<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-4999</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-4999</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-49992025000100135</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/rica.55201</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Soil fauna hazard index to identify the risk of exposure to biocidal substances]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Indice de peligrosidad en la fauna del suelo para identificar el riesgo de exposición a sustancias biocidas]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez Menjivar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villalobos Sequeira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jenny]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kinndle]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Provincia de Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Estudios Sociales en Población Facultad de Ciencias Sociales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Provincia de Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y el Mar ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Provincia de Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>41</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-49992025000100135&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-49992025000100135&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-49992025000100135&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Chemical pollution in the soil compartment can lead to considerable biodiversity loss and poor soil quality. Soil fauna inside and near agroecosystems, agricultural landscapes, and cattle grasslands provide various ecosystem services that contribute to sustaining human well-being. Interviews were conducted with farmers in two Costa Rican provinces to identify the active ingredients used in agricultural and livestock farms. Using a soil fauna hazard index, 27 agrochemicals and 18 veterinary drugs were categorized as hazardous substances to soil invertebrates. The scientific literature reports the effects of exposure to many of these substances on various levels of biological organization, therefore, it is critical to promote appropriate practices in their use to reduce environmental effects.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La contaminación química en el compartimento edáfico puede provocar una pérdida considerable de biodiversidad y una mala calidad del suelo. La fauna del suelo dentro y cerca de los agroecosistemas y paisajes agrícolas, así como los pastizales ganaderos, proporcionan una variedad de servicios ecosistémicos que contribuyen a sostener el bienestar humano. Para identificar los ingredientes activos utilizados en las explotaciones agrícolas y ganaderas, se realizaron entrevistas a agricultores de dos provincias costarricenses. Mediante un índice de peligrosidad para la fauna del suelo, se clasificaron 27 productos agroquímicos y 18 medicamentos veterinarios como sustancias peligrosas para los invertebrados del suelo. La literatura científica reporta los efectos de la exposición a muchas de estas sustancias en varios niveles de organización biológica, por lo tanto, es crítico promover prácticas apropiadas en su uso para reducir los efectos ambientales.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[toxicity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[agrochemicals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[veterinary drugs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hazard index]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[toxicidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[productos agroquímicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[medicamentos veterinarios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[índice de peligrosidad]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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