<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-2503</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de sociología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Mex. Sociol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-2503</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-25032019000400697</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/iis.01882503p.2019.4.57974</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La diversidad del voto nulo en México]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The diversity of null voting in Mexico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sonnleitner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Willibald]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de México A.C. Centro de Estudios Sociológicos ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>697</fpage>
<lpage>735</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-25032019000400697&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-25032019000400697&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-25032019000400697&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Desde 2009, la invalidación intencional del sufragio se transformó en una bandera ciudadana. Sin embargo, el voto nulo no refleja siempre actos deliberados de protesta cívica sino que puede deberse, también, a otras racionalidades. ¿Cómo captar y cómo medir sus distintos contenidos y significados? Esta investigación sitúa a México en perspectiva comparada, propone una definición sociológica del voto nulo y analiza sus componentes sociodemográficos y psicosociales, territoriales e individuales. Ello permite cuantificar, tipificar y explorar la diversidad de variantes del voto nulo de los mexicanos y estimar sus efectos, con conclusiones sorprendentes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Since 2009, the intentional invalidation of votes has become a form of civic protest. However, null votes do not always reflect deliberate acts of dissent and also may be due to other rationalities. How can one record and capture their diverse contents and meanings? This research places Mexico in comparative perspective, proposes a sociological definition of null voting and analyzes its socio-demographic and psychosocial, territorial and individual components. This makes it possible to quantify, typify and explore the various types of null voting and estimate their effects, with surprising conclusions.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[voto nulo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[elecciones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis espacial del voto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[protesta cívica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[geografía electoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[null vote]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[elections]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[spatial analysis of voting]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[civic protest]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electoral geography]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El movimiento anulista en 2009 y la abstención. Los signos de las elecciones de los primeros años del siglo XXI en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Espiral, Estudios sobre Estado y Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>47</numero>
<issue>47</issue>
<page-range>9-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basset]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yann]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las elecciones en la Argentina: entre dispersión política y voto bronca]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista alceu]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>266-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Cámara de Diputados del H. Congreso de la Unión</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ley General de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diario Oficial de la Federación]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cisneros Yescas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerardo Isaac]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Movilización, escolaridad y voto nulo. La elección federal de 2009 en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Política y Gobierno]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>39-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica (CIDE)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Estudio nacional electoral. Resultados de la encuesta postelectoral realizada por el CIDE]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CIDE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crespo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[México 2009: abstención, voto nulo y triunfo del PRI]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<numero>220</numero>
<issue>220</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CIDE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dejaegherea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yves]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vanhoutteb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bram]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Virtuous villages and sinful cities? A spatial analysis into the effects of community characteristics on turnout and blank/invalid voting in local elections in Belgium 2006-2012]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Politica]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>80-101</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Déloye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yves]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ihl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Olivier]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Des voix pas comme les autres. Votes blancs et votes nuls aux élections législatives de 1881]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revue Française de Science Politique]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>141-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Driscoll]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Amanda]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ignorance or opposition?Blank and spoiled votes in low-information, highly politicized environments]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Political Research Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>547-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Fundación Este País</collab>
<collab>Instituto Politécnico Nacional</collab>
<collab>Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México</collab>
<source><![CDATA[El sentir ciudadano. Encuesta Nacional sobre el Sentir Ciudadano 2009]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Habel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Janette]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pourquoi vote-t-on à Cuba?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michel Blanquer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quanquin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hélène]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sonnleitner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Willibald]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zumello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christine]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Voter dans les Amériques]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>197-202</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[París ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Université París III-Institut des Hautes Etudes de l&#8217;Amérique Latine-Institut des Amériques]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Instituto Federal Electoral (IFE)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis descriptivo sobre las características de los votos nulos y votos por candidatos no registrados emitidos en las elecciones federales del año 2009. Informe del comité de expertos para la evaluación de la documentación electoral utilizada durante el Proceso Electoral Federal 2008-2009]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Federal Electoral]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Instituto Federal Electoral (IFE)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Atlas Electoral Federal de México (1991-2012)]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Federal Electoral -Dirección Ejecutiva de Organización Electoral]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernillo de consulta para votos válidos y votos nulos para el desarrollo de la sesión especial de cómputos distritales. Proceso Electoral Federal 2014-2015]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Federal Electoral]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Sistema de Consulta de la Estadística de las Elecciones Federales (Siceef)]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Sistema de Estadísticas Censales a Escalas Geoelectorales. Sistema de Información Estadística del Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 para Distrito y Secciones]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kouba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lysek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jakub]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Institutional determinants of invalid voting in post-communist Europe and Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Studies]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>92-104</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McAllister]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ian]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Makkai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Toni]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Institutions, society or protest? Explaining invalid votes in Australian elections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Studies]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>23-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Geoffrey]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Le vote blanc et nul en Wallonie: Analyse écologique et individuelle]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Belgeo]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>3</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piquet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Caroline]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comment ils veulent bloquer Le Pen, sans soutenir Macron ce dimanche]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Le Figaro]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Power]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Timothy]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determinants of invalid voting in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Studies]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>432-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solvak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mihkel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vassil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kristjan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Indifference or indignation? Explaining purposive vote spoiling in elections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>463-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stiefbold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodney]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The significance of void ballots in Western German elections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1965</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>391-407</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uggla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fredrik]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incompetence, alienation, or calculation? Explaining levels of invalid ballots and extra parliamentary votes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1141-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Universidad de Georgetown</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Base de Datos Políticos de las Américas]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vázquez Alfaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El voto nulo (y el voto en blanco)]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Federal Electoral]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zulfikarpasic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adélaïde]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Le vote blanc: Abstention civique ou expression politique?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revue Francaise de Science Politique]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<page-range>247-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
