<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-4387</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Problema anuario de filosofía y teoría del derecho]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Probl. anu. filos. teor. derecho]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-4387</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-43872023000100124</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/iij.24487937e.2023.17.18211</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Citizenship Regimes and Exclusion: Historical Analysis of Legislation on Illegalized Migration in the US]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Regímenes de ciudadanía y exclusión: análisis histórico de la legislación sobre migración ilegalizada en los Estados Unidos]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mosqueda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chávez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rubén]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tigau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Camelia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Estudios Migratorios Unidad de Política Migratoria, Registro e Identidad de Personas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>17</numero>
<fpage>124</fpage>
<lpage>145</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-43872023000100124&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-43872023000100124&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-43872023000100124&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Citizenship regimes are institutionalized systems of formal and informal norms that define access to membership, as well as associated rights and duties. This paper studies illegalized migration as one of the major tests to assess whether citizenship regimes are fair institutions, based on a historical analysis of legislation meant to reduce illegalized migration in the United States between 1995 and 2022. We build our empirical research starting from a simple observation: despite the great number of bills introduced to reduce illegalized migration to the US, most of such initiatives fail to become law. In fact, 93.5% of all immigration initiatives did not even pass the chamber of Congress in which they were originally presented. Such a high rate of failure shows that these proposals are motivated by electoral aspirations, rather than coming from a genuine wish to help migrants or grant them citizenship. Furthermore, there is also an economic interest that justifies the maintenance of low-cost disposable immigrant labor, with no right to citizenship. Our analysis is an example of how state regulation processes seem to work to formalize, rather than alleviate or eradicate, the precarious legal statuses of illegalized migrants. We conclude that a globalized phenomenon such as citizenship requires going beyond merely institutional and formal conceptions. We need to rethink the institutional notion of citizenship, as a merely status held under the authority of a state and consider it from a cosmopolitan perspective and a multilateral basis. But as long as citizenship remains under the responsibility of states, illegalized migrants will continue to experience precarious citizenship.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Los regímenes de ciudadanía son sistemas institucionalizados de normas formales e informales que definen el acceso a la membresía, así como a los derechos y deberes asociados. Este artículo estudia la migración ilegal/no autorizada como una de las principales pruebas para evaluar si los regímenes de ciudadanía son instituciones justas, con base en un análisis histórico de la legislación destinada a reducir la migración no autorizada en los Estados Unidos entre 1995 y 2022. Construimos nuestra investigación empírica a partir de una simple observación: a pesar de la gran cantidad de proyectos de ley presentados para reducir la migración ilegal a los Estados Unidos, la mayoría de dichas iniciativas no llega a convertirse en ley. De hecho, el 93.5% de todas las iniciativas de inmigración ni siquiera pasaron por la Cámara del Congreso en la que se presentaron originalmente. Una tasa de fracaso tan alta muestra que estas propuestas están motivadas por aspiraciones electorales, más que por un deseo genuino de ayudar a los migrantes u otorgarles la ciudadanía. Además, también existe un interés económico que justifica el mantenimiento de la mano de obra inmigrante desechable de bajo costo, sin derecho a la ciudadanía. Nuestro análisis es un ejemplo de cómo los procesos de regulación estatal parecen funcionar para formalizar, en lugar de aliviar o erradicar las precarias condiciones legales de los inmigrantes ilegalizados. Concluimos que un fenómeno globalizado como la ciudadanía requiere ir más allá de las concepciones meramente institucionales y formales. Necesitamos repensar la noción institucional de ciudadanía como simplemente un estatus bajo la autoridad de un Estado, y considerarla desde una perspectiva cosmopolita y una base multilateral. Pero mientras la ciudadanía permanezca bajo la responsabilidad de los Estados, los inmigrantes ilegalizados seguirán experimentando una ciudadanía precaria.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Citizenship Regimes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Illegalized Migration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Precarious Citizenship]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Immigration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Membership]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Regímenes de ciudadanía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[migración ilegalizada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ciudadanía precaria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inmigración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[membresía]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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