<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-7380</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista fitotecnia mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. fitotec. mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-7380</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Fitogenética A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-73802022000300283</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35196/rfm.2022.3.283</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Presencia de secuencias transgénicas en masa para tortillas de poblados urbanos y rurales de la Meseta Purépecha, Michoacán, México]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Presence of transgenic sequences in tortilla dough from urban and rural communities of the Meseta Purépecha, Michoacán, Mexico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delgado-Valerio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramón-Amado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Angela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piñeyro-Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alma]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Buylla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elena R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayala-Angulo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Agustín]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Facultad de Agrobiología &#8220;Presidente Juárez&#8221; ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Uruapan Michoacán]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Ecología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana División CBS ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>283</fpage>
<lpage>292</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-73802022000300283&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-73802022000300283&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-73802022000300283&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La tortilla de maíz es un alimento básico de la dieta de los mexicanos y fuente importante de calorías y nutrientes, con un consumo diario per cápita elevado, por lo que la presencia de secuencias recombinantes derivadas de maíces genéticamente modificados puede ser problemático al representar una amenaza a la diversidad genética de este cultivo, la salud humana y la soberanía alimentaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la presencia de las secuencias recombinantes promotor 35S (P35S CaMV) y terminador NOS (t-NOS) en muestras de masa para tortillas producidas durante 2018 en poblados urbanos y rurales de los municipios de Uruapan y Paracho en Michoacán, México. La hipótesis fue que tortillas producidas en poblados urbanos contendrían una mayor frecuencia de secuencias recombinantes que las producidas en poblados rurales, pues se asume un mayor uso de harina industrializada, donde previamente se ha documentado presencia de transgenes. Se obtuvieron muestras de masa de 92 tortillerías y se realizaron encuestas para conocer la procedencia del grano y posible uso de harina industrial en la elaboración de tortillas. Las muestras se agruparon en una zona urbana con siete sub-zonas y cuatro zonas rurales. Se analizaron 63 muestras de ADN a partir de masa para determinar la presencia de secuencias recombinantes mediante RT-PCR. Los resultados de las encuestas indicaron que el grano usado provino mayoritariamente (52 %) de Sinaloa (noroeste de México), mientras que la mayoría de productores (86.6 %) usan harina industrializada. Se detectaron transgenes en 20 de 63 muestras (32 %), con t-NOS como la secuencia más frecuente. El mayor porcentaje de muestraspositivas se presentó en la zona urbana de Uruapan (80 %) y sólo hubo 5 % de positivos en zonas rurales. Esta diferencia podría deberse a un mayor uso de grano externo o harina industrializada en las zonas urbanas, mientras que en zonas rurales se utiliza grano de maíces nativos locales.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Summary Corn tortillas are a staple food for Mexican people, providing a large proportion of the daily intake of calories and nutrients, with a high per capita daily consumption; thus, the presence of recombinant sequences from genetically modified corn can be problematic as it represents a threat to the genetic diversity of this crop, human health and food sovereignty. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of the recombinant 35S promoter (P35S CaMV) and NOS terminator (t-NOS) sequences in dough samples for tortillas produced in 2018 in urban and rural communities of the municipalities of Uruapan and Paracho in Michoacán, Mexico. The hypothesis was that tortillas from urban localities would contain a higher frequency of recombinant sequences than those produced in rural localities, as greater use of industrialized flour is assumed, where the presence of transgenes has previously been documented. Dough samples were obtained from 92 tortilla makers, and surveys were conducted to determine the origin of the grain and the possible use of industrial flour in the preparation of tortillas. The samples were grouped into an urban área with seven sub-areas and four rural areas. Sixty-three samples of DNA from the dough were analyzed for the presence of recombinant sequences using RT-PCR. Survey results indicated that the grain originated mainly (52 %) from Sinaloa (Northwestern Mexico), while the majority of producers (86.6 %) use industrialized flour. Transgenes were detected in 32 % of the samples, with t-NOS as the most frequent sequence. The highest percentage of positive samples (80 %) came from the Uruapan urban area, while only 5 % of positives were detected in rural areas. These differences could be due to the greater use of external grain or industrialized flour in urban areas, while local native corn is used in rural areas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Zea mays L.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Michoacán]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[P35S CaMV]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PCR en tiempo real]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[t-NOS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tortillas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Zea mays L.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CaMV P35S]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Michoacán]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[real-time PCR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[t-NOS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tortillas]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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