<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-4611</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigaciones geográficas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Invest. Geog]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-4611</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geografía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-46112021000300109</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14350/rig.60426</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cierre de minas y abandono de sitios mineros en México: ¿un proceso &#8220;normal&#8221;? Referencias al norte de México]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mine Close Down and Abandonment of Mining Sites in México: A &#8220;Normal&#8221; process? References to Northern Mexico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva Ontiveros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leticia Odeth]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Teresa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Geografía Departamento de Geografía Económica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[CDMX ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Geografía Departamento de Geografía Económica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[CDMX ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>106</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-46112021000300109&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-46112021000300109&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-46112021000300109&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En el reconocimiento de paisajes en donde se desarrollaron actividades mineras en épocas pasadas, se observan lugares deshabitados, en situación de ruinas o con historias que no terminamos de comprender sobre su abandono o su condición actual. Este desconocimiento se generaliza a tal grado, que en estos &#8220;pueblos fantasma&#8221; pasan inadvertidas las causas que llevaron a tal desatención de llevar a cabo acciones sociales, económicas, ambientales, que habrían brindado opciones a los habitantes para continuar con la vida en estos sitios. A pesar de tener una larga historia minera y de contar con abundantes casos de abandono de sitios mineros, México no ha impulsado una propuesta clara de política sobre cierre de actividades mineras, lo que vuelve necesario revisar las actuaciones en este campo, siendo el principal obstáculo, el hecho de que el abandono de sitios mineros es considerado como una condición &#8220;normal&#8221;, inmanente de la minería. El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer, por medio de la experiencia de académicos, funcionarios y prácticas empresariales, la manera en que se lleva a cabo el proceso de cierre de actividades mineras en el caso mexicano, ejemplificado en algunos casos del norte de México. Como hallazgos se identificaron distintos manejos de lo que podría considerarse como una situación de cierre de mina, aun cuando las inconsistencias y las contradicciones en la información dada a conocer sean el común denominador. Finalmente, se concluye con una reflexión sobre la inexistencia de una planeación del cierre de minas en México, lo que perpetúa la carencia de regulación al respecto y deja a su suerte la supervivencia de los sitios donde las actividades mineras concluyeron.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Mining is an activity with more than 500 years of Mexican history that in the different stages of its evolution has left a distinctive mark on the structure and organization of its territory, and in particular, this activity was the one for the emergence of a large number of settlements in the country. However, in the recognition of landscapes where mining activities were developed in the past, it is common to find uninhabited sites, "ghost towns" in ruins or with stories of abandonment that we do not fully understand; on other occasions, these are sites with few inhabitants compared to the times of peak mining activity. But the common thing in both cases is that, despite the country&#8217;s long mining tradition and the abundant cases of economic and social decline at the end of mining operations in the places, these continue to be considered, along with the environmental liabilities they leave behind. companies, as &#8220;normal&#8221; processes and conditions, immanent in mining, without so far a clear policy has been promoted by the authorities in collaboration with the companies so that the closure of mining activities is an orderly process and planned to consider social, economic and environmental actions that provide options for local inhabitants to avoid abandoning these sites. These processes have become more conspicuous in the last thirty years, when the country transitions to the neoliberal phase of capitalism with the entry into force of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and &#8220;mega-mining&#8221; enters the scene. , with the deep territorial transformations that it causes and that include new environmental and social impacts in the communities surrounding the mines. The useful life times of a mining unit are shortened by the intense rates of mineral extraction and the mining history of the places usually culminates with the traces left in the spaces and their inhabitants by the abandonment of the mining sites once the mining It concludes its activities Important mining ventures that created and grew towns promising stability, in the end they left deserted places as their inheritance and with great ecological damage without repairing. The objective of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the social effects linked to mining from the analysis of what we call "naturalization" of the process of abandonment of mining sites, through which it has been systematically left to the fate of its inhabitants the survival and, therefore, the authorities and mining companies have neglected the problem of the future of these places from an economic, social and environmental point of view. From critical geography and its methodology applied to landscape analysis, elements are provided to examine the process of closure of mining activities in the Mexican case, exemplified in some towns of Zacatecas and Sonora in northern Mexico, which have stood out for the importance of its mining production nationwide. For this, an approach is made to the understanding of the habituality with which the abandonment of mining sites occurs, normalizing or naturalizing the social effects caused by the completion of the mining activity and the environmental damages associated with it from the concepts of closure of mining activities and abandonment of mining sites, and of the phenomena that are observed around it, such as the emergence of "ghost towns", or what some authors call "zombie mining" and "sacrificial territories", terms that are observed may refer to many of the cases of mining sites in Mexico. To address the cases that served to exemplify these processes in Latin America and Mexico, first the way in which Mexican legislation and public policies contemplate the closure and abandonment of mining sites was reviewed, and later, interviews were conducted with government officials. researchers and experts on the subject. As findings, different approaches to what could be considered a mine closure situation were identified, even when inconsistencies and contradictions in the information disclosed are the common denominator. Finally, it concludes with a reflection on the non-existence of planning for the closure of mines in Mexico, which perpetuates the lack of regulation in this regard and leaves the survival of the inhabitants of the sites where mining activities ended instead of to their fate. that through joint collaboration between the State, companies and communities, they are endowed with capacities to preserve their right to a healthy environment and to co-create with them economic alternatives that allow their survival at the end of mining operations .]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[minería mexicana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cierre de minas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[abandono de sitios mineros]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[impactos sociales de la minería]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[aleatoriedad de la actividad minera]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexican mining]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mine closure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mining abandonment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[social impacts of mining]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[randomness of mining activities]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Auditoría Superior de la Federación</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe de resultados de la cuenta pública 2010, Derechos Sobre Minería, Auditoría Financiera y de Cumplimiento: 10&#8208;0&#8208;10100&#8208;02&#8208;0809]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baudino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navarra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Planeamiento temprano en cierre de minas: nueva perspectiva]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>1-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bebbington A.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hinojosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bebbington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burneo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warnaars]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Contienda y ambigüedad: minería y posibilidades de desarrollo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Debate Agrario]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>31-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diccionario Minero]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[El Escaramujo]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>26</numero>
<issue>26</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Cristóbal de las Casas ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Comisión de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe Nacional de México sobre los temas de los períodos de sesiones 18º Y 19º (2010-2011), Sección Minería]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>21-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Congreso Nacional de Chile</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Historia de la Ley N° 20.551 que regula el cierre de faenas e instalaciones mineras]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diario Oficial]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cowan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mackasey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robertson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The policy framework in Canada for mine closure and management of long termn liabilities: A guidance document. National Orphaned / Abandoned Mines Initiative]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ontario ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cowan Minerals Ltd.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Islas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Minería y ruralidad en México: Regulación, pasivos ambientales y sociedad]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La naturaleza con derechos. Una propuesta para un cambio civilizatorio]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chilpancingo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero/Editora Laguna]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Dirección Nacional de Producción Minera Sustentable</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Guía de recursos de buenas prácticas para el cierre de minas]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Producción y Trabajo, Presidencia de la Nación]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Ecoosfera</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Mina derrama ácido sulfúrico al río Sonora y esconde lo ocurrido]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elizondo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis paisajístico y de perspectivas ambientales de la actividad minera de Zimapán, Hidalgo, México. Recomendaciones para la reclamación y redirección ecológica de la minería en la zona]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How credible are mining corporations&#8217; sustainability reports? a critical analysis of external assurance under the requirements of the International Council on Mining and Metals]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Corporate Social Responsability and Environmental Management]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>355-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González Z.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tratamiento normativo de la fase minera post operacional en los países mineros latinoamericanos y la planificación del cierre]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Montevideo ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gudynas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conflictos y extractivismos: conceptos, contenidos y dinámicas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Decursos, Revista en Ciencias Sociales]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>79-115</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gudynas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Extractivismos. Ecología, economía y política de un modo de entender el desarrollo y la Naturaleza]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cochabamba ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CLAES-CEBID]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El &#8220;nuevo&#8221; imperialismo: acumulación por desposesión]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CLACSO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keeling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandlos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ghost towns and zombie mines: the historical dimensions of mine abandonment, reclamation, and redevelopment in the Canadian North]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bocking]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ice Blink: Navigating Northern Environmental History]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>377-420</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mhlongo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amponsah-Dacosta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A review of problems and solutions of abandoned mines in South Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>279-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miranda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Suspensión de mina acabaría con fuente de empleo en La Colorada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Uniradio Noticias]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mitchell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mackasey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A systematic inventory of abandoned mines - A powerful tool for risk management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>83-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morrison-Saunders]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mchenry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sequeira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gorey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mtegha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doeppel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Integrating mine closure planning with environmental impact assessment: challenges and opportunities drawn from African and Australian practice]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>117-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Entidades Fiscalizadoras Superiores</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe Regional]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Auditoría Coordinada de Pasivos Ambientales]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Panamerican Silver Corp.]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Porto-Gonçalvez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Geografías: movimientos sociales, nuevas territorialidades y sustentabilidad]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rixen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blangy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Life after meadowbank: exploring gold mine closure scenarios with the residents of Qamini&#8217;tuaq (Baker Lake), Nunavut]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Canadá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centre d&#8217;Écologie Fonctionelle et Évolutive]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Derrame en el río, mayor desastre ecológico en Sonora]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Excélsior]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Secretaría de Economía. Subsecretaría de Competitividad y Normatividad</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Declaratoria de vigencia de la Norma Mexicana NMX-AA-132-SCFI-2016 Muestreo de suelos para la identificación y cuantificación de metales y metaloides, y manejo de la muestra (cancela a la NMX-AA-132-SCFI-2006)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diario Oficial de la Federación]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Secretaría de Economía</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Archivo interno]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Dirección General de Desarrollo Minero]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-120-SEMARNAT-1997]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diario Oficial de la Federación]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-141-SEMARNAT-2003]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diario Oficial de la Federación]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diario Oficial de la Federación]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-155-SEMARNAT-2007]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diario Oficial de la Federación]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-159-SEMARNAT-2011]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diario Oficial de la Federación]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Servicio Geológico Mexicano</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Portal CartoMinMex. Cartografía minera]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Catastro nacional de sitios mineros en condición de abandono]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sethi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Emelianova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A failed strategy of using voluntary codes of conduct by the global mining industry]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Corporate Governance]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>226-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Social landscapes: continuity and change]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daniels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Exploring human geography]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<page-range>246-63</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Arnold]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Svampa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La disputa por el desarrollo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Svampa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cambio de época. Movimientos sociales y poder político]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI-CLACSO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Svampa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Modelos de desarrollo, cuestión ambiental y giro eco-territorial]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alimonda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La naturaleza colonizada, ecología política y minería en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>181-215</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CLACSO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wylie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Landscape]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Dra. Diana Meza Figueroa. Profesora investigadora del Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Sonora]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Dr. Sergio Alan Moreno Zazueta. Coordinador del programa de ingeniería minera en la Universidad de Sonora]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Dr. Ulises Ruiz Saucedo. Subdirector de Innovación y Transferencia Tecnológica en el Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC)]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Ing. Eduardo Sanzana Barra. Director Corporativo de Cierre de Faenas]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
