<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2663-3981</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista cartográfica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. cartogr.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2663-3981</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2663-39812025000200103</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35424/rcarto.i111.5890</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Estimativa e análise de perfis de densidade de elétrons para a região brasileira: integração de informações provenientes de rádio ocultação e de estações terrestres GNSS]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Estimation and analysis of electron density profiles for the Brazilian region: integration of information from GNSS radio occultation and ground-based stations]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jerez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel Oliveira]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniele Barroca Marra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Pajares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monico]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[João Francisco Galera]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Estadual Paulista  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Estadual Paulista  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Estadual Paulista  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>111</numero>
<fpage>103</fpage>
<lpage>126</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2663-39812025000200103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2663-39812025000200103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2663-39812025000200103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo A rádio ocultação (RO) é utilizada há mais de seis décadas para a sondagem da atmosfera de outros planetas. O advento dos Sistemas Globais de Navegação por Satélite (GNSS) e das missões com satélites de baixa órbita, permitiram novas possibilidades de investigações da atmosfera terrestre, entre elas a aplicação da RO-GNSS. A influência exercida pela atmosfera no sinal transmitido pelo GNSS permite a recuperação de informações atmosféricos. Porém, a inversa de Abel, comumente empregada para a recuperação desses perfis, tem seu desempenho degradado para alguns casos devido à imposição da condição de simetria esférica da atmosfera. Visando superar essa limitação, diversas pesquisas vêm propondo abordagens alternativas, entres essas, a utilização da inversa de Abel com o auxílio de produtos ionosféricos se mostrou promissora. No entanto, algumas limitações foram observadas em regiões com maior variabilidade na distribuição de elétrons, como é o caso do Brasil. Neste contexto, a pesquisa teve por objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia para realizar a recuperação de perfis de densidade de elétrons utilizando dados de RO, empregando a inversa de Abel com o auxílio de mapas ionosféricos. A metodologia foi implementada no software utilizado para uma das principais missões de RO da atualidade. No estudo, foram propostas diversas metodologias de avaliação de mapas ionosféricos, considerando produtos regionais, globais e híbridos. De forma geral, dois produtos globais apresentaram os melhores resultados, assim, as metodologias de recuperação de perfis de RO foram testadas considerando mapas globais. As avaliações consideraram: medidas in situ, onde os produtos com melhor desempenho variaram de acordo com o cenário considerado; e dados de ionossondas, onde o produto derivado da metodologia proposta obteve melhor desempenho.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Radio occultation (RO) has been used for more than six decades to probe the atmosphere of other planets. The advent of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and low-orbit satellite missions has opened up new possibilities for investigating the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere, including the use of GNSS-RO. The influence of the atmosphere on the signal transmitted by GNSS allows the retrieval of atmospheric information. However, the Abel inverse, commonly used to retrieve such profiles, has its performance degraded in some cases due to the imposition of the condition of spherical symmetry of the atmosphere. In order to overcome this limitation, several studies have proposed alternative approaches, among which the use of the Abel inverse aided by ionospheric products has shown promising results. However, some limitations have been observed in regions with greater variability in electron distribution, as is the case in Brazil. In this context, the aim of this research is to develop a methodology for retrieving electron density profiles using RO data, using Abel&#8217;s inverse with aided by ionospheric maps. The methodology was implemented in the software used for one of today&#8217;s main RO missions. The study proposed various methodologies for evaluating ionospheric maps, considering regional, global and hybrid products. In general, two global products showed the best results, so the methodologies for retrieving RO profiles are tested using such global maps. The evaluations considered: in situ measurements, where the best performing products varies according to the scenario considered; and ionosonde data, where the product derived from the proposed methodology perform best.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La radio ocultación (RO) se ha utilizado durante más de seis décadas para el sondeo de la atmósfera de otros planetas. El advenimiento de los Sistemas Globales de Navegación por Satélite (GNSS) y de las misiones con satélites de órbita baja han permitido nuevas posibilidades de investigación de la atmósfera terrestre, entre ellas la aplicación de RO-GNSS. La influencia ejercida por la atmósfera en la señal transmitida por el GNSS permite la recuperación de informaciones atmosféricas. Sin embargo, la inversa de Abel, comúnmente empleada para la recuperación de estos perfiles, ve su desempeño degradado en algunos casos debido a la imposición de la condición de simetría esférica de la atmósfera. Con el objetivo de superar esta limitación, diversas investigaciones han propuesto enfoques alternativos, entre ellos, el uso de la inversa de Abel con la ayuda de productos ionosféricos ha demostrado ser prometedor. No obstante, se observaron algunas limitaciones en regiones con mayor variabilidad en la distribución de electrones, como es el caso de Brasil. En este contexto, la investigación tuvo como objetivo desarrollar una metodología para realizar la recuperación de perfiles de densidad de electrones utilizando datos de RO, empleando la inversa de Abel con la ayuda de mapas ionosféricos. La metodología fue implementada en el software utilizado para una de las principales misiones de RO de la actualidad. En el estudio, se propusieron diversas metodologías de evaluación de mapas ionosféricos, considerando productos regionales, globales y híbrido. En general, dos productos globales presentaron los mejores resultados, por lo que las metodologías de recuperación de perfiles de RO fueron probadas considerando mapas globales. Las evaluaciones consideraron: medidas in situ, donde los productos con mejor desempeño variaron de acuerdo con el escenario considerado; y datos de ionosondas, donde el producto derivado de la metodología propuesta obtuvo mejor desempeño.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Rádio ocultação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[perfis de densidade de elétrons]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[mapas ionosféricos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[ionosfera brasileira]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Radio occultation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electron density profiles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ionospheric maps]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Brazilian ionosphere]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Radio ocultación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[perfiles de densidad de electrones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mapas ionosféricos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ionosfera brasileña]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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