<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-4298</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Botanical Sciences]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bot. sci]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-4298</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Botánica de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-42982020000400524</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17129/botsci.2559</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Asymbiotic germination, effect of plant growth regulators, and chitosan on the mass propagation of Stanhopea hernandezii (Orchidaceae)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Germinación asimbiótica, efecto de los reguladores de crecimiento vegetal y el quitosano en la propagación masiva de Stanhopea hernandezii (Orchidaceae)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arellano-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enciso-Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oswaldo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores-Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valencia-Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores-Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perea-Arango]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Irene]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cuernavaca Morelos]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Veracruzana Campus Tuxpan Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Veracruz]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cuernavaca Morelos]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cuernavaca Morelos]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>524</fpage>
<lpage>533</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-42982020000400524&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-42982020000400524&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-42982020000400524&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background: Stanhopea hernandezii was collected from natural habitat in Mexico for its beautiful fragrant flowers. Biotechnological strategies of propagation may satisfy the market demand and are useful for conservation programs.  Hypothesis:  Vigorous seedlings of S. hernandezii can be produced in vitro by asymbiotic seed germination techniques and the addition of chitosan to the culture medium in the temporary immersion system (RITA®) and in semi-solid medium systems.  Methods:  The first step was the in vitro germination of seeds obtained from a mature capsule of wild plants, followed by multiplication via adventitious protocorm induction known as protocorm-like bodies, using plant growth regulators. For this purpose, we utilized Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium amended with 0.5 mg/L &#945;-Naphthaleneacetic acid, combined with different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminepurine (1, 3, and 5 mg/L). The following step comprised the growth and development of protocorms to obtain plantlets in RITA® flasks containing 250 mL of liquid MS medium combined or not with different chitosan concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/L).  Results:  The results showed that media supplemented with 5, 10, and 15 mg/L chitosan concentrations enabled the obtaining of a larger biomass with a range of 40-48 seedlings/RITA® and an average height of 13 mm. The last step was the development from seedlings into plantlets, the latter being, vigorous and achieving up to 100 % survival after 12 weeks of ex vitro cultivation.  Conclusion:  This paper describes an efficient process of asymbiotic germination and mass propagation of S. hernandezii, a vulnerable orchid species endemic to Mexico.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Antecedentes: Stanhopea hernandezii es colectada de su hábitat natural en México por sus bellas y fragantes flores. Las estrategias biotecnológicas de propagación pueden satisfacer las demandas del mercado y ser de utilidad en los programas de conservación.  Hipótesis:  Plántulas vigorosas de S. hernandezii pueden producirse in vitro mediante la germinación asimbiótica de semillas y adición de quitosano al medio de cultivo en sistemas de inmersión temporal (RITA®) y medio semisólido.  Método:  El primer paso fue la germinación in vitro de semillas obtenidas de cápsulas maduras procedentes de plantas silvestres, seguido por la multiplicación vía inducción de protocormos adventicios conocidos como cuerpos parecidos a protocormos, usando reguladores de crecimiento vegetal. Nosotros usamos medio basal Murashige y Skoog (MS) adicionado con 0.5 mg/L de ácido &#945;-naftalenacético combinado con diferentes concentraciones de 6-bencilaminopurina (1, 3 y 5 mg/L). El siguiente paso fue el desarrollo y crecimiento de protocormos para la obtención de plántulas en contenedores RITA® con 250 mL de medio MS líquido combinado o no con 5, 10, 15, 20 y 25 mg/L de quitosano.  Resultados:  El medio suplementado con quitosano a concentraciones de 5, 10 y 15 mg/L permitió obtener la mayor cantidad de biomasa, entre 40 a 48 plántulas por RITA® de 13 mm de altura promedio. Después de 12 semanas de cultivo ex vitro el desarrollo de las plántulas fue vigoroso y se alcanzó un 100 % de supervivencia.  Conclusión:  Este artículo describe un proceso eficaz de germinación asimbiótica y propagación masiva de una especie vulnerable y endémica de México.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Micropropagation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[orchid]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[protocorm-like bodies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[temporary immersion system]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cuerpos parecidos a protocormos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[micropropagación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[orquídea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sistema de inmersión temporal]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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