<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-3364</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Therya]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Therya]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-3364</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Mexicana de Mastozoología A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-33642024000200182</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12933/therya-24-5908</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Social arenas in the open habitat: the social role of waterholes for saiga antelope]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giljov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrey]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karenina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Saint Petersburg State University Faculty of Biology Department of Vertebrate Zoology]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[St Petersburg ]]></addr-line>
<country>Russia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>182</fpage>
<lpage>191</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-33642024000200182&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-33642024000200182&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-33642024000200182&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[In wild animals, specific locations may function as &#8216;social arenas&#8217; playing a significant role in various aspects of intraspecific interactions. The emergence of such social arenas is assumed to be particularly important under conditions of low visibility and density of individuals typical for forest dwelling species. In the forest, open areas with a high probability of meeting conspecifics such as waterholes and mineral licks can favor socialization. The paucity of studies on the open-habitat species limits our understanding of whether forest habitat is an essential condition for the emergence of social arenas. Here we address this issue by investigating whether resource hotspots function as social arenas in a species adapted to open habitat. The social behaviour in groups of saiga antelopes (Saiga tatarica tatarica) was recorded at large permanent waterholes (serving also as mineral licks) and away from them in the steppe environment. The frequency and variety of social interactions between the group mates were compared with a special effort made to minimize the potential impact of other factors besides the location. Also the focal individuals, interacting or not interacting with conspecifics at the waterholes, were traced continuously to explore the duration of their visit at the waterhole area. Finally, we recorded the number of individuals in the groups entering and leaving the waterhole. Active social interactions between group members occurred more often and were more varied near the waterholes as compared to the areas away from them. The participation in social interactions influenced the duration of individual waterhole visits. Males that interacted with others shortly after arrival stayed significantly longer compared to those who did not. Females whose calves engaged in social interactions with age-mates spent more time at the waterholes than females whose calves did not. The comparison of mean group sizes showed that saigas left waterhole areas in larger groups than they entered them. Our findings, together with previous studies, suggest that resource hotspots can function as social arenas in mammals regardless of the habitat type (open or closed). The emergence of specific locations having particular social significance may be especially important for highly dispersed species with large home ranges. The results of the study emphasize the significance of large permanent waterholes and mineral licks used by many individuals year after year for the social behaviour of saiga antelopes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Para animales silvestres, sitios específicos pueden funcionar como "arenas sociales" que desempeñan un papel importante en varios aspectos de las interacciones intraespecíficas. Se sugiere que el surgimiento de tales espacios sociales es particularmente importante en áreas de baja visibilidad y con una densidad baja de individuos, condiciones típicas en especies que habitan en los bosques. En el bosque, las áreas abiertas con una alta probabilidad de encontrarse con congéneres, como pozos de agua y saladeros de minerales, pueden favorecer la socialización. La escasez de estudios sobre especies de hábitat abierto limita nuestra comprensión de si el hábitat forestal es una condición esencial para el surgimiento de espacios sociales. Aquí abordamos este tema investigando si los puntos críticos de recursos funcionan como arenas sociales en una especie adaptada al hábitat abierto. El comportamiento social en grupos de antílopes saiga (Saiga tatarica tatarica) se registró en grandes pozos de agua permanentes (que sirven también como fuentes de minerales) y lejos de ellos en las estepas. Se comparó la frecuencia y variedad de interacciones sociales entre los compañeros del grupo con un esfuerzo especial para minimizar el impacto potencial de otros factores además de la ubicación. También, los individuos focales, que interactuaban o no con sus congéneres en los pozos de agua, fueron rastreados continuamente para explorar la duración de su visita al área del pozo de agua. Finalmente, registramos el número de individuos de los grupos que entraban y salían del pozo de agua. Las interacciones sociales activas entre los miembros del grupo ocurrieron con mayor frecuencia y fueron más variadas cerca de los pozos de agua en comparación con las áreas alejadas de ellos. La participación en interacciones sociales influyó en la duración de las visitas individuales a los pozos de agua. Los machos que interactuaron con otros poco después de su llegada permanecieron significativamente más tiempo en comparación con los que no lo hicieron. Las hembras cuyas crías participaban en interacciones sociales con sus compañeros de edad pasaban más tiempo en los abrevaderos que las hembras cuyas crías no lo hacían. La comparación de los tamaños medios de los grupos mostró que los saigas abandonaron las áreas de los pozos de agua en grupos más grandes de los que entraron en ellas. Nuestros hallazgos demuestran que los puntos críticos de recursos pueden funcionar como arenas sociales en los mamíferos independientemente del tipo de hábitat (abierto o cerrado). La aparición de lugares específicos que tengan un significado social particular puede ser especialmente importante para especies muy dispersas con grandes áreas de distribución. Los resultados del estudio enfatizan la importancia de los grandes pozos de agua permanentes y saladeros de minerales utilizados por muchos individuos año tras año para el comportamiento social de los antílopes saiga.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mineral lick]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[open landscape]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[social behavior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[socialization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ungulate]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[waterhole]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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