2448-6442
2448-6442
S2448-64422024000100128
10.24201/es.2024v42.e2506
USA
00
00
2024
00
00
2024
42
[
2014
]
[
2021
51-66
]
[
2018
12
3
3
]
[
2006
50
1
1
48-69
]
[
American Immigration Council
2014
]
[
2023
]
[
2020
117
16
16
8836-44
]
[
2023
]
[
2012
]
[
2011
]
[
2021
55
2
2
252-72
]
[
2021
]
[
2021
43
1
1
2-7
]
[
2013
]
[
1997
62
3
3
465-80
]
[
2022
8
3
3
343-54
]
[
2011
22
1
1
101-27
]
[
2018
]
[
1994
12
1
1
1-18
]
[
2018
]
[
2002
50
1
1
9-18
]
[
2021
]
[
2020
85
5
5
776-805
]
[
2022
]
[
2013
36
1
1
1-8
]
[
2017
]
[
2021
]
[
2021
46
4
4
1092-114
]
[
2017
22
4
4
451-71
]
[
2022
]
[
2015
294-319
]
[
2012
1
1
1
75-92
]
[
Childers, Trenita Brookshire
2020
]
[
2008
]
[
2021
191-208
]
[
]
[
1994
]
[
2022
16
9
9
]
[
2022
48
15
15
3580-601
]
[
2021
]
[
2013
]
[
2022
]
[
2021
]
[
2015
37
1-2
1-2
32-60
]
[
2015
77
4
4
939-53
]
[
2022
]
[
1992
]
[
2022
8
]
[
2015
]
[
2019
]
[
2018
83
5
5
839-68
]
[
2023
]
[
2018
43
4
4
929-54
]
[
2020
42
2
2
240-8
]
[
2021
]
[
2021
80
1
1
27-36
]
[
2018
6
2
2
145-60
]
[
2022
]
[
2016
]
[
2016
2
1-42
]
[
2020
125
5
5
1193-254
]
[
2022
77-95
]
[
2021
68
1
1
100-17
]
[
2020
61
3
3
307-23
]
[
2017
12
3
3
269-92
]
[
2018
15
2
2
182-96
]
[
2020
]
[
2022
]
[
1995
22
2
2
375-402
]
[
2021
]
[
2022
]
[
2016
]
[
2022
8
2
2
1-33
]
[
2016
95
2
2
861-92
]
[
]
[
2018
]
[
2015
102
1
1
141-51
]
[
2019
5
1-2
1-2
44-63
]
[
HRW (Human Rights Watch)
2022
]
[
2017
158-77
]
[
2021
]
[
2022
66
13
13
1797-815
]
[
2017
87-107
]
[
2022
96
2
2
353-88
]
[
2006
15-42
]
[
2018
83
3
3
419-44
]
[
2021
]
[
2015
80
1
1
1-27
]
[
2022
]
[
2016
10
11
11
989-98
]
[
2022
307
]
[
2019
]
[
2017
]
[
2019
12
2
2
169-80
]
[
2020
]
[
2011
]
[
1991
333-46
]
[
2018
18
2
2
242-59
]
[
2007
]
[
2017
58-80
]
[
2017
284-305
]
[
1993
6
4
4
350-71
]
[
2000
]
[
2002
36
2
2
437-66
]
[
2006
111
4
4
999-1037
]
[
2011
9
4
4
377-95
]
[
2011
]
[
2014
10
353-69
]
[
2017
36-52
]
[
2021
150
2
2
91-105
]
[
2009
160-89
]
[
2012
117
5
5
1380-421
]
[
2016
]
[
2022
69
3
3
678-98
]
[
2023
]
[
]
[
2020
475-91
]
[
2014
]
[
2016
121
6
6
1818-55
]
[
2021
]
[
2017
52
2
2
221-40
]
[
1987
13
1-28
]
[
2021
]
[
2022
96
2
2
163-8
]
[
2022
40
1
1
3-27
]
[
2021
47
2
2
325-42
]
[
2017
1-32
]
[
2022
]
[
National Immigration Forum
2020
]
[
2015
]
[
2015
24
1
1
86-92
]
[
2017
]
[
2008
9
1
1
35-60
]
[
2017
3
4
4
]
[
2021
100
1
1
246-72
]
[
2022
21
2
2
60-3
]
[
2022
43
2
2
]
[
2010
]
[
2015
2
1
1
3-12
]
[
]
[
2014
79
1
1
1-16
]
[
2017
]
[
2022
]
[
2021
]
[
2020
125
4
4
974-1029
]
[
2021
11
3
3
533-74
]
[
2020
]
[
2019
15
97-115
]
[
2021
68
136-211
]
[
2018
92
1
1
1-68
]
[
]
[
2022
18
3
3
288-302
]
[
2017
4
3
3
199-207
]
[
2020
19
3
3
496-505
]
[
2021
55
1
1
108-34
]
[
1993
14
1
1
50-65
]
[
2015
]
[
1992
59
2
2
263-95
]
[
1999
]
[
2015
62
3
3
343-62
]
[
2021
86
1
1
93-122
]
[
1998
]
[
2022
87
3
3
504-28
]
[
2019
188
1
1
24-33
]
[
1998
46-59
]
[
2017
54
1
1
361-89
]
[
UN Women
2022
]
[
2008
]
[
2022
]
[
2022
]
[
2022
133/134
133/134
67-88
]
[
2016
58
4
4
31-55
]
[
2015
]
[
2018
]
[
2019
97
4
4
1517-42
]
[
2019
38
655-63
]