<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362018000300255</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.2018.31.03.04</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Spatial and temporal analysis of thunderstorm and rainfall activity over India]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhardwaj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pankaj]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Omvir]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Kurukshetra University Department of Geography ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Kurukshetra ]]></addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>255</fpage>
<lpage>284</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362018000300255&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362018000300255&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362018000300255&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Thunderstorms are one of the most devastating mesoscale severe weather phenomena, which play an important role in the occurrence of rainfall activity over a region. Therefore, in the present study an attempt has been made to identify the relationship between thunderstorm days (Thn), rainy days (Thr) and rainfall amounts (Trr) for 294 meteorological stations spreading over India, by means of published data (climatological normals) from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) for four periods, 1951-1980, 1961-1990, 1971-2000, and 1981-2010. The analysis has revealed a sharp decrease in the frequency of Thn, while Thr and Trr showed a slight decline. A significant correlation between Thn, Thr and Trr has been observed. Monthly analysis has exhibited a dual peak in the occurrence of Thn and single peak in rainfall activity; however, a time lag of one month in their peak occurrence was detected. These results show that the Indian summer monsoon affects significantly the thunderstorm activity over India. Seasonal analysis suggests that Thn, Thr and Trr are maximum during the monsoon season, while minimum during winters. Apart from this, Thn and Thr, and Thn and Trr have demonstrated a negative relationship during the monsoon, which may be anomalously due to decreasing temperature in India during that season. In addition, the spatial annual and seasonal pattern of the occurrence of Thn, Thr and Trr shows almost a similar pattern during 1951-1980. However, a sharp decline in the frequency of Thn has been observed during subsequent periods over all parts of the country. Likewise, a slight decline in the frequency of Thr and Trr has been observed over India, except in the northeast, where an increasing trend in rainfall activity has been observed. The computed ratio between Thn and Thr (R) has been found maximum during the pre-monsoon, whereas the ratio between Trr and Thn (RTR) during the monsoon season. Regional analysis of Thn, Thr and Trr revealed a wide range of variations in the occurrence of these parameters month after month. It is believed that the results presented in this study will be useful for weather forecasters, aircraft pilots, agriculturists and planners.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Las tormentas eléctricas son uno de los fenómenos meteorológicos severos de mesoescala más devastadores, y desempeñan un papel relevante en la incidencia de precipitación en una región. Por ello, en el presente estudio se trató de identificar la relación entre días de tormenta (Thn), días de lluvia (Thr) y cantidad de la precipitación (Trr) en 294 estaciones meteorológicas distribuidas a lo largo de la India por medio de datos (normales climatológicas) publicados por el Departamento Meteorológico de la India (IMD, por sus siglas en inglés) para cuatro periodos: 1951-1980, 1961-1990, 1971-2000 y 1981-2010. El análisis mostró la existencia de una reducción drástica en la frecuencia de Thn, mientras que Thr y Trr mostraron un descenso leve. Se observó una correlación significativa entre las tres variables. El análisis mensual mostró un pico doble en la ocurrencia de Thn y un pico sencillo en la precipitación; sin embargo, se advirtió un intervalo de un mes entre la presentación de estos picos. Estos resultados demuestran que el monzón de verano de la India afecta de manera significativa la actividad de las tormentas eléctricas. El análisis estacional sugiere que Thn, Thr y Trr alcanzaron sus máximos durante la estación del monzón y sus mínimos durante el invierno. Por otra parte, se ha demostrado la existencia de una relación negativa entre Thn y Thr, y Thn y Trr durante el monzón, anomalía que puede deberse a la temperatura decreciente en la India durante dicha estación. Adicionalmente, el patrón espacial mensual y estacional de la ocurrencia de Thn, Thr y Trr permanece casi inalterado en el periodo 1951-1980. No obstante, se observó una disminución drástica en la frecuencia de Thn en los periodos subsiguientes en todo el país. De manera similar, se percibió una leve disminución en la frecuencia de Thr y Trr sobre la India, excepto en el noreste, que exhibe una tendencia al alza en la precipitación. Se ha encontrado que el índice Thn/Thr (R) alcanza su máximo en la temporada previa al monzón, mientras que el índice Trr/Thn alcanza su máximo durante la temporada del monzón. El análisis regional de Thn, Thr y Trr muestra una amplia gama de variaciones en la ocurrencia de estos patrones a lo largo del año. Se considera que los resultados de este estudio serán de utilidad para los meteorólogos, pilotos aviadores, agricultores y planificadores.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Thunderstorm]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rainy days]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rainfall]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[monsoon]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[convection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[India]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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