J. J. SALAS–PÉREZ
Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana Km. 7.5 Carretera Tuxpan–Tampico, Col. Universitaria, 92780, Tuxpan–Veracruz, México. Corresponding author; e–mails: jsalasp39@yahoo ; es/jesalas@uv.mx 

V. ARENAS–FUENTES
Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías, Universidad Veracruzana Hidalgo 617, Col. Río Jamapa, 94290, Boca del Río–Veracruz, México.

Received January 21, 2010; Accepted October 5, 2010

RESUMEN

ABSTRACT

For the first time, the features of the coastal water mass in winter season, spreading over the Veracruz reef system (VRS) have been investigated using hydrographic profiles. The study was performed in two separated surveys of two days of duration in the southern and middle–northern regions of the area. These first measurements showed that there are two most remarkable features: the difference of 5 °C between winter temperature values compared with summer temperature values, and locally (VRS scale) there was a difference between the first and second survey done in the area during the sampling data. It was observed that there was a notable difference in temperature and salinity values of ~ 2 °C and ~ 2 psu, respectively, between the coastal water mass of the southern (Antón Lizardo Reef System) and those of the middle (Jamapa River) and northern (Northern Veracruz Reef System) regions, due to the passage of a strong (winds blowing between 12.1 to 18 m/s) to fresh (atmospheric temperature minor of 18 °C) norther. This variability in the water mass composition (with temperature lower than 22 °C) probably has effects on the development of the coral communities of the sampled area.

Keywords: Winter season, continental shelf, Gulf of México, T–S diagrams, norther, tropical coral reef, SST images.

1. Introduction

The winter coastal water mass over the inner western continental shelf of the Gulf of México remains uncharacterized, particularly at the tropical Veracruz Reef System (VRS) (Fig. 1). Currently satellites are not capable of sampling important variables in the coastal zone (like temperature, salinity and density), where scales are smaller than those in the open ocean. For this reason temporal and spatial sampling of fine scale oceanographic variability of hydrographic parameters in the coastal zone is needed to better understand how these variables fluctuate season to season, and by ocean–atmospheric interaction phenomenology, which also has effect on biological communities distributed along the coastal zone (Horta–Puga, 2007; Salas–Pérez and Granados–Barba, 2008; Tunnell, 1992; Tunnell et al., 2007).

The VRS is a protected natural area (Salas–Pérez and Granados–Barba, 2008) where several biological communities (mainly corals and fishes) interact among them, and comprise a stable ecosystem (Carricart–Ganivet and Horta–Puga, 1993; Arenas–Fuentes and Salas–Pérez, 2005; Granados–Barba et al., 2007; Withers and Tunnell, 2007; Salas–Pérez and Granados–Barba, 2008). This area is used for national fishing activities and as an international area for practicing ecological tourism (Arenas–Fuentes and Salas–Pérez, 2005; Granados–Barba et al., 2007; Horta–Puga, 2007; Jiménez–Badillo, 2007).

In the particular case of integrative studies of hydrological processes and coastal dynamics of the VRS, few studies have addressed this issue, which is required to understand the survival of the coral reef system (Carrillo et al., 2007; Salas–Pérez et al., 2007a; Salas–Pérez et al., 2007b; Salas–Pérez et al., 2008; Salas–Pérez and Granados–Barba, 2008; Salas–Monreal et al., 2009).

Each year, the western continental shelf of the Gulf of México is influenced by the passage of cold fronts northers, pushed into the basin by mid–latitude circulation (DiMego et al., 1976). The northers result from strong cold–air outbreaks that originate in North America from November to May. During this period up to 30 of these events may be generated (Pereyra et al., 1992). These northers are characterized by strong gusts of wind, ranging from 4 to more than 19 m/s. They keep the Veracruz Reef System under the influence of northerly winds for more than 2 days (Fig. 1; Arenas–Fuentes and Salas–Pérez, 2005) and induce strong mixing between the upper and lower layers of the coastal water mass, and advection of cool and less saline water mass from the north. This promotes an intense variability in the oceanographic conditions in the area, with effects that last over several days. This variability and its resulting effects have not yet been documented.

At present it remains unknown what the features of coastal water mass of the VRS are in winter. According to Withers and Tunnell (2007), water temperature is the most important environmental factor governing the biogeography of the area, but they do not discard that salinity also plays an important role in the subject, among others factors (topography, depth, turbidity and nutrients).

Hence, the objective of this study is to characterize water parameters, such as temperature, salinity and density, during this period of the year, as a first contribution in the VRS, without the land drainage influence.

2. Study area

The study area is situated along of the Veracruz port and Antón Lizardo Village (Fig. 1). The reefs of the north and the south are divided by the Jamapa River discharge (Fig. 1). There is a station named el Tejar (19°4'2" 96°9'30") situated in the Jamapa River to measure the daily discharge of the river to the sea (personal communication, CON AGUA, 2010). The data set collected, in the Jamapa River at the Tejar station (not presented here) showed discharges of lesser than of 3 mVs, from January to April (2005–2006 years), in contrast with the mean daily river discharges from May to December which fluctuate from 10 to 185.99 m³/s (communication personal, CONAGUA, 2010). These data clearly demonstrated that the plume of the discharges does not change the hydrographic conditions of the area, as could happen during the summer months when the river discharge increases considerably due to the rain season. Thus, the hydrographic conditions of the water mass of the shelf of the VRS must be influenced by the river discharge. Moreover, the circulation pattern over the inner shelf of this area, described with numerical simulations, suggested that the winter flow under the influence of a norther event runs from north to south (Caballero–Rosas, 1990). Under these circumstances, the plume of the Jamapa River at winter season is probably deflected to the south, spreading its waters (low values of discharge <3 m³/s) toward the Antón Lizardo reefs (Salas–Pérez and Granados–Barba, 2008).

3. Material and methods

As part of the Monitoring of the Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano project (MONSAV), a hydrographic survey was conducted onboard the R. V. Onjuku in winter of 2005, using a SeaBird 21 conductivity, temperature, depth recorder (CTD).

Eight hydrographic transects (T1–T9, except transect 7, Fig. 1) were carried out in the first survey and seven transects (T10–T15, plus transect 7, Fig. 1) in the second survey (Fig. 1). Transect 9 was measured in the first survey during the night in a deep zone, and transect 7 was measured in the second survey during the day to avoid shallow zones of the reefs.

Thus, it avoids making the assumption that the features of coastal water mass of the VRS are perturbed by local scale variability, such as river discharges associated to rain and marine breeze events which, will generate a local scale marine circulation. In total, 115 stations were surveyed in the VRS, however, eight stations produced anomalous results due to technical problems with the CTD; thus they were not included in the analysis. Therefore, data from 107 stations were used to describe the hydrographic features of the coastal water mass throughout the VRS.

At each station, seawater temperature and salinity (T–S) profiles (salinity was measured on the practical salinity scale) were measured, 1 data every 0.5 seconds, at a variable depth (the maximum depth of the area was 48 m). Hydrographic profiles were interpolated using a slipine cubic interpolation algorithm because it was the best fit to the original profiles (minimal errors, 95 % of confidence) and smooth the original data (Gilat, 2006) at 1 m between layers. Density profiles were computed employing the international equation of state (Fofonoff and Miller, 1983). T–S diagrams were generated from the interpolated hydrographic profiles to compare the composition of the water mass in the area.

In addition, vertical sections were generated with hydrographic transects 9 and 7 to show the structure of the water column, before and after the passage of the meteorological event over the study area. Additionally, meteorological time series of atmospheric pressure, wind direction and wind speed, measured from a fixed meteorological station situated on the Antón Lizardo headland (Fig. 1), were used to demonstrate the presence of the norther event.

4. Results

4.1 General features of the norther event

Between February 2 and 4, 2005, the norther passed over the study area (Fig. 2). This event increased the atmospheric pressure (Fig. 2a) and caused winds to blow from north to south (Fig. 2b), with fluctuating wind speed ranging from 0–19 m/s (Fig. 2c) and averaging 12 m/s. According to Pereyra's etal.( 1992) classification of norther events, the magnitude of this norther could be classified as strong with winds blowing between 12.1 to 18 m/s, and fresh atmospheric temperature minorto 20 °C. On the other hand, it is important to emphasize that during the norther and after it passed over the study area, the values of rain were equal to zero.

4.2 Hydrological analysis during the first and second survey

In general, the T–S diagrams of the first and second surveys showed differences in the temperature and salinity values within the area, indicating a distinctive water mass separation (Fig. 3). The water from the Antón Lizardo Reef System region (sampling area of the first survey) had somewhat higher T–S values in comparison to the waters in front of the Jamapa River and the Northern Veracruz Reef System regions (sampling areas of the second survey), which showed fresher and colder waters (Fig. 3). Quantitatively, the T–S values by region were as follows: The Antón Lizardo Reef System region (area of the first survey) was characterized by a water mass confined in the T–S interval from 21.46 to 23.40 °C and from 35.06 to 36.46 psu. The water mass in front of the Jamapa River and Northern Veracruz Reef System (area of the second survey) had different T–S values between 19.47–21.64 °C and 33.26–35.28 psu.

4.3 Intermix measurements and sampling sites

Transect 9, located in the middle region (Fig. 1), was performed in the first survey (before the norther event) and showed T–S characteristics (Fig. 4, grey points) similar to those found in the Antón Lizardo Reef System region (Fig. 3). On the contrary, transect 7 (performed after the norther event passed over the area; Fig. 1) showed T–S features (Fig. 4; black points) almost identical to those found in front of the Jamapa River and Northern Veracruz Reef System locations (Fig. 3; black points). In fact SST images (Fig. 6) showed two different patterns: The first one (before the norther), showed cooler water (<22 °C) in the northern region of the VRS and in the frontal area of the Jamapa River, while in the southern region the water was warmer (~24 °C) (Fig. 6a). The other one, represented in Figure 6b (after the norther), showed all the VRS water spread with colder water (<22 °C).

4.4 Vertical structure

5. Discussion

This is the first time that in–situ measurements of the composition of the Veracruz Reef System water mass in winter have been performed. In situ measurements were collected in two separated surveys, by the pass of a strong and fresh norther over the Gulf of México.

The predominant water mass within the western Gulf continental shelf is the CGMW, characterized by T–S values of 22.5 °C and 36.3–36.5 (Vidal et al., 1994; Monreal–Gómez et al., 2004). The CGMW originates from the mixing of caribbean subtropical underwater with water from the uppermost layer of the main thermocline (36.1–36.3), produced by the collision of anticyclonic eddies against the continental shelf of Tamaulipas and Veracruz states (Vidal et al., 1994; Monreal–Gómez et al., 2004). In their study, Vidal et al. (1994) found that during winter, the coastal water masses of the northwestern continental shelf of the Gulf of México, out of the VRS, were affected by dilution of the river discharges.

However, as it was established previously, the discharge of the river is minimal in this period and, therefore, its effect to change the hydrographic conditions of the southern area is not evident in the data–set presented in this study. Moreover, the T–S diagrams over the Antón Lizardo reef system clearly showed a coastal water mass, with hydrographic values approaching those of the CGMW, with hydrographic values of 21.46–23.40 °C and 35.06–36.46 psu (waters with relative high density), corroborating the low impact of the Jamapa River discharge in the coastal water mass of this area.

In this sense our results reinforce the idea that the hydrographic conditions of the coastal water mass, measured in front of the Jamapa River and northern Veracruz reefs system six days later (6–8 February) was affected by another natural phenomenon, in this case, the passage of a norther, which mixed the entire water column during its propagation over the area, resulting in hydrographic values of 19.47–21.64 °C and 33.26–35.28 psu. This represents cooler and less saline coastal water in the inner shelf, with hydrographic values remarkably lower than the values of the CGMW.

Particularly from January 1995 to February 1996, a hydrographic sampling with six thermographs deployed along the littoral zone of the VRS was done (Hernández–Téllez and Salgado–Rivero, 1996). These results showed two different water masses: one coastal water mass (with salinity of 34–36.5 and temperature interval of 21–29 °C) resulting from the mixing of the CGMW and the coastal water, and a water mass diluted (salinity interval of 29–34 and temperature of 27–33.5 °C), as a result of the mixing of the river discharges in the area and the coastal water (Hernández–Téllez and Salgado–Rivero, 1996; Salas–Pérez and Granados–Barba, 2008).

The T–S diagrams, presented in this study, for the Antón Lizardo reef system and Jamapa River and Northern Veracruz Reef System (first survey and second survey, together) clearly showed a coastal water mass with hydrographic values approaching those of the coastal water mass, detected by Hernández–Téllez and Salgado–Rivero (1996), however we found differences of temperature and salinity, on their minimum and maximum values of 1.53 and 5.3 °C and 0.74 and 0.04 psu. These differences are statistically significant to temperature but not to salinity, according to the null hypothesis explained by Emery and Thomson (1998). The differences found between both studies are due to the sites where the data–set collected with thermographs (littoral zone, Hernández–Téllez and Salgado–Rivero) and transects (inner shelf, of this study).

It is important to highlight that Hernández–Téllez and Salgado–Rivero (1996), demonstrated that temperature and salinity measurements along the year, are strongly modulated by the seasonal influence, with low temperatures in winter (21 °C) and high temperatures in summer (29 °C), opposite salinity values are high in winter (~36 psu) and low in summer (~31.5 psu). It is clear with those results that temperature and salinity parameters of the coastal water mass of the VRS, are strongly influenced by seasonal signal. However, during winter season the temperature and salinity of the water mass of the VRS could be affected by another natural phenomenon, in this case, the passage of a norther which could mix the entire water column during its propagation over the area, by advection of water from the northern Gulf of México, or generation of the downwelling phenomenon. Any of those phenomena induced the fluctuation of the water mass of the VRS, with hydrographic values of 19.47–21.64 °C and 33.26–35.28 psu (Salas–Pérez et al., 2007b).

Another hypothesis on the variation of the hydrographic features of the coastal water mass of the VRS, is that the data in the second survey can be associated with a downwelling event. It seems probable because the wind was blowing parallel to the coast, along the western boundary of the Gulf of México, as it is seen in Figure 2b, where the winds direction are oriented from north to south. Hence, the Coriolis effect could create an Ekman transport to the coast, bringing waters with less temperature and relative high salinity from open ocean (Zavala–Hidalgo et al., 2003). Additionally the density transects in Figures 5b and 5c, showed a sink of waters from surface to depth layers, so meteorological data and hydrographic sections support this hypothesis. However, this hypothesis could not explain the decrement of salinity reported in the T–S diagrams during the second survey, because the Ekman transport bring water from open ocean to the coast with slightly high values of salinity (Zavala–Hidalgo et al., 2003).

Another hypothesis to explain the differences of temperature and salinity values, of our sampling and the values found in the study of Hernández–Téllez and Salgado–Rivero (1996), could be the result of dilution of a water mass which is cooler and less saline, advected from the north. The advection must be intensified, during the pass of a winter cold front associated with a norther (Caballero–Rosas, 1990; Zavala–Hidalgo, 2003). Besides, it is in agreement with the study of Zavala–Hidalgo et at (2003), which mentioned that during non–summer months, the seasonal current, flowing to the south, transports low–salinity water from the Mississippi–Atchafalaya River to the southern Bay of Campeche, just passing over the VRS, but also there is the influence of Mexican rivers at the northern region of the VRS, like Pánuco, Tuxpan and La Antigua, which in conjunction with the Mississippi–Atchafalaya River, discharge cooler, less saline and less dense water over the inner shelf, which change the hydrographic values of the coastal water mass of the VRS remarkably, with values lower than the ones of CGMW. This hypothesis is supported with sea surface temperature maps presented in Figure 6, where the SST values showed warm waters for the southern region of the VRS and cool waters for the northern region located in front of the port of Veracruz, in the period comprised for the first survey (Fig. 6a). This temperature distribution of the water mass, indicates that the presence of reefs form a natural barrier that precludes the free flow of water to the south. This produces a water accumulation region that generates a pressure gradient which should be balanced by a speed component going north (Salas–Pérez and Granados–Barba, 2008).

Then, on the next days, the cool water situated at the northern region of the VRS, spreads to the southern region, for February 5 to 7 of 2005, after the norther passed on the area (Fig. 6b). This hypothesis is reinforced by a local experiment done by Vázquez de la Cerda (1983) with current–meters. Specifically, that study was based upon time series of temperatures and salinity measured in the leeward zone of Isla de Sacrificios and the windward zone of Isla Verde, and detected, in a five day period, a decrease of 1.5 °C in water temperature after two consecutive northerns have passed. During the same period, the salinity also diminished between 0.5 and 2.0 psu. These results agreed with the T–S diagrams computed during the second survey of this study, which clearly showed a decrease in temperature and salinity values of 2 °C and 2 psu in the VRS.

The results of this investigation showed clearly the time variability of the conservative properties (temperature, salinity and density) on the water mass of the VRS. They are influenced by the peak of winter season and specifically by one norther which can cause water temperature to drop several degrees centigrades in a matter of hours–days (Arenas–Fuentes and Salas–Pérez, 2005).

In conclusion, it is possible that a combination of effects induced the variability of the coastal water mass on winter, being those, advection and mixing of the coastal water mass.

Hence, more work must be done in order to understand the effects of such rapid (few hours–days) environmental variability, and their effects on the coral reef communities in the area.

Acknowledgments

This study was made possible through the academic agreement between the Secretaría de Marina and the Universidad Veracruzana. We thank the crew of R. V. Onjuku, and the staff of the Instituto Oceanógrafico del Golfo y Mar Caribe for helping us to collect the hydrographic profiles. We thank the economic support of SEP–CONACyT, through the project of Ciencia Básica 59882. Also, the comments of reviewers, improved strongly the presentation of the manuscript.

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