<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-3364</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Therya]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Therya]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-3364</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Mexicana de Mastozoología A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-33642024000200242</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12933/therya-24-5029</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Activity patterns of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in a neotropical dry forest: changes according to age, sex, and climatic season]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cueva-Hurtado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jara-Guerrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cisneros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodrigo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Iván]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja Department of Biological and Agricultural Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Loja ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja Department of Biological and Agricultural Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Loja ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>242</fpage>
<lpage>252</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-33642024000200242&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-33642024000200242&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-33642024000200242&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Mammalian daily activity is shaped by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Age influences activity rhythms due to energy requirements, while physiological and reproductive traits cause differences between genders. In ecosystems with marked climatic seasonality, such as the seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF), activity patterns adapt to extrinsic factors like resource availability and environmental stress. This study investigates how intrinsic factors, specifically age and sex, influence the white-tailed deer's (Odocoileus virginianus) daily activities, and how these vary between dry and rainy seasons. Between 2015 and 2018, we conducted a camera trapping study to monitor the daily activity of a population of white-tailed deer in the Arenillas Ecological Reserve, southwestern Ecuador. We estimated individual daily activity based on four parameters: total and diurnal relative abundance index (RAI), activity directionality, and activity overlap between groups. We used generalized linear models to evaluate the changes in RAI based on age-classes and sex of the individuals. The Watson test was employed to assess differences in directional patterns during activity hours, while the Wald test was utilized to evaluate significant variations in activity overlap. The same analyses were also performed to assess changes in daily activity between the dry and rainy seasons. The daily activity patterns of white-tailed deer varied by age and sex. Fawns were predominantly diurnal, whereas adults displayed continuous activity throughout the 24 hours of the day, with males being more active during the night than females. Females did not show significant differences in the activity pattern compared to fawns and juveniles. The daily activity pattern of white-tailed deer varied between seasons. Overall, there was an increase in daily activity during the dry season, but significant only for males. Females were the only group that showing seasonal variation in activity directionality, with more morning activity during the dry season. The daily activity patterns of white-tailed deer in the dry forest exhibit slight differences compared to those observed in other ecosystems, with extended daily activity periods. During the rainy season, reproductive and post-reproductive behaviors, rather than resource abundance, predominantly shaped the white-tailed deer's daily activity patterns. In contrast, the dry season presented a notable rise in overall activity and daily activity, accompanied by partition between groups. This partition likely stems from diminished resource accessibility and increased intraspecific competition. Given the slight differences in the white-tailed deer's daily activity from those noted in other regions, these insights are crucial for formulating management and conservation strategies tailored to specific environmental conditions.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Los patrones de actividad diaria de los mamíferos están determinados por diferentes factores. La edad puede determinar diferentes ritmos de actividad como respuesta a requerimientos energéticos, mientras que las características fisiológicas y reproductivas marcan diferencias entre sexos. En ecosistemas con una marcada estacionalidad climática, los ritmos de actividad pueden variar temporalmente en respuesta a cambios en la disponibilidad de recursos o factores de estrés ambiental. Este estudio analiza en qué medida los factores intrínsecos, como la edad y el sexo, determinan los patrones de actividad diaria del venado de cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus), y si estos patrones cambian como consecuencia de la estacionalidad climática del bosque tropical estacionalmente seco (BTES). Entre 2015 y 2018 se monitoreó mediante fototrampeo la actividad diaria del venado de cola blanca en la Reserva Ecológica Arenillas, Ecuador. Se usaron modelos lineales generalizados para evaluar cambios en el índice de abundancia relativa (RAI) según la edad y el sexo del individuo. Se utilizó la prueba de Watson para evaluar diferencias en la direccionalidad en las horas de actividad y la prueba de Wald para evaluar diferencias en el solapamiento de la actividad entre grupos y entre estación seca y lluviosa. Los patrones de actividad diaria de O. virginianus variaron según la edad y sexo. Los cervatillos fueron predominantemente diurnos, mientras que en la etapa adulta la actividad se distribuyó durante todo el día. Además, el patrón de actividad diaria cambió entre estaciones, siendo los machos significativamente más activos durante la estación seca. Las hembras mostraron diferencias en la direccionalidad de la actividad diaria entre estaciones, con una mayor actividad durante las primeras horas de la mañana en la época seca. El patrón de actividad diaria de los venados en el BTES es ligeramente distinto al observado en otros ecosistemas, con patrones de actividad diaria más extendidos a lo largo del día. En el BTES, los cambios en la disponibilidad de recursos y de comportamiento de los venados entre estaciones generan cambios en el patrón de actividad diaria. Durante la época lluviosa los patrones de actividad diaria estuvieron definidos por el comportamiento reproductivo y post-reproductivo antes que por la alta disponibilidad de recursos. En la época seca hubo un aumento general de la actividad y de los periodos de actividad diaria, con una partición en los períodos de actividad entre grupos, lo que podría explicarse como una consecuencia de la reducción del acceso a los recursos y el incremento de la competencia intraespecífica. Considerando que la actividad diaria de O. virginianus puede diferir ligeramente de los patrones observados en otros ecosistemas, estos hallazgos son importantes para plantear medidas de manejo y conservación adaptadas a las condiciones propias de la localidad.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Activity patterns]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[camera trapping]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[circadian rhythms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[seasonality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[seasonally dry tropical forest]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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