intervals that are observed in these instruments do not correspond exactly to conventional Western tunings.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN: Los teponaztlis del Museo de Antropología de México son los instrumentos musicales aztecas más emblemáticos. Por ello, los objetivos de esta investigación fueron identificar correctamente la madera usada para su manufactura y realizar el análisis acústico para determinar los parámetros relevantes. La identificación de la madera consistió en la comparación de los caracteres anatómicos de los instrumentos con los de las especies conocidas de una colección de maderas y de otras fuentes. El análisis multivariado muestra que, en un espacio discriminante, las especies se separan por el porcentaje de rayos uniseriados y parcialmente biseriados (primera forma) y por el grosor de la pared de la fibra (segunda). Los resultados muestran que estos instrumentos fueron elaborados con madera de Dalbergia, y el análisis sugiere proximidad de los teponaztlis con Dalbergia palo-escrito y con D. granadillo. El análisis acústico se realizó en registros digitales del sonido de los instrumentos tocados con la cavidad inferior cerrada o abierta. Se encontró que los intervalos musicales entre los dos tonos son desde ligeramente inferiores a una tercera mayor, hasta ligeramente superiores a una quinta. Los tonos producidos con la cavidad inferior cerrada fueron ligeramente más cortos en duración y más intensos que con la cavidad abierta. Se encontró que al tocar alguno de los dos tonos se produce débilmente sonido del otro tono, y también sonido de las partes laterales del instrumento, especialmente cuando la cavidad inferior está abierta. Los intervalos musicales observados no coinciden con los sistemas de afinación convencionales de la Música occidental.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Dalbergia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[idiophones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[musical pitch]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ray parenchyma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tone duration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Dalbergia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[idiófonos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tono musical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[parénquima radial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[duración de tonos]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zobel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Buijtenen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Wood variation: its causes and control]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
