<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-7380</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista fitotecnia mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. fitotec. mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-7380</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Fitogenética A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-73802016000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Fertilización nitrogenada en el crecimiento, contenido de compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante de albahaca]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Nitrogen ferilization effects on growth, phenolic copounds contet, and antioxidant activity of Brasil]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yépez-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco-Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrera-Cerrato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ronald]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alarcón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delgadillo-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ma. Remedios]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Barradas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Óscar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Colegio de Postgraduados Postgrado de Edafología Área de Microbiología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montecillo Estado de México]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Veracruzana Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Jalapa Veracruz]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>33</fpage>
<lpage>40</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-73802016000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-73802016000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-73802016000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Este trabajo evaluó el efecto de seis concentraciones de nitrógeno (N) (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 y 100 %) en el crecimiento y respuestas fisiológicas de albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivada en condiciones de invernadero. Las concentraciones de N fueron aplicadas con la solución nutritiva Long-Ashton que contiene 160.25 &#956;g N mL-1 (100 % N). A los 120 d, se evaluó la altura del tallo (ALT), longitud de raíz (LR), número de hojas (NH), peso seco total (Pstot), área foliar (AF), contenido de compuestos fenólicos solubles totales (CFT), y la actividad antioxidante total (AOX) en hojas. No se observaron diferencias significativas por efecto de la concentración de N en ALT, LR, NH, Pstot y CFT. La aplicación de 100 % N produjo el valor más bajo (424.8 &#956;g g-1) de CFT en comparación con el control (0 % N) que obtuvo 826.9 &#956;g g-1. AF y AOX presentaron diferencias significativas (&#945; = 0.05); las plantas con 75 % N mostraron mayor AF (538 cm²) con respecto al control (297 cm²). La mayor AOX se obtuvo en el tratamiento sin N (5.9 mM g-1), y la menor con 100 % N (3.1 mM g-1). La deficiencia de N no afectó el crecimiento vegetal, pero aumentó el CFT y la AOX, lo que conviene considerar para mejorar sus propiedades nutraceúticas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[This study evaluated the effects of six nitrogen concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %) on growth and physiological responses of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under greenhouse conditions. Nitrogen concentrations were supplied via the Long Aston nutrient solution that contains 160.25 ug N mL-1 at 100 % N. After 120 d, plant height (H), root length (RL), number of leaves (NL), total dry weight (TDW), leaf area (LA), content of total soluble phenolic compounds (TSPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAOX) in leaves were determined. No significant differences were observed on H, RL, NL, TDW and TSPC as a response to varied N concentrations. Application of 100 % N resulted in lower TSPC (424.8 &#956;g g-1) than the control (0 % N) with 826.9 &#956;g g-1. LA and TAOX showed significant differences (&#945;=0.05); plants with 75 % N had higher LA (538.67 cm²) than the control (296.94 cm²). The greatest TAOX was achieved in control plants (5.9 mM g-1), whereas the lowest value was obtained with 100 % N (3.1 mM g-1). N-deficiency did not affect plant growth, but enhanced both TSPC and TAOX. The latter must be taken into account to keep the nutraceutical properties of this plant species.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ocimum basilicum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[planta medicinal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[deficiencia de N]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fenólicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[antioxidantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ocimum basilicum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[medicinal plants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nitrogen deficiency]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phenolics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antioxidants]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Art&iacute;culo cient&iacute;fico</font></p>  	    <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Fertilizaci&oacute;n nitrogenada en el crecimiento, contenido de compuestos fen&oacute;licos y actividad antioxidante de albahaca</b></font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>Nitrogen ferilization effects on growth, phenolic copounds contet, and antioxidant activity of Brasil</b></font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Francisco&#45;Javier Y&eacute;pez&#45;Hern&aacute;ndez<sup>1</sup>, Ronald Ferrera&#45;Cerrato<sup>1</sup>, Alejandro Alarc&oacute;n<sup>1</sup>*, Juli&aacute;n Delgadillo&#45;Mart&iacute;nez<sup>1</sup>, Ma. Remedios Mendoza&#45;L&oacute;pez<sup>2</sup> y &Oacute;scar Garc&iacute;a&#45;Barradas<sup>2</sup></b></font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup><i>1</i></sup> <i>&Aacute;rea de Microbiolog&iacute;a, Postgrado de Edafolog&iacute;a, Colegio de Postgraduados. Km 36.5 Carr. M&eacute;xico&#45;Texcoco. 56230, Montecillo, Texcoco de Mora, Estado de M&eacute;xico.</i> * Autor para correspondencia (<a href="mailto:aalarconcp@gmail.com">aalarconcp@gmail.com</a>).</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> <sup><i>2</i></sup><i> Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resoluci&oacute;n Anal&iacute;tica (SARA), Universidad Veracruzana. Dr. Luis Castelazo S/N. 91190, Col. Industrial &Aacute;nimas, Xalapa, Veracruz, M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido: 17 de Junio del 2014.     <br> Aceptado: 4 de Noviembre del 2015.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Este trabajo evalu&oacute; el efecto de seis concentraciones de nitr&oacute;geno (N) (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 y 100 %) en el crecimiento y respuestas fisiol&oacute;gicas de albahaca <i>(Ocimum basilicum</i> L.) cultivada en condiciones de invernadero. Las concentraciones de N fueron aplicadas con la soluci&oacute;n nutritiva Long&#45;Ashton que contiene 160.25 &#956;g N mL<sup>&#45;1</sup> (100 % N). A los 120 d, se evalu&oacute; la altura del tallo (ALT), longitud de ra&iacute;z (LR), n&uacute;mero de hojas (NH), peso seco total (Pstot), &aacute;rea foliar (AF), contenido de compuestos fen&oacute;licos solubles totales (CFT), y la actividad antioxidante total (AOX) en hojas. No se observaron diferencias significativas por efecto de la concentraci&oacute;n de N en ALT, LR, NH, Pstot y CFT. La aplicaci&oacute;n de 100 % N produjo el valor m&aacute;s bajo (424.8 &#956;g g<sup>&#45;1</sup>) de CFT en comparaci&oacute;n con el control (0 % N) que obtuvo 826.9 &#956;g g<sup>&#45;1</sup>. AF y AOX presentaron diferencias significativas (<i>&#945;</i> = 0.05); las plantas con 75 % N mostraron mayor AF (538 cm<sup>2</sup>) con respecto al control (297 cm<sup>2</sup>). La mayor AOX se obtuvo en el tratamiento sin N (5.9 mM g<sup>&#45;1</sup>), y la menor con 100 % N (3.1 mM g<sup>&#45;1</sup>). La deficiencia de N no afect&oacute; el crecimiento vegetal, pero aument&oacute; el CFT y la AOX, lo que conviene considerar para mejorar sus propiedades nutrace&uacute;ticas.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b> <i>Ocimum basilicum,</i> planta medicinal, deficiencia de N, fen&oacute;licos, antioxidantes.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">This study evaluated the effects of six nitrogen concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %) on growth and physiological responses of basil (<i>Ocimum basilicum</i> L.) under greenhouse conditions. Nitrogen concentrations were supplied via the Long Aston nutrient solution that contains 160.25 ug N mL<sup>&#45;1</sup> at 100 % N. After 120 d, plant height (H), root length (RL), number of leaves (NL), total dry weight (TDW), leaf area (LA), content of total soluble phenolic compounds (TSPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAOX) in leaves were determined. No significant differences were observed on H, RL, NL, TDW and TSPC as a response to varied N concentrations. Application of 100 % N resulted in lower TSPC (424.8 &#956;g g<sup>&#45;1</sup>) than the control (0 % N) with 826.9 &#956;g g<sup>&#45;1</sup>. LA and TAOX showed significant differences (<i>&#945;</i>=0.05); plants with 75 % N had higher LA (538.67 cm<sup>2</sup>) than the control (296.94 cm<sup>2</sup>). The greatest TAOX was achieved in control plants (5.9 mM g<sup>&#45;1</sup>), whereas the lowest value was obtained with 100 % N (3.1 mM g<sup>&#45;1</sup>). N&#45;deficiency did not affect plant growth, but enhanced both TSPC and TAOX. The latter must be taken into account to keep the nutraceutical properties of this plant species.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Key words:</b> <i>Ocimum basilicum,</i> medicinal plants, nitrogen deficiency, phenolics, antioxidants.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Albahaca (<i>Ocimum basilicum</i> L.) es una planta herb&aacute;cea representada por al menos 50 variedades que se caracterizan por su aroma originado por compuestos vol&aacute;tiles (Carovic&#45;Stanko <i>et al.,</i> 2011; Duke, 1987; S&aacute;nchez&#45;Verdugo y Lucero&#45;Flores, 2012). La albahaca se emplea principalmente como un producto culinario, pero adem&aacute;s tiene propiedades medicinales (Briskin, 2000). Los compuestos activos de esta planta tienen propiedades insecticidas, nematicidas, fungicidas y antimicrobianas; as&iacute; mismo, se usa como base de fragancias, champ&uacute;s, lociones, licores y aperitivos (Mendiola&#45;Ubillos y Mart&iacute;n&#45;Montalb&aacute;n, 2009; Smirnova <i>et al.,</i> 2012). Estas propiedades hacen de la albahaca un cultivo con alta demanda; por ello la producen pa&iacute;ses como Francia, Hungr&iacute;a, Egipto, entre otros, y destacan la Uni&oacute;n Europea, Canad&aacute; y Estados Unidos como los principales exportadores (Mart&iacute;nez&#45;Gordillo <i>et al.,</i> 2013; S&aacute;nchez&#45;Verdugo y Lucero&#45;Flores, 2012).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las plantas medicinales producen compuestos activos que provocan alguna actividad farmacol&oacute;gica en los organismos vivos, entre los que se incluyen los terpenos, alcaloides y compuestos fen&oacute;licos que poseen propiedades antioxidantes (Kwee y Niemeyer, 2011; Mu&ntilde;oz, 2002). Los principales &aacute;cidos fen&oacute;licos que contiene la albahaca son rosmar&iacute;nico, chic&oacute;rico, caft&aacute;rico y cafeico (Kwee y Niemeyer, 2011; Lee y Scagel, 2009; Toussaint <i>et al.,</i> 2007), cuyos contenidos en el tejido vegetal pueden variar por muchos factores, y algunos est&aacute;n involucrados como respuesta ante factores de estr&eacute;s tanto bi&oacute;ticos como abi&oacute;ticos (Scagel y Lee, 2012). La principal ruta metab&oacute;lica para la s&iacute;ntesis de compuestos fen&oacute;licos en plantas es la del &aacute;cido shik&iacute;mico, la cual inicia con la fenilalanina (Taiz y Zeiger, 2002).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los &aacute;cidos rosmar&iacute;nico, chic&oacute;rico y en menor concentraci&oacute;n caft&aacute;rico y cafeico, son utilizados en diferentes tratamientos para mejorar la salud humana, para prevenir la obesidad, enfermedades cardiacas, c&aacute;ncer de colon, des&oacute;rdenes gastrointestinales, y tambi&eacute;n para reducir la diabetes (Ignat <i>et al.,</i> 2011).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El &aacute;cido rosmar&iacute;nico se utiliza como agente anti&#45;inflamatorio debido a que presenta caracter&iacute;sticas analg&eacute;sicas y antipir&eacute;ticas, y en el tratamiento de la artritis y lesiones de m&uacute;sculos, ligamentos y tendones para evitar el dolor y la inflamaci&oacute;n (Kim <i>et al.,</i> 2010). El &aacute;cido chic&oacute;rico es inhibidor de la integrasa del VIH&#45;I, y ayuda en la moderaci&oacute;n del estr&eacute;s cr&oacute;nico y la depresi&oacute;n (Lee y Scagel, 2009). Adem&aacute;s, los compuestos fen&oacute;licos totales (CFT) tienen propiedades antioxidantes que son parte importante de los procesos no enzim&aacute;ticos de defensa contra el estr&eacute;s oxidativo causado por la formaci&oacute;n de especies reactivas de ox&iacute;geno (Gill y Tuteja, 2010; Ignat <i>et al.,</i> 2011; Zulfugarov <i>et al.,</i> 2011).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los CFT han sido muy investigados en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os debido al poder antioxidante que presentan (Sroka y Cisowski, 2003), por su habilidad de disminuir el estr&eacute;s oxidativo mediante la donaci&oacute;n de electrones y &aacute;tomos de hidr&oacute;geno, y de quelatar iones como el hierro y cobre (Agati <i>et al.,</i> 2012). Algunos de estos compuestos poseen propiedades terap&eacute;uticas y preventivas de ciertas enfermedades cr&oacute;nico&#45;degenerativas, por lo que se les ha acu&ntilde;ado la denominaci&oacute;n de nutrac&eacute;uticos o alimentos funcionales (Berdowska <i>et al.,</i> 2013; Briskin, 2000; Impa <i>et al.,</i> 2012).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Dentro del &aacute;rea farmac&eacute;utica, uno de los objetivos ha sido mejorar el rendimiento de los principios activos presentes en las plantas. Adem&aacute;s de usar t&eacute;cnicas moleculares, se ha optado por metodolog&iacute;as m&aacute;s econ&oacute;micas debido a la alta demanda de sus compuestos ben&eacute;ficos (Nascimento y Fett&#45;Neto, 2010). Con el fin de aumentar la concentraci&oacute;n de los compuestos fen&oacute;licos, las plantas medicinales han sido expuestas a factores bi&oacute;ticos como la infecci&oacute;n de microorganismos (Asensio <i>et al.,</i> 2012), y factores abi&oacute;ticos como el d&eacute;ficit h&iacute;drico, alcalinidad, alta radiaci&oacute;n, deficiencia nutrimental, alta luminosidad y humedad de suelos o del sustrato (De la Rosa <i>et al.,</i> 2011; Moreno&#45;Rodr&iacute;guez <i>et al.,</i> 2014; Rajashekar <i>et al.,</i> 2012).</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La fertilizaci&oacute;n nitrogenada se utiliza para mantener e incrementar los rendimientos de un cultivo. En el caso de plantas medicinales, al igual que en todas las plantas cultivadas, es necesario conocer los niveles &oacute;ptimos de fertilizaci&oacute;n que permitan proveer suficiente N a la planta para maximizar su crecimiento y rendimiento de compuestos funcionales ben&eacute;ficos para la salud humana (Cherry <i>et al.,</i> 2008; Ju <i>et al.,</i> 2009; Robertson y Vitousek, 2009). Por lo anterior, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de diferentes concentraciones de nitr&oacute;geno aplicadas con soluci&oacute;n nutritiva en el crecimiento y fisiolog&iacute;a de plantas de albahaca desarrolladas en condiciones de invernadero.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>MATERIALES Y M&Eacute;TODOS</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Material vegetal</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se emplearon semillas comerciales de albahaca variedad Hoja Grande (Rancho Los Molinos&reg;), las cuales fueron desinfectadas con una soluci&oacute;n de NaClO a 2 % v/v durante 3 min y se enjuagaron tres veces con agua destilada est&eacute;ril, para eliminar posibles pat&oacute;genos presentes en la superficie de la semilla. La germinaci&oacute;n de las semillas se hizo en papel filtro h&uacute;medo en cajas de Petri a 25 &deg;C durante 72 h. Las pl&aacute;ntulas obtenidas se trasplantaron en macetas de pl&aacute;stico (dos por maceta) que conten&iacute;an 500 g de sustrato compuesto de una mezcla de turba&#45;perlita&#45;vermiculita (1:1:1, p/p) esterilizada a 121 &deg;C por 3 h durante 3 d.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las plantas se regaron con soluci&oacute;n nutritiva Long&#45;Ash&#45;ton completa durante las primeras cuatro semanas (Hewitt, 1966), cuya composici&oacute;n general en (g L<sup>&#45;1</sup>) es: 80.8 KNO<sub>3</sub>; 73.6 MgSO<sub>4</sub>&#45;7H<sub>2</sub>O; 188.8 Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>&#45;4H<sub>2</sub>O; 36.8 NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>&#45;H<sub>2</sub>O; 1.69 MnSO4&#45;H<sub>2</sub>O; 0.25 CuSO<sub>4</sub>&#45;5H<sub>2</sub>O; 0.29 ZnSO<sub>4</sub>&#45;7H<sub>2</sub>O; 3.10 H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>; 5.90 NaCl; 0.088 (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Mo<sub>7</sub>O<sub>24</sub>&#45;4H<sub>2</sub>O; 4.9 FeC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>7</sub>; y 4.9 H<sub>3</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>7</sub>&#45;H<sub>2</sub>O. Este experimento se llev&oacute; a cabo en condiciones de invernadero del 10 de agosto de 2012 al 23 de diciembre del 2012, a una temperatura promedio de 20.4 &deg;C y humedad relativa promedio de 34.4 %, seg&uacute;n registros obtenidos con un dispositivo HOBO&reg; TEMP/RH 1000 Series (Spectrum Technologies, USA).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Aplicaci&oacute;n de fertilizaci&oacute;n nitrogenada</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A partir de la cuarta semana despu&eacute;s del trasplante y hasta la cosecha (4 meses), las plantas se regaron con la soluci&oacute;n nutritiva Long&#45;Ashton (Hewitt, 1966) preparada con diferentes dosis de nitr&oacute;geno. La soluci&oacute;n testigo tuvo una concentraci&oacute;n &oacute;ptima de 160.25 &#956;g de N mL<sup>&#45;1</sup> (100 % N), y a partir de &eacute;sta se prepararon las diferentes diluciones: 75, 50, 25, 12.5 y 0 % N. Cada tratamiento consisti&oacute; de cinco repeticiones (n = 5) que fueron distribuidas en un dise&ntilde;o experimental completamente al azar.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Cosecha, evaluaci&oacute;n del crecimiento y an&aacute;lisis nutrimental</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Cuatro meses (120 d) despu&eacute;s de la aplicaci&oacute;n de los tratamientos de nitr&oacute;geno, se evalu&oacute; el crecimiento de las cinco plantas en cada tratamiento, con las variables altura del tallo (cm), longitud de ra&iacute;z (cm), n&uacute;mero de hojas, pesos secos de tallo, hojas, ra&iacute;z y total. El &aacute;rea foliar se determin&oacute; con un medidor de &aacute;rea foliar (LICOR LI&#45;3100&reg;, USA). Adem&aacute;s, en el tejido foliar se cuantific&oacute; el nitr&oacute;geno total por el m&eacute;todo semi&#45;microKjeldahl (Bremner, 1965) y el f&oacute;sforo total (Hanson, 1950), los cuales se expresaron en porcentaje y como contenido total en follaje.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Determinaci&oacute;n de compuestos fen&oacute;licos solubles totales y actividad antioxidante total en hojas</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La determinaci&oacute;n de los compuestos fen&oacute;licos solubles totales (CFT) se llev&oacute; a cabo por el m&eacute;todo de Folin&#45;Ciocalteau (Folin y Ciocalteau, 1927; Lester <i>et al.,</i> 2012; Singleton y Rossi, 1965) y la actividad antioxidante total (AOX) por el m&eacute;todo de reducci&oacute;n de DPPH (Brand&#45;Williams <i>et al.,</i> 1995). Para la extracci&oacute;n, de cada planta por tratamiento (n = 5), se pesaron de 0.150 a 0.200 g de tejido foliar macerado con 3 mL de metanol a 80 %. El extracto se centrifug&oacute; a 19,940 x <i>g</i> por 15 min, y las muestras se almacenaron en refrigeraci&oacute;n a 4 &deg;C hasta su an&aacute;lisis.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Para la determinaci&oacute;n de los CFT se tomaron al&iacute;cuotas de 30 |L de los extractos y se colocaron por duplicado en microplacas de 96 pozos. A continuaci&oacute;n, se aplicaron 150 &#956;L del reactivo de Folin&#45;Ciocalteau y 90 &#956;L de Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 1 N. El volumen final por pozo fue de 270 &#956;L. Posteriormente, se procedi&oacute; a incubar la placa por 30 min y se ley&oacute; la absorbancia a 725 nm. Los resultados se expresaron en &#956;g de &aacute;cido clorog&eacute;nico por gramo tejido fresco (&#956;g g<sup>&#45;1</sup>). La determinaci&oacute;n de la actividad antioxidante (AOX) se realiz&oacute; por el m&eacute;todo de reducci&oacute;n de DPPH (1,1&#45;difenil&#45;2&#45;picrilhidrazilo), con 15 &#956;L de los extractos obtenidos colocados en microplacas de 96 pozos por duplicado, a los que se adicionaron 270 &#956;L de una soluci&oacute;n de DPPH, y se tom&oacute; la absorbancia inicial a 515 nm; despu&eacute;s de 15 min de incubaci&oacute;n a temperatura ambiente, se tom&oacute; nuevamente la absorbancia a 515 nm. Los resultados se expresaron en mM de Trolox por gramo de tejido fresco (mM g<sup>&#45;1</sup>).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>An&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;sticos</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los datos obtenidos del experimento fueron sometidos a un an&aacute;lisis de varianza y a una prueba de comparaci&oacute;n de medias de t de Student (<i>a</i> = 0.05) mediante el programa SAS para Windows (SAS Institute, 2002).</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESULTADOS</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Crecimiento y estado nutrimental</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La fertilizaci&oacute;n nitrogenada no caus&oacute; diferencias significativas en la altura del tallo, longitud de ra&iacute;z, ni en el peso seco de las plantas (<a href="/img/revistas/rfm/v39n1/a7c1.jpg" target="_blank">Cuadros 1</a> y <a href="/img/revistas/rfm/v39n1/a7c2.jpg" target="_blank">2</a>). En contraste, el n&uacute;mero de hojas aument&oacute; significativamente (P &#8804; 0.001) conforme la dosis de nitr&oacute;geno increment&oacute;; el tratamiento con 100 % N registr&oacute; mayor n&uacute;mero de hojas (49.6) por planta, mientras que el tratamiento con 0 % N present&oacute; menor n&uacute;mero con 25 hojas (<a href="/img/revistas/rfm/v39n1/a7c1.jpg" target="_blank">Cuadro 1</a>). De manera similar, el &aacute;rea foliar present&oacute; diferencias significativas (P &#8804; 0.001) por efecto de la dosis de nitr&oacute;geno; el tratamiento con 75 % N present&oacute; el valor m&aacute;s alto (453.9 cm<sup>3</sup>), mientras que los tratamientos con 0, 12.5 y 25 % N obtuvieron los valores m&aacute;s bajos. El tratamiento con 75 % N mostr&oacute; 44.7 % m&aacute;s &aacute;rea foliar que el tratamiento con 0 % N.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El porciento de nitr&oacute;geno total y el contenido total de nitr&oacute;geno foliar presentaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos (P &#8804; 0.001). Los tratamientos con 50, 75 y 100 % de N presentaron los valores m&aacute;s elevados de nitr&oacute;geno total en comparaci&oacute;n con el tratamiento de 12.5 % de N que present&oacute; el promedio m&aacute;s bajo (<a href="/img/revistas/rfm/v39n1/a7f1.jpg" target="_blank">Figura 1A</a>). As&iacute; mismo, el tratamiento con 75 % de N present&oacute; el mayor contenido de nitr&oacute;geno foliar con 0.033 mg g<sup>&#45;1</sup>, mientras que los tratamientos con 0, 12.5 y 25 % de N presentaron los valores m&aacute;s bajos, y el tratamiento con 12.5 % de N mostr&oacute; el valor m&aacute;s bajo con 0.016 mg g<sup>&#45;1</sup> (<a href="/img/revistas/rfm/v39n1/a7f1.jpg" target="_blank">Figura 1B</a>).</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El porcentaje y contenido total de P&#45;foliar presentaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos (P &#8804; 0.001). Los tratamientos con la aplicaci&oacute;n de 100, 75, 50 y 25 % de N presentaron los valores m&aacute;s altos de P con 0.77 % en promedio (<a href="/img/revistas/rfm/v39n1/a7f1.jpg" target="_blank">Figura 1C</a>). El tratamiento con 0 y 12.5 % de N mostraron los valores m&aacute;s bajos de P con una media de 0.58 %. El contenido total de P&#45;foliar fue mayor en el tratamiento con 75 %, en tanto que los tratamientos con 12.5 y 0 % de N presentaron los valores m&aacute;s bajos (<a href="/img/revistas/rfm/v39n1/a7f1.jpg" target="_blank">Figura 1D</a>).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Compuestos fen&oacute;licos y actividad antioxidante total en albahaca</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los CFT en hojas tendi&oacute; a incrementar conforme la concentraci&oacute;n de N disminuy&oacute; en la soluci&oacute;n nutritiva; sin embargo, las diferencias entre los tratamientos no fueron significativas de acuerdo al an&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;stico. El valor m&aacute;s alto se obtuvo en el tratamiento de 0 % de N con 826.93 &#956;g g<sup>&#45;1</sup>, mientras que con la aplicaci&oacute;n de 75 y 100 % de N el CFT fue de 426.7 &#956;g g<sup>&#45;1</sup>, en promedio (<a href="/img/revistas/rfm/v39n1/a7f1.jpg" target="_blank">Figura 1E</a>). La AOX disminuy&oacute; significativamente conforme increment&oacute; la concentraci&oacute;n de N (P &#8804; 0.001). La mayor actividad antioxidante se report&oacute; en los tratamientos 0 y 12.5 % N (5.94 y 5.37 mM g<sup>&#45;1</sup>, respectivamente), mientras que los tratamientos con 100 y 75 % de N mostraron la menor actividad (2.6 mM g<sup>&#45;1</sup>) (<a href="/img/revistas/rfm/v39n1/a7f1.jpg" target="_blank">Figura 1F</a>).</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>DISCUSI&Oacute;N</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Crecimiento y estado nutrimental</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El nitr&oacute;geno es fundamental en las plantas para la s&iacute;ntesis de &aacute;cidos nucleicos, prote&iacute;nas, porfirinas de la clorofila y algunos citocromos necesarios para la fotos&iacute;ntesis y la respiraci&oacute;n (Alc&aacute;ntar&#45;Gonz&aacute;lez y Trejo&#45;T&eacute;llez, 2009; Azc&oacute;n&#45;Bieto y Tal&oacute;n, 2008; Salisbury y Ross, 1994). Los niveles &oacute;ptimos de nitr&oacute;geno tienden a promover una r&aacute;pida divisi&oacute;n y elongaci&oacute;n celular, por lo cual era de esperarse que el crecimiento de albahaca resultara limitado por una baja disponibilidad de nitr&oacute;geno (Alc&aacute;ntar&#45;Gonz&aacute;lez y Trejo&#45;T&eacute;llez, 2009; Giorgio <i>et al.</i> 2009).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Matsumoto <i>et al.</i> (2013) y Frabboni <i>et al.</i> (2011) reportaron que la aplicaci&oacute;n de una mayor dosis de N result&oacute; en incrementos en la biomasa y altura de <i>O. basilicum</i> crecida en condiciones de campo, aunque los efectos ben&eacute;ficos de la aplicaci&oacute;n de N fueron reducidos por altas dosis de potasio. Lo anterior resalta la interacci&oacute;n del N y el K en el crecimiento y desarrollo vegetal, aunque en este estudio no se contempl&oacute; esta posible interacci&oacute;n nutrimental. La ausencia de diferencias en el crecimiento vegetal y bioma&#45;sa generada por efecto de distintas dosis de nitr&oacute;geno en albahaca, sugiere que el desarrollo de esta especie vegetal es independiente a la cantidad de nitr&oacute;geno aplicado, como se ha discutido por Mart&iacute;nez&#45;Carrasco <i>et al.</i> (2005) y (Millard, 2006).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Gonz&aacute;lez&#45;Garc&iacute;a <i>et al.</i> (2009) observaron que la albahaca incrementa su altura en cultivo hidrop&oacute;nico con aplicaci&oacute;n de soluci&oacute;n nutritiva con una relaci&oacute;n de amonio/nitrato 20:80. En contraste, Sifola y Barbieri (2006) demostraron que la fertilizaci&oacute;n de tres cultivos de albahaca crecidos en campo con distintas concentraciones de nitr&oacute;geno (0, 100 y 300 kg N ha<sup>&#45;1</sup>) no produjo cambios significativos en la altura. As&iacute; mismo, Carrasco <i>et al.</i> (2007) indicaron que la altura de albahaca no present&oacute; diferencias significativas por efecto de la conductividad el&eacute;ctrica de la soluci&oacute;n nutritiva. En el presente experimento las soluciones nutritivas aplicadas registraron pH de 5.5 a 5.6 y CE promedio de 52.1 &#956;S cm<sup>&#45;1</sup>, por lo que no fueron factores que hayan afectado el crecimiento. Lo anterior permite inferir que la altura de albahaca es independiente a la cantidad de nitr&oacute;geno aplicado.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La longitud de ra&iacute;z mostr&oacute; valores semejantes entre tratamientos, lo cual indica que el alargamiento del sistema radical tambi&eacute;n es independiente de las dosis de nitr&oacute;geno. Es importante recalcar que existieron fuentes alternas de nitr&oacute;geno, ya que la turba del sustrato utilizado puede contener cerca de 1 % de N (Resh 2006); dicho N pudo haber sido tomado por la planta en los tratamientos con limitada fertilizaci&oacute;n nitrogenada, como sugirieron Dayegamiye e Isfan (1991). No se encontraron reportes para albahaca acerca del desarrollo radical bajo estr&eacute;s de nitr&oacute;geno para fortalecer esta discusi&oacute;n. Sin embargo, algunos reportes indican que la aplicaci&oacute;n de nitr&oacute;geno no afect&oacute; la longitud de la ra&iacute;z en trigo (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) o berenjena <i>(Solanum melongena)</i> (Rasmussen <i>et al.,</i> 2015; Zhang <i>et al.,</i> 2014).</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El peso seco de las plantas (ra&iacute;z, tallo, hojas y total) no mostr&oacute; diferencias significativas por efecto de las dosis de nitr&oacute;geno. Estos datos son similares a los reportados por Tarchoune <i>et al.</i> (2013), al demostrar que el peso seco total de hojas en albahaca fue de 1.2 g en etapas juveniles con aplicaci&oacute;n de soluci&oacute;n de Hoagland diluida ocho veces. As&iacute; mismo, se ha demostrado que el peso seco total foliar a los 30 d ten&iacute;a una media aproximada entre 3.8 a 3.9 g (Tarchoune <i>et al.,</i> 2010; Tarchoune <i>et al.,</i> 2012); resultados que son superiores a los obtenidos en la presente investigaci&oacute;n (1.2 a 1.7 g) a los 120 d. Los datos reportados por Tarchoune <i>et al.</i> (2010), Tarchoune <i>et al.</i> (2012) y Tarchoune <i>et al.</i> (2013) fueron obtenidos en cultivos hidrop&oacute;nicos con una soluci&oacute;n nutritiva rica en nitr&oacute;geno, lo que favoreci&oacute; el desarrollo vegetal. Por otro lado, cuando una planta crece en maceta, su crecimiento siempre est&aacute; limitado por el tama&ntilde;o del recipiente. Es probable que en esta investigaci&oacute;n, la maceta empleada haya limitado el desarrollo de la ra&iacute;z, lo que pudo originar una biomasa radical similar entre tratamientos.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La aplicaci&oacute;n de 100 % N produjo mayor n&uacute;mero de hojas y las plantas con 75 % N presentaron mayor &aacute;rea foliar con respecto a los tratamientos con 0, 12.5 y 25 % N. Tarchoune <i>et al.</i> (2010) mostraron que la albahaca registra en promedio 90 hojas y 1893 cm<sup>2</sup> de &aacute;rea foliar durante su desarrollo en cultivo hidrop&oacute;nico. Por su parte, Sifola y Barbieri (2006) mostraron que al incrementar la dosis de nitr&oacute;geno, el n&uacute;mero de hojas de albahaca tambi&eacute;n aument&oacute;. La presente investigaci&oacute;n demuestra que el &aacute;rea foliar y el n&uacute;mero de hojas incrementaron al aplicar mayor concentraci&oacute;n de nitr&oacute;geno.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Sifola y Barbieri (2006) reportaron que no existen diferencias significativas en el contenido de nitr&oacute;geno foliar al fertilizar un cultivo de albahaca en condiciones de campo con 0 y 100 kg N ha<sup>&#45;1</sup>; sin embargo, la aplicaci&oacute;n de 300 kg N ha<sup>&#45;1</sup> aument&oacute; el contenido de nitr&oacute;geno foliar. Los resultados de estos autores son similares a los encontrados en la presente investigaci&oacute;n, donde la acumulaci&oacute;n de nitr&oacute;geno fue mayor al aplicar mayor cantidad de este nutrimento.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Compuestos fen&oacute;licos y actividad antioxidante total en albahaca</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Kwee y Niemeyer (2011) indican que los CFT son dependientes de la variedad de albahaca; por ejemplo, la variedad Spice tiene mayor contenido de estos compuestos (17.6 mg g<sup>&#45;1</sup>) en comparaci&oacute;n con la variedad Sweet Dani Lemon (3.5 mg g<sup>&#45;1</sup>). Por su parte, Scagel y Lee (2012) reportaron que las variedades Cinnamon, Sweet Dani, Siam Queen y Red Rubin en albahaca poseen concentraciones de estos compuestos de 7.1, 5.6, 8.0 y 5.9 mg g<sup>&#45;1</sup>, respectivamente.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo (826.9 &#956;g<sup>&#45;1</sup>, valor m&aacute;ximo) est&aacute;n por debajo de los valores reportados por los autores arriba mencionados. Al respecto, es conveniente considerar que el an&aacute;lisis de CFT por el m&eacute;todo de Folin&#45;Ciocalteau sufre de interferencia por sustancias como el &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico, &aacute;cidos org&aacute;nicos, az&uacute;cares, aminas arom&aacute;ticas, di&oacute;xido de azufre, &aacute;cidos org&aacute;nicos, hierro, adem&aacute;s de los flavonoides, las antocianinas y los taninos (Prior <i>et al.</i> 2005; Ignat <i>et al.,</i> 2011). Sin embargo, la mejor explicaci&oacute;n es que las concentraciones de estos compuestos dependen en alto grado de las condiciones ambientales y de la etapa fenol&oacute;gica de la planta. Las evaluaciones hechas para este experimento se realizaron antes de la floraci&oacute;n, cuando la planta estaba madura. Seg&uacute;n Witzell <i>et al.</i> (2003), conforme una planta madura su reserva de compuestos fen&oacute;licos disminuye, como consecuencia de su incorporaci&oacute;n en la pared celular del tallo en forma de lignina.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La aplicaci&oacute;n de concentraciones de N mayores a 0.1 mM o 0.5 mM, result&oacute; en menor contenido de compuestos fen&oacute;licos (&aacute;cido rosmar&iacute;nico y cafeico) y menor actividad antioxidante, respectivamente, en dos cultivares de <i>O. basilicum</i> (Nguyen y Neimeyer, 2008). Adem&aacute;s, Nguyen <i>et al.</i> (2010) reportaron que la AOX y el CFT de tres variedades de albahaca disminuyeron con la fertilizaci&oacute;n de 1.0 mM de K, en comparaci&oacute;n con la aplicaci&oacute;n de 2.0 mM de K, en magnitudes que dependieron de la variedad; este efecto tambi&eacute;n ha sido discutido por Kwee y Niemeyer (2011). Lo anterior indica que los valores determinados en el presente estudio son similares a los reportados en otras investigaciones; y de manera espec&iacute;fica, la aplicaci&oacute;n de 100 % de N result&oacute; en menor actividad antioxidante (3.12 mM g<sup>&#45;1</sup>).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La AOX aqu&iacute; determinada considera la actividad de compuestos enzim&aacute;ticos y no enzim&aacute;ticos extra&iacute;dos del tejido foliar. El estudio de los compuestos enzim&aacute;ticos o no enzim&aacute;ticos con actividad antioxidante en plantas arom&aacute;ticas o medicinales ha cobrado importancia por sus propiedades farmac&eacute;uticas, ya que contribuyen a reducir da&ntilde;os causado por radicales libres (Berdowska <i>et al.,</i> 2013; Carol y Dolan, 2006; Foyer y Noctor, 2009; Garg y Manchanda, 2009; Gul&ccedil;in <i>et al.,</i> 2007; Impa <i>et al.,</i> 2012; Sergent <i>et al.,</i> 2012; Sharma y Bhat, 2009; Sharma <i>et al.,</i> 2012).</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En general, la aplicaci&oacute;n de diversas dosis de nitr&oacute;geno en la soluci&oacute;n nutritiva de Long Asthon, no afect&oacute; el crecimiento, desarrollo y nutrici&oacute;n de la planta de albahaca. Sin embargo, las dosis mayores a 25 % N disminuyeron el CFT y la AOX de esta especie vegetal. Lo anterior podr&iacute;a considerarse en sistemas de producci&oacute;n de <i>O. basilicum,</i> para favorecer sus propiedades nutrace&uacute;ticas.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>CONCLUSIONES</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La fertilizaci&oacute;n nitrogenada no afect&oacute; el crecimiento de albahaca, pero alter&oacute; negativamente al contenido de compuestos fen&oacute;licos totales (CFT) y a la actividad antioxidante (AOX). La aplicaci&oacute;n de dosis mayores a 25 % N disminuy&oacute; la acumulaci&oacute;n de CFT y la AOX, de modo que para producir mayores cantidades de CFT y de AOX en plantas de albahaca, se propone usar dosis bajas de nitr&oacute;geno.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Agradecimientos</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Esta investigaci&oacute;n form&oacute; parte del proyecto SEP&#45;CONACYT&#45;130262. FJYH agradece el apoyo a CONACYT durante sus estudios de maestr&iacute;a. Los autores agradecen la revisi&oacute;n y comentarios de dos revisores an&oacute;nimos que fortalecieron el presente manuscrito.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>BIBLIOGRAF&Iacute;A</b></font></p>      <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Agati G., E. Azzarello, S. Pollastri and M. Tattini (2012) Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: Location and functional significance. <i>Plant Science</i> 196:67&#45;76.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=7113198&pid=S0187-7380201600010000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>      <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Alc&aacute;ntar&#45;Gonz&aacute;lez G. y L. I. Trejo&#45;T&eacute;llez (eds.) 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