<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362024000100033</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.53340</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Lightning-rainfall relationship in El Niño and La Niña events during the Indian summer monsoon over central India]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tinmaker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mohommad Iqbal Rasul]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shareef]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mohommad Aslam]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Maharashtra ]]></addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362024000100033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362024000100033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362024000100033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The Indian summer monsoon rainfall (June-September) on a regional scale is critically important for agriculture and water management in India. The current study presents the lightning-rainfall relationship during El Niño (drought) and La Niña (flood) events in the Indian summer monsoon over central India. The results show that the flash count, Bowen ratio, surface maximum temperature, total heat flux, aerosol optical depth (AOD), sea surface temperature (SST), and Niño 3.4 index are increased by 36, 62, 19, 12, 46, 4.7%, and 0.3 ºC (warmer), whereas the rainfall is decreased by 15% during El Niño years with respect to normal years. The flash count, Bowen ratio, surface maximum temperature, and AOD are found to decrease by 15, 11, 3.5, and 11.1% during La Nina years, whereas the rainfall, total heat flux, SST, and Niño 3.4 index are found to increase by 2.4, 1.72, 0.36%, and -0.68 ºC (cooler) during La Niña years with respect to normal years. The increase in the flash count and the reduction in rainfall are associated with the warm phase of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (El Niño), which causes the weakening of the Indian summer monsoon. The decrease in flash count and increase in rainfall is due to the cold phase of ENSO (La Niña) and is associated with the strengthening of the Indian monsoon season. The increase in the number of break days and low-pressure systems also plays an important role in El Niño and La Niña years, respectively, over central India during the Indian summer monsoon.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Las lluvias monzónicas de verano en la India (junio-septiembre) a escala regional son de vital importancia para la agricultura y la gestión del agua. El estudio actual presenta la relación entre rayos y lluvia durante los eventos de El Niño (sequía) y La Niña (inundaciones) durante el monzón de verano sobre India central. Los resultados muestran que el recuento de destellos, la relación de Bowen, la temperatura máxima de la superficie, el flujo de calor total, la profundidad óptica del aerosol (AOD, por su sigla en inglés), la temperatura de la superficie del mar (SST) y el índice Niño 3.4 aumentan en 36, 62, 19, 12, 46, 4.7 y 0.30% (más cálido), mientras que las precipitaciones disminuyen 15% durante los años de El Niño respecto a los años normales. El recuento de destellos, el índice de Bowen, la temperatura máxima de la superficie y la AOD disminuyen en 15, 11, 3.5 y 11.1% durante los años de La Niña, mientras que las precipitaciones, el flujo de calor total, la SST y el índice Niño 3.4 aumentan en 2.4, 1.72, 0.36 y -0.68% (más frío) durante los años de La Niña respecto a los años normales. El aumento del recuento de ráfagas y la reducción de precipitaciones están asociados con la fase cálida de El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENSO) y el debilitamiento del monzón indio de verano. La disminución del recuento de ráfagas y el aumento de precipitaciones se debe a la fase fría ENSO (La Niña) y está asociada con el fortalecimiento de la temporada de monzones en la India. El aumento en el número de días de descanso y de sistemas de baja presión también desempeña un papel importante durante los años de El Niño y La Niña, respectivamente, en la India central durante el monzón de verano.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[flash count]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rainfall]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bowen ratio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[total heat flux]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[El Niño]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[La Niña]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Niño 3.4 index]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<surname><![CDATA[Deng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
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<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effect on interannual variability in spring aerosols over East Asia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>5919-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
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