<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-7169</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Geofísica internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Geofís. Intl]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-7169</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geofísica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-71692024000200763</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/igeof.2954436xe.2024.63.2.1726</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A Source and Ground Motion Study of the Veracruz Earthquakes of 29 October 2009 (Mw5.7) and 4 August 2021 (Mw4.8): Evidence of Strong Azimutual Variation of Attenuation]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iglesias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arroyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Campos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espíndola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Córdoba-Montiel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Deni M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Geofísica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Departamento de Materiales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,CTBTO Preparatory Comission  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Vienna ]]></addr-line>
<country>Austria</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Veracruzana Instituto de Ingeniería ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Veracruz Veracruz]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Veracruzana Centro de Ciencias de la Tierra ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Xalapa Veracruz]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>763</fpage>
<lpage>781</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-71692024000200763&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-71692024000200763&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-71692024000200763&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract We study two moderate earthquakes that occurred offshore the State of Veracruz, in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, on 29 October 2009 (M w 5.7) and 4 August 2021 (M w 4.8). The former was located near the town of Alvarado and latter near the city of Veracruz. The events were well recorded by accelerographs and seismographs at local and regional distances. W-phase regional centroid moment tensor inversion reveals that they had reverse-faulting mechanism, similar to several other earthquakes in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Of the seven focal mechanisms now available along the southwestern margin, two are strike slip and the rest are of thrust type, suggesting a heterogeneous stress regime. We take advantage of local and regional recordings produced by these two earthquakes to study the characteristics of the ground motion. Source spectra computed at each station separately (without correcting for the site effect), assuming a reasonable geometrical spreading and Q = 141f 0.63, show remarkably high variability due to difference in path and local site effects. The geometric mean apparent source spectrum (source spectrum including site effects) of both earthquakes may be modeled by an &#969; 2-Brune source model with a stress drop, &#916;&#963;, of 40 MPa. These source spectra, along with the application of stochastic method, yield peak ground acceleration (PGA) and velocity (PGV) as a function of distance in general agreement with the observations. Of greater practical importance is the ground motion at sedimentary sites in the city of Veracruz and at the Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant (LVNPP) site, especially from a postulated M w 6.5 earthquake which is a reasonable scenario event for the region. For the city of Veracruz and LVNPP we estimate site effect with respect to the &#969; 2-Brune source with &#916;&#963; of 2 MPa. There is some support for this &#916;&#963;. We apply both stochastic and empirical Green&#8217;s functions (EGF) techniques in the estimation of the ground motion. The recording of the 2021 earthquake is taken as the EGF, and &#916;&#963; of the EGF and the target event are assumed to be the same and equal to 2 MPa. The predicted PGA and PGV at sedimentary sites in the city of Veracruz and LVNPP above the hypocenter (depth = 20 km) from the postulated M w 6.5 earthquake are 0.2 g and 10 cm/s and 0.18 g and 3 cm/s, respectively. These results are preliminary as they are based on several assumptions.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En este trabajo estudiamos dos sismos de magnitud moderada que ocurrieron frente a las costas del Estado de Veracruz, en el suroeste del Golfo de México, el 29 de octubre de 2009 (M w 5.7) y el 4 de agosto de 2021 (M w 4.8). El primero estaba ubicado cerca de Alvarado, Ver. y el segunda cerca de la ciudad de Veracruz, Ver. Ambos eventos fueron bien registrados mediante acelerógrafos y sismógrafos a distancias locales y regionales. La inversión del tensor de momento con fase W muestra mecanismos de falla inversa, similar a otros sismos en el suroeste del Golfo de México. De los siete mecanismos focales disponibles a lo largo del margen suroeste, dos muestran fallas de deslizamiento lateral y el resto de muestran mecanismos de tipo inverso, lo que sugiere un régimen de tensiones heterogéneo. Con base en los registros locales y regionales de estos dos sismos, en este trabajo, estudiamos las características del movimiento del suelo. Los espectros de la fuente calculados en cada estación por separado (sin corregir el efecto de sitio), suponiendo una dispersión geométrica razonable y Q = 141f 0.63, muestran una variabilidad notablemente alta debido a la diferencia en los efectos de la trayectoria y del sitio. La media geométrica del espectro de fuente aparente (espectro de fuente que incluye los efectos del sitio) de ambos terremotos puede modelarse mediante un modelo de fuente &#969; 2-Brune con una caída de esfuerzos, &#916;&#963;, de 40 MPa. A través de un método estocástico, los espectros de la fuente producen aceleraciones máximas del suelo (PGA) y velocidades máximas (PGV), con respecto de la distancia, que en general están de acuerdo con las observaciones. De importancia relevante son las aceleraciones en sitios en la ciudad de Veracruz y en el sitio de la Central Nuclear Laguna Verde (LVNPP), especialmente suponiendo un terremoto postulado de M w 6.5, lo cual es un escenario razonable para la región. Para la ciudad de Veracruz y LVNPP estimamos los efectos de sitio asumiendo una fuente &#969; 2-Brune con &#916;&#963; de 2 MPa, caída de esfuerzos que tiene cierto soporte. En este trabajo fueron aplicados métodos tanto de funciones de Green (EGF) estocásticas como empíricas en la estimación del movimiento del suelo. El registro del sismo de 2021 se toma como EGF, y se supone que las &#916;&#963;&#8217;s del EGF y el evento objetivo son las mismas e iguales a 2 MPa. Los PGA y PGV pronosticados en sitios sedimentarios en la ciudad de Veracruz y la LVNPP sobre el hipocentro (profundidad = 20 km) del sismo postulado de M w 6.5 son 0.2 g y 10 cm/s y 0.18 g y 3cm/s, respectivamente. Estos resultados son preliminares ya que se basan en varios supuestos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Veracruz Earthquakes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Site Effect]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Empirical Green Functions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sismos en Veracruz]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Efectos de sitio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Funciones de Green Empíricas]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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