<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-4611</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigaciones geográficas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Invest. Geog]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-4611</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geografía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-46112021000100103</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14350/rig.60187</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis del comportamiento de variables ambientales y sociales como factores de riesgo en la propagación del nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): caso de estudio en el Perú]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Analysis of Environmental and Social Variables as Risk Factors in the Spread of the New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Case Study in Peru]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Badillo-Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edwin]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fow Esteves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anthony Jeanpier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alata-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando Edison]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Virú-Vásquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul Hermes]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medina Acuña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sofía Martha]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del Callao Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental y de Recursos Naturales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del Callao Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental y de Recursos Naturales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del Callao Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental y de Recursos Naturales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del Callao Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental y de Recursos Naturales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>104</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-46112021000100103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-46112021000100103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-46112021000100103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La nueva enfermedad del coronavirus (COVID-19) generada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 se originó en China y el primer caso reportado fue en la ciudad de Wuhan, en diciembre del 2019. El virus comenzó a propagarse en otras regiones de China y al resto del mundo. El 30 de enero del 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declaró el brote del COVID-19 como emergencia internacional en salud pública. En Perú, el primer caso positivo de COVID-19 fue registrado el 6 de marzo del 2020 en la región Lima, y se declaró el estado de emergencia el 16 de marzo del 2020. A nivel mundial se han realizado diferentes investigaciones de variables ambientales asociadas a la propagación del COVID-19 así como variables sociales; sin embargo, la mayoría de estas han sido analizadas de forma individual, por lo que es necesario realizar un análisis que integre a dichas variables bajo ciertos criterios metodológicos. Es así que el objetivo de este texto es analizar las variables ambientales (columna troposférica de NO2, flujo vertical de aire, porcentaje de residuos sólidos dispuestos en botaderos y porcentaje de la población sin ningún mecanismo de eliminación de excreta) y sociales (niveles de pobreza monetaria, porcentaje del número de hospitales por población y población vulnerable) que intervienen directa e indirectamente a la propagación del virus SARS-CoV-2. Para ello se utilizaron técnicas de percepción remota, sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) integrados bajo el enfoque estadístico-determinístico multiparamétrico planteado por Saaty, determinando así qué regiones del Perú presentan mayor susceptibilidad, vulnerabilidad y riesgo de propagación del virus SARS-CoV-2. Los datos fueron recopilados a partir de instituciones mundiales y nacionales; para la columna troposférica de NO2 los datos fueron obtenidos del satélite Sentinel-5P; el flujo vertical del aire se determinó a partir de la información recolectada del laboratorio de ciencias físicas del NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration); la información concerniente a la población sin ningún mecanismo de excreta fue extraída del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) y el porcentaje de residuos sólidos dispuestos en botaderos se obtuvo del Ministerio del Ambiente (MINAM), mientras que los datos de las variables sociales fueron todos obtenidos a partir del INEI. Los resultados muestran que la prevalencia de altos valores de NO2 troposférico y valores cercanos a 0 Pa/s del flujo de aire vertical presentaron una relación directa con el número de casos positivos por COVID-19, además, se encontró que el 68% de las regiones se encuentran en un nivel de riesgo de propagación del virus SARS-CoV-2 &#8220;alto&#8221; y &#8220;muy alto&#8221;, y la mayoría de estas se encuentran en el norte y centro del Perú (Callao, Tumbes, Piura, Loreto, Lambayeque, Huancavelica, Amazonas, Cajamarca, Ucayali y Huánuco, entre otras), por lo que se debería tener especial cuidado con las medidas tomadas posaislamiento social a fin de evitar un rebrote y colapso de los sistemas de salud. En la presente investigación se concluye que las políticas públicas de gestión de la calidad de aire, gestión integral de residuos sólidos y servicios de saneamiento, deben mejorar a corto plazo a fin de disminuir el riesgo de propagación del virus SARS-CoV-2. Este estudio puede replicarse a una mayor escala, incluyendo más variables.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus originated in China; the first case was reported in the city of Wuhan in December 2019, from where the virus spread to other regions of China and the rest of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak as an international public health emergency on January 30, 2020. The first positive case of COVID-19 in Peru was recorded on March 6, 2020 in the Lima region; the state of emergency was declared on March 16, 2020. Several studies worldwide have examined environmental and social variables associated with the spread of COVID-19. Most of these studies have analyzed individual variables; therefore, an analysis integrating these variables under clear methodological criteria is warranted. The objective of this article is to analyze a number of environmental (tropospheric NO2 column, vertical air flow, percentage of solid waste disposed of in open dumps, and percentage of the population with no access to basic sanitation services) and social (monetary poverty level, number of hospitals, and vulnerable population) variables directly or indirectly involved in the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems (GIS), integrated under the multiparametric statistical-deterministic approach proposed by Saaty, were used to identify the regions of Peru that show the greatest susceptibility, vulnerability, and risk of spread of the SARSCoV-2 virus. Data were compiled from global and national institutions. Data for the tropospheric NO2 column were obtained from the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite; vertical air flow was estimated from data collected by the Physical Science Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); data on the population with no access to basic sanitation services were obtained from the national statistical agency, the Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI), and on the percentage of solid waste disposed of in open dumps from the Ministry of the Environment (MINAM). Data on social variables were obtained from INEI. The prevalence of high tropospheric NO2 values and vertical air flow values close to 0 Pa/s is directly related to the number of positive COVID-19 cases. In addition, 68% of the regions show a high or very high risk of spread of the SARS-CoV2 virus and most of these (Callao, Tumbes, Piura, Loreto, Lambayeque, Huancavelica, Amazonas, Cajamarca, Ucayali, and Huánuco, among others) are located in north and central areas of Peru. Thus, special care should be taken after the social isolation period to prevent a new outbreak and the collapse of healthcare systems. We concluded that public policies aimed at improving air quality management, integrated solid waste management, and sanitation services in the short term should be applied to reduce the risk of spreading the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study could be replicated at a larger scale, including additional variables.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[procesamiento de análisis jerárquico (PAJ)]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[evaluación del riesgo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[teledetección]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[SIG]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Risk Assessment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Remote Sensing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[GIS]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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